# data[].attributes.body
Main idea: pros and cons of going to Mars
Arguments/facts:
Pros:
- Live on earth is not guaranteed so we should become a multiplanet society, to survive.
- Going to Mars would make humanity self-sufficient, and with these new and betters ways of water saving or solar energy storage would develop.
- As we will need robots and other technological things to live on Mars, humanity will be forced to improve in these types of things.

Cons:
- It is a very dangerous fly because humans could; Stave, Freez or the oxygen could finish, also on Mars we have the "Global dust storms" that are extremely dangerous.
-The cost of going to Mars is to high, it is said that the cost will be 500 million dollars, but some exºperts say that could be more because the rocket needs lots of fuel.
- If the people that have been sent to Mars need a rescue, is estimated that 2 years will pass until the earth could send a rescue mission.

Dialogue:
- it is feasible to become
- how we will get all this money?
- it will take a lot to develop all this new technology?
- How we will overcome all these problems, like the starving and other ones?

Summary:
As life on earth is not sure we should think about moving to another planet, this will force the human sepecy to be more self-sufficient and like this, we will learn how to waste more energy, because when we arrive there we won't have a lot of energy.
Also, great advances in technology will be made because to survive on mars we need better technology as robots ore modified cars.
All these things have also a bad side. As the cost of going to mars is very very high, some experts say that it will be around 500 million dollars or even more. People on the fly could stay or freeze. in case we arrive on Mars safely we will need to survive the dust storms on mars.
The fastest rescue that could be sent if the trip to Mars went wrong and they needed a rescue would take 2 years to send at least

APA:
Vanzetti.D (june/23/2020)Why go to Mars. Retrieved from https://stargazersclubwa.com.au/why-go-to-mars-the-pros-and-cons/#

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why Go to Mars? The Pros and Cons of Travelling to the Red Planet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The possibility of sending humans to Mars is closer than ever. But what are the benefits of embarking on this journey? And are there any cons?

# data[].attributes.body
Main idea: pros and cons of going to Mars
Arguments/facts:
Pros:
- Live on earth is not guaranteed so we should become a multiplanet society, to survive.
- Going to Mars would make humanity self-sufficient, and with these new and betters ways of water saving or solar energy storage would develop.
- As we will need robots and other technological things to live on Mars, humanity will be forced to improve in these types of things.

Cons:
- It is a very dangerous fly because humans could; Stave, Freez or the oxygen could finish, also on Mars we have the "Global dust storms" that are extremely dangerous.
-The cost of going to Mars is to high, it is said that the cost will be 500 million dollars, but some exºperts say that could be more because the rocket needs lots of fuel.
- If the people that have been sent to Mars need a rescue, is estimated that 2 years will pass until the earth could send a rescue mission.

Dialogue:
- it is feasible to become
- how we will get all this money?
- it will take a lot to develop all this new technology?
- How we will overcome all these problems, like the starving and other ones?

Summary:
As life on earth is not sure we should think about moving to another planet, this will force the human sepecy to be more self-sufficient and like this, we will learn how to waste more energy, because when we arrive there we won't have a lot of energy.
Also, great advances in technology will be made because to survive on mars we need better technology as robots ore modified cars.
All these things have also a bad side. As the cost of going to mars is very very high, some experts say that it will be around 500 million dollars or even more. People on the fly could stay or freeze. in case we arrive on Mars safely we will need to survive the dust storms on mars.
The fastest rescue that could be sent if the trip to Mars went wrong and they needed a rescue would take 2 years to send at least

APA:
Vanzetti.D (june/23/2020)Why go to Mars. Retrieved from https://stargazersclubwa.com.au/why-go-to-mars-the-pros-and-cons/#

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why Go to Mars? The Pros and Cons of Travelling to the Red Planet

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The possibility of sending humans to Mars is closer than ever. But what are the benefits of embarking on this journey? And are there any cons?

# data[].attributes.body
Main idea:
- Will Mars cause a war or will it cause peace

Arguments/facts
- The new areas that will want control are in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, not on Mars.

- High economic risk

-New reproduction on Mars

-Technological opportunities

Dialogue
- Will Mars be an excuse for war?

