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Dred Scott and his wife, Harriett
John Sanford

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Dred and Harriett Scott were slaves that sued for their freedom in 1846 because their current residence was in free territory. Their case took 11 years to get to the Supreme Court, after having gone through several courts before. In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled in a 7-2 decision against Scott, saying that slaves were not citizens of the United States, and thus did not fall under the protection from the courts and federal government.

https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/60us393

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Ernesto Miranda
The State of Arizona

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Oliver Brown
Board of Education, Topeka KS

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Linda Brown, daughter of Oliver Brown, was denied access to an all-white school because of her race. They argued that this violated their 14th Amendment rights and brought their case all the way up to The US Supreme Court in 1952. The trial ended in a unanimous vote in Brown's favor. This also overruled the Plessy v Ferguson case, which had previously been in favor of racial segregation.

https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483

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In 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested and taken into interrogation by the police in connection to a kidnapping and rape. The police eventually got him to confess and was used as evidence in trial. This violated his 5th Amendment rights, and he took his case all the way up to the Supreme Court. In a 5-4 vote, the judges voted that the interrogation violated Miranda's 5th Amendment rights. They overturned his case, along with 3 others cases with similar circumstances. And thus, the Miranda rights were born.

https://www.oyez.org/cases/1965/759

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James M. McCulloch
The State of Maryland

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James M. McCulloch was a federal cashier at a bank in Baltimore, and he refused to pay taxes that were charged by the state. Maryland wanted their money, so they filed a case against McCulloch. It went all the way to the Supreme Court, where it was ruled that the Federal Government could set up their own Federal banks and that states could not tax them.

https://billofrightsinstitute.org/e-lessons/mccullough-v-maryland-1819

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Homer Adolph Plessy
John Ferguson

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In 1892, Homer Plessy, an African American, refused to sit on a train specifically for blacks. He was convicted. His case went to the Supreme Court in 1896, and they ruled in a 7-1 decision that racial segregation under the “separate but equal” was constitutional.

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/plessy-v-ferguson