Summary

-Exploration often has to lead to much disunity and violence. It discusses possible scenarios of the future international space policy in the context of one of the current greatest challenges: plans to prepare the manned mission to Mars and then to establish the first human outer space colony.

- However, this is a matter of the relationship between the politicians and Elon Musk's predecessors. Because some countries will use military power to grow and reach first Mars.

-In conclusion, in this source, we are talking about the colonization of Mars whether it will be peaceful or military countries engaged in the race. This depends on a number of factors, including the trends at the turn of the 21st and 22nd-century international relations.

Reference APA style

Szocik, K. (2017, November), War or peace? The possible scenarios of colonizing Mars. ScienceDirect, 42, 31-36.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Abstract

The idea of the manned mission to Mars and Mars colonising is getting more reliable and realistic. However, it is not clear if one country could realize such great economic, societal, and technological challenge. Here we show what are possible chances and obstacles for the international collaboration in the future space policy that is focused on launching the manned mission to Mars. We discuss some peculiarities appropriate for peaceful and conflict scenarios of the planned colonisation of Mars.

Introduction

The history of human species can be written as the history of the discovery of new territories. This is also the history of constant conflicts and wars because exploration often has been made by means of disunity and violence. History of human wars and conflicts is commonly discussed but there are still not too many studies about possible future disagreements in the context of space policy and the possible future international space race. In our paper, we are going to discuss possible scenarios of the future international space policy in the context of one of the current greatest challenges: plans to prepare the manned mission to Mars and then to establishing the first human outer space colony. We discuss possible benefits and reasons for such a mission, the past cases of both conflict and peaceful ways of colonisation, and we consider peculiarities of peaceful and conflict scenarios for the future space race between involved countries. Our key idea assumes that the peaceful collaboration is the best and the most desirable way but there are some possible obstacles that can block such the most beneficial solution. We just discussed other challenges associated with these plans of the manned mission to Mars, like legal and political [30], evolutionary and psychological [27], cultural [28], [29] or biological including an opportunity of reproduction on Mars to maintain the human colony in the outer space [31].

Section snippets

The benefits of Mars exploration

Mars is a planet that is being considered as potentially the best place for establishing the first human colony in the outer space. We mean, of course, the current technological opportunities and more difficult environmental conditions on other space objects. We should rule out an opportunity of interstellar journeys to achieve exoplanets like these ones detected recently [10]. Consequently, the current unique opportunity is moving only within the borders of the solar system. Among the planets

The history of colonisation - a fierce competition between empires

Looking from the perspective of recent centuries, Mars will not be the first colonisation target. In fact, ceaseless competition between global powers, willing to control new areas in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, began as early as in the 15th century and frequently transformed into conflicts between the competing parties. The war for new territories spread across both the contested regions and the European continent, with the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) being one of the

Historical examples of cross-nation cooperation during colonisation

The idea of colonisation is associated with political realism, territorial expansion, and implementation of own selfish interest by national states. There are some historical examples that show that the colonial powers not always have used military tools but sometimes they have tried to do it by cooperation rather than conflict.

In 1479 in Alcáçovas has been signed the treaty between Portugal and Castile which has stopped the war for succession after Henry IV of Castile. All involved powers have

A peaceful scenario of Mars colonising

The peaceful way of colonising of Mars probably will be characterized by many serious threats that can make colonisation plans impossible or at least very difficult. On the one side, it can be assumed that the very likely scenario is a repetition of conflict model that was characteristic of the space race during the Cold War. On the other side, we can assume that technological, economic, and social costs and challenges of the planned mission to Mars will be such high that only common effort of

Towards the new generation war - space wars. The conflict scenario of colonising Mars

A military conflict between the countries attempting at colonising Mars will become likely if the international relations at the turn of the 21st and 22nd centuries are based on a realistic paradigm. As pointed out by Emanuela Voinea in the article entitled Realism Today, national states continue to dominate in the international arena, which is reflected, inter alia, in the sanctions imposed on the Syrian government in the UN forum being vetoed by Russia and China [35]. On the other hand, based

Conclusion

The purpose of this article was to present two scenarios of colonising Mars. At present, it is hard to project whether this will be a peaceful colonisation or a military conflict between the countries engaged in the race. This actually depends on a number of factors, including the trends prevailing at the turn of the 21st and 22nd centuries international relations (realism vs. liberal institutionism), the state of international public law, the amount of natural resources in Earth, the

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The Biggest Lingering Questions about SpaceX's Mars Colonization Plans

View full text

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
War or peace? The possible scenarios of colonising Mars

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The idea of the manned mission to Mars and Mars colonising is getting more reliable and realistic. However, it is not clear if one country could realize such great economic, societal, and technological challenge. Here we show what are possible chances and obstacles for the international collaboration in the future space policy that is focused on launching the manned mission to Mars.

# data[].attributes.body
Main idea:
-Concepts for Mars Sample Return
Arguments/facts
-This plan is to bring the soil of mars safely to the Earth.
If this is possible they would send a robot to mars to investigate the planet.

Dialogue
-Do you think this would be possible?
-I think yes.
Summary
-When they bring the proof of soil safely to the Earth we would analyze it in every detail.
-Then the robot called Rover is the one who will analyze a big part of the planet to know if we can survive there or not.
- Nasa is trying to do it possible.
-When the robot arrives on earth Scientists plan to conduct detailed chemical and physical analysis in laboratories around the world to look for signs of past life on Mars and perform many other studies beyond the capabilities of instruments delivered to Mars.

Managed by the Mars Exploration Program and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. (Dec. 8, 2022) Mars Exploration. Retrieved on https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-exploration/missions/mars-sample-return/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
NASA's real-time portal for Mars exploration, featuring the latest news, images, and discoveries from the Red Planet.

# data[].attributes.body
Main idea:
- Elon Musk Colony Plan and instructions.

Arguments/facts

-The rockets will be designed to fly about 1,000 times each.

-He envisions 1,000 or more ITS spaceships, each carrying 100 or more people.

-The project could get 1 million people to Mars within the next 50 to 100 years.

-Price of a Red Planet trip is down to $200,000 or so per person.

Dialogue

- Will it be a benefit?

Summary

-Elon Musk will use a reusable spaceship called Interplanetary Transport System (ITS). This is the most powerful rocket launched in history by far.

-The rockets will be designed to fly about 1,000 times each, Musk wrote. Eventually, Musk wrote, he envisions 1,000 or more ITS spaceships, each carrying 100 or more people, leaving Earth orbit. In addition, the price of a Red Planet trip is down to $200,000 or so per person. As we can see there will be more privilegies in the future for being more prosperous than others.

-These are some quotes from Elon Musk. "There is a huge amount of risk. It is going to cost a lot," Musk wrote. "There is a good chance we will not succeed, but we will do our best and try to make as much progress as possible."

Reference APA style

-Wall M (2017, June, 14) SpaceX's Mars Colony Plan: How Elon Musk Plans to Build a Million-Person Martian City. Retrieved from: https://www.space.com/37200-read-elon-musk-spacex-mars-colony-plan.html

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Elon Musk has put his Mars-colonization vision to paper, and you can read it for free.

SpaceX's billionaire founder and CEO just published the plan, which he unveiled at a conference in Mexico in September 2016, in the journal New Space. Musk's commentary, titled "Making Humanity a Multi-Planetary Species," is available for free on New Space's website through July 5.

"In my view, publishing this paper provides not only an opportunity for the spacefaring community to read the SpaceX vision in print with all the charts in context, but also serves as a valuable archival reference for future studies and planning," New Space editor-in-chief (and former NASA "Mars czar") Scott Hubbard wrote in a statement. [ SpaceX's Interplanetary Transport for Mars in Images]

Musk's Mars vision centers on a reusable rocket-and-spaceship combo that he's dubbed the Interplanetary Transport System (ITS). Both the booster and the spaceship will be powered by SpaceX's Raptor engine, still in development, which Musk said will be about three times stronger than the Merlin engines that power the company's Falcon 9 rocket.

The booster, with its 42 Raptors, will be the most powerful rocket in history, by far. It will be capable of launching 300 metric tons (330 tons) to low Earth orbit (LEO), or 550 metric tons (600 tons) in an expendable variant, Musk said. For comparison, NASA's famous Saturn V moon rocket, the current record holder, could loft "just" 135 metric tons (150 tons).

(Image credit: SpaceX)

ITS rockets will launch the spaceships to Earth orbit, then come back down for a pinpoint landing about 20 minutes later. And "pinpoint" is not hyperbole: "With the addition of maneuvering thrusters, we think we can actually put the booster right back on the launch stand," Musk wrote in his New Space paper, citing SpaceX's increasingly precise Falcon 9 first-stage landings.

The ITS boosters will launch many spaceships and fuel tankers (which will top up the spaceships' tanks) to orbit over the course of their operational lives; the rockets will be designed to fly about 1,000 times each, Musk wrote. The spaceships, meanwhile, will hang out in orbit, and then depart en masse when Earth and Mars align favorably. This happens once every 26 months.

Eventually, Musk wrote, he envisions 1,000 or more ITS spaceships, each carrying 100 or more people, leaving Earth orbit during each of these Mars windows. The architecture could conceivably get 1 million people to Mars within the next 50 to 100 years, he has said.

The ships would also fly back from Mars, using their nine Raptor engines and methane-based propellant that was manufactured on the Red Planet. Each ITS ship would probably be able to make 12 to 15 deep-space journeys during its operational life, Musk wrote, and each fuel tanker could likely fly to Earth orbit 100 or so times.

The ITS' reusability is key to making Mars colonization affordable. This reusability - combined with other measures, such as fueling the spaceships in Earth orbit and making propellant on Mars - could bring the price of a Red Planet trip down to $200,000 or so per person, from an estimated $10 billion using conventional spaceflight systems, Musk said.

ITS spaceships could begin flying to Mars about 10 years from now, if everything goes well, Musk added. But he acknowledged that success is far from guaranteed.

"There is a huge amount of risk. It is going to cost a lot," Musk wrote. "There is a good chance we will not succeed, but we are going to do our best and try to make as much progress as possible."

And SpaceX has a history of overcoming long odds. When Musk founded the company in 2002, he wrote, "I thought we had maybe a 10 percent chance of doing anything - of even getting a rocket to orbit, let alone getting beyond that and taking Mars seriously."

You can download a free copy of Musk's Mars paper here: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/space.2017.29009.emu

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
SpaceX's Mars Colony Plan: How Elon Musk Plans to Build a Million-Person Martian City

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Elon Musk has put his Mars-colonization vision to paper, and you can read it for free. SpaceX's billionaire founder and CEO just published the plan, which he unveiled at a conference in Mexico in September 2016, in the journal New Space.

# data[].attributes.body
Main idea:

- Space exploration, how it works, and the prehistory

Arguments/facts

-The space age began on October 4, 1957.

-The Soviet Union successfully launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into orbit around Earth.

-Yuri Gagarin is the first human being to travel to space.

-Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the Moon.

Dialogue

-There is something bigger than the space?

-How much it cost the first rocket

Summary

-The space age began on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into orbit around Earth. Less than four years later, on April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yury Gagarin became the first human being to travel in space, as he orbited Earth aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft.

-Sounding rockets and artificial satellites that have been used for scientific research, telecommunications, meteorology, photographic reconnaissance, navigation, and many other applications.

Reference APA style

-Dooling.D, Sharpe Mitchell R (2023)space exploration. Retrieved from:space exploration -- Britannica School (eb.com)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enter the Access ID and Passcode provided by your school to access Britannica School.

# data[].attributes.body
Main idea:
- How are we advancing the investigation of the exoplanets.

Arguments/facts

-The first phase of exploration entails building an understanding of how many and what kinds of planetary systems nature has provided.

-The goal is to see whether there are exoplanets that show signs of possible life.

-The closest stars that will be explored are at 60 light-years from our Sun.

Dialogue

- What benefits as more, Mars or Exoplanets?

Summary

-The primary goal of the exploration program is to discover and characterize planetary systems and Earth-like planets around nearby stars. More in concrete, find a habitable planet in case we let die the Earth.

-Many of these projects have been advanced because of the ground telescope that helps us to see the tiniest details. The second goal is to see whether there are exoplanets that show signs of possible life.

-The "nearby" to the stars that lie within approximately 20 parsecs (60 light-years) of our Sun. This is the maximum distance using technology in this decade. As we can see, all this explorations will be finished in a lot of years.

Reference APA style

-Bolles.D(2023, January, 24)Exoplanet Exploration.  Retrieved from: Exoplanet Exploration | Science Mission Directorate (nasa.gov)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
NASA's Exoplanet Exploration Program is leading humankind on a voyage of unprecedented scope and ambition, promising insight into two of our most timeless questions: Where did we come from? Are we alone?

The primary goal of the program is to discover and characterize planetary systems and Earth-like planets around nearby stars. The missions are designed to build on each other's success, each providing an essential step forward toward the goal of discovering habitable planets and evidence of life beyond.

The first phase of exploration entails building an understanding of how many and what kinds of planetary systems nature has provided. Much of this work has been done with ground telescopes around the world, pushing the limits of their ability to detect smaller planets through Earth's turbulent atmosphere. The Kepler mission, in the stillness of space, is probing deeper into the galaxy to detect smaller and more Earth-like planets around other stars. Future NASA and international missions, as well as larger and more sensitive ground observatories, will extend this exoplanetary census much farther in the coming years. At the same time, important investigations will tell us about the environments around stars with exoplanets, such as dust and debris in disks that could make further measurements of the planets more difficult.

Ultimately, the goal is to see whether there are exoplanets that show signs of possible life that we know how to interpret. The evidence will be primarily in the form of detailed spectroscopic studies of the atmospheres of extrasolar planets. For a planet to host life, our expectations are that the planet would require liquid water on the surface. We do not assume that the planet would necessarily resemble Earth itself. It would lie in an orbit that is neither too close nor too far from its star, so that liquid water could exist over geological timescales, and its atmosphere would contain the right balance of gases that could support life. Moreover, the atmosphere of the planet would be altered by the presence of life, such that only the existence of living organisms could account for the unusually high levels of gases in its atmosphere. (It's not that scientists reject any possibility of other life forms than what we know, but we do not yet know what other life forms could exist or how to look for them.)

The volume of space that would be explored would be limited to the closest stars. In this context "nearby" is understood to be stars that lie within approximately 20 parsecs (60 light-years) from our Sun. This is roughly the distance we can explore using technologies available in the next decade.

The ultimate stakeholder in the adventure of exoplanet exploration is the public who underwrites it. NASA's Exoplanet Exploration Program is especially interested in making materials and information available so that all can appreciate and understand the new scientific discoveries and the challenges ahead, and to engage and inspire students to take interest in technical and scientific matters.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
NASA's Exoplanet Exploration Program is leading humankind on a voyage of unprecedented scope and ambition, promising insight into two of our most timeless questions: Where did we come from? Are we alone? The primary goal of the program is to discover and characterize planetary systems and Earth-like planets around nearby stars.

# data[].attributes.body
Main idea:
- Will Mars cause a war or will it cause peace

Arguments/facts
- The new areas that will want control are in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, not on Mars.

- High economic risk

-New reproduction on Mars

-Technological opportunities

Dialogue
- Will Mars be an excuse for war?

Summary

-Exploration often has to lead to much disunity and violence. It discusses possible scenarios of the future international space policy in the context of one of the current greatest challenges: plans to prepare the manned mission to Mars and then to establish the first human outer space colony.

- However, this is a matter of the relationship between the politicians and Elon Musk's predecessors. Because some countries will use military power to grow and reach first Mars.

-In conclusion, in this source, we are talking about the colonization of Mars whether it will be peaceful or military countries engaged in the race. This depends on a number of factors, including the trends at the turn of the 21st and 22nd-century international relations.

Reference APA style

Szocik, K. (2017, November),War or peace? The possible scenarios of colonizing Mars. ScienceDirect, 42, 31-36.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Abstract

The idea of the manned mission to Mars and Mars colonising is getting more reliable and realistic. However, it is not clear if one country could realize such great economic, societal, and technological challenge. Here we show what are possible chances and obstacles for the international collaboration in the future space policy that is focused on launching the manned mission to Mars. We discuss some peculiarities appropriate for peaceful and conflict scenarios of the planned colonisation of Mars.

Introduction

The history of human species can be written as the history of the discovery of new territories. This is also the history of constant conflicts and wars because exploration often has been made by means of disunity and violence. History of human wars and conflicts is commonly discussed but there are still not too many studies about possible future disagreements in the context of space policy and the possible future international space race. In our paper, we are going to discuss possible scenarios of the future international space policy in the context of one of the current greatest challenges: plans to prepare the manned mission to Mars and then to establishing the first human outer space colony. We discuss possible benefits and reasons for such a mission, the past cases of both conflict and peaceful ways of colonisation, and we consider peculiarities of peaceful and conflict scenarios for the future space race between involved countries. Our key idea assumes that the peaceful collaboration is the best and the most desirable way but there are some possible obstacles that can block such the most beneficial solution. We just discussed other challenges associated with these plans of the manned mission to Mars, like legal and political [30], evolutionary and psychological [27], cultural [28], [29] or biological including an opportunity of reproduction on Mars to maintain the human colony in the outer space [31].

Section snippets

The benefits of Mars exploration

Mars is a planet that is being considered as potentially the best place for establishing the first human colony in the outer space. We mean, of course, the current technological opportunities and more difficult environmental conditions on other space objects. We should rule out an opportunity of interstellar journeys to achieve exoplanets like these ones detected recently [10]. Consequently, the current unique opportunity is moving only within the borders of the solar system. Among the planets

The history of colonisation - a fierce competition between empires

Looking from the perspective of recent centuries, Mars will not be the first colonisation target. In fact, ceaseless competition between global powers, willing to control new areas in North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania, began as early as in the 15th century and frequently transformed into conflicts between the competing parties. The war for new territories spread across both the contested regions and the European continent, with the Seven Years' War (1756-1763) being one of the

Historical examples of cross-nation cooperation during colonisation

The idea of colonisation is associated with political realism, territorial expansion, and implementation of own selfish interest by national states. There are some historical examples that show that the colonial powers not always have used military tools but sometimes they have tried to do it by cooperation rather than conflict.

In 1479 in Alcáçovas has been signed the treaty between Portugal and Castile which has stopped the war for succession after Henry IV of Castile. All involved powers have

A peaceful scenario of Mars colonising

The peaceful way of colonising of Mars probably will be characterized by many serious threats that can make colonisation plans impossible or at least very difficult. On the one side, it can be assumed that the very likely scenario is a repetition of conflict model that was characteristic of the space race during the Cold War. On the other side, we can assume that technological, economic, and social costs and challenges of the planned mission to Mars will be such high that only common effort of

Towards the new generation war - space wars. The conflict scenario of colonising Mars

A military conflict between the countries attempting at colonising Mars will become likely if the international relations at the turn of the 21st and 22nd centuries are based on a realistic paradigm. As pointed out by Emanuela Voinea in the article entitled Realism Today, national states continue to dominate in the international arena, which is reflected, inter alia, in the sanctions imposed on the Syrian government in the UN forum being vetoed by Russia and China [35]. On the other hand, based

Conclusion

The purpose of this article was to present two scenarios of colonising Mars. At present, it is hard to project whether this will be a peaceful colonisation or a military conflict between the countries engaged in the race. This actually depends on a number of factors, including the trends prevailing at the turn of the 21st and 22nd centuries international relations (realism vs. liberal institutionism), the state of international public law, the amount of natural resources in Earth, the

Ahmari S. The New Cold War's Arctic Front,...

Beemer Robert. Space wars,...

Militaries Know that the Arctic Is Melting - Here's How They're Taking Advantage

2025: the end of US dominance

Borghino D. Mission to Mars meets reality TV,...

Six essential reasons Why We Need to Send Humans to Mars, Fox News Opinion

The New Ice Curtain, Russia's Strategic Reach to the Arctic, Center for Strategic International Studies, August

Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1

Ender's Game
Movie, written and directed by Gavin Hood

Kamieński Ł
Nowy Wspaniały Zołnierz. Rewolucja Biotechnologiczna I Wojna W XXI Wieku

The Biggest Lingering Questions about SpaceX's Mars Colonization Plans

View full text

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
War or peace? The possible scenarios of colonising Mars

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The idea of the manned mission to Mars and Mars colonising is getting more reliable and realistic. However, it is not clear if one country could realize such great economic, societal, and technological challenge. Here we show what are possible chances and obstacles for the international collaboration in the future space policy that is focused on launching the manned mission to Mars.

# data[].attributes.body
Main idea:
- After Mars, Where to Next?
Arguments/facts

-Then of mars, Uranus should be the next planet humans should visit.

-According to NASA, only one spacecraft Voyager 2 has visited distant Uranus and it only spent about six hours

-cover three themes: origins, worlds and processes, and life and habitability

Summary
-Going to Uranus would be visiting the seventh planet from the Sun it should be the highest priority large mission.

-The proposed Uranus Orbiter and Probe first recommended by the decadal survey in 2011 would launch by 2032 and conduct a multi-year tour to transform knowledge of ice giants in general, and the Uranian system in particular. I would be proof.

-Second-highest on NASEM'S list, meanwhile, is the Enceladus Orbilander designed to search for evidence of life on Saturn's Enceladus moon from orbit and during a two-year landed mission.

-This report sets out an ambitious but practicable vision for advancing the frontiers of planetary science, astrobiology, and planetary defense in the next decade, says Robin Canup, of the nasem steering committee, in a statement.

Dialogue
- How much money do we need to accumulate to go to Uranus?

-How many Persons do we need?

-What would be the risks of going to Uranus?

-Stephanie Mlot (April 20, 2022) After Mars, Where to Next? Scientists Say Uranus. Retrieved from: https://www.pcmag.com/news/after-mars-where-to-next-scientists-say-uranus#:~:text=Where%20to%20Next%3F-,Scientists%20Say%20Uranus,Science%2C%20Engineering%2C%20and%20Medicine.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
After Mars, Where to Next? Scientists Say Uranus

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The seventh planet from the Sun should be NASA’s ‘highest priority large mission,’ according to the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine.

# data[].attributes.body
Main idea:
- is it ethical to go to Mars
Arguments/facts
- colonizing Mars could harm any indigenous life that we could find on the red planet.
- at this moment on mars it could be processes of life creation that can be destroyed by colonizing it.
- the machines for space traveling use natural resources, and these generate waste product
- makes harm to the earth
-it damages the solar system
Summary
maybe now on the red planet, some kind of new life is being created because a flowing liquid has been found. If we colonize Mars this new life that could had emerge gets destroyed.
Also, the colonization of the red planet has significant damage to our planet, because the machines use for space travel and all these things are made out of natural materials, which can leave some waste.
We need to take into account that these missions of colonization harms also the solar system, by disturbing the gravitational balance between the celestial bodies and can affect Mars and the Earth

Dialog
- with all these consequences it is still profitable to go to Mars?
- there are other ways to go to Mars without all these consequences?

Reference APA style
D.Stemwedel (Sep 30, 2015) Would It Be Ethical To Colonize Mars?, Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/janetstemwedel/2015/09/30/would-it-be-ethical-to-colonize-mars/?sh=92866a950154

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With the recent discovery of flowing liquid water on Mars, talk has turned to what it would take to colonize Mars. But before you pack your bags, it's worth thinking about whether we should colonize Mars.

Here I am not arguing for a definitive answer to that question. Rather, I consider some of the ethical implications of a human outpost on the red planet, implications whose contemplation should be central to our space strategy rather than an afterthought.
Potential harm to Martian life forms.
Probably the strongest ethical argument against colonizing Mars would be if such colonization had the potential to harm any indigenous life forms that might be on Mars. Of course, we are not aware of any such life forms at the moment. The discovery of liquid water (and indications that the Martian surface may once have had much more of it) raises the possibility that there might have been life on Mars in the past. Life forms that once were, but are no longer, are probably immune to harmful impacts from Earthling settlement on Mars.

But what about indigenous life forms that haven't happened yet? What if there are processes happening right now through which life on Mars could emerge? If Earthling settlement would disrupt these processes, is that a harm we ought to avoid? More generally, do we have ethical obligations to potential life forms?

This question gets into ethical territory that is contentious among Earthlings, who don't always agree about our obligations to potential humans on a timescale of nine months or of several generations. I'm not sure the ethical disagreements get any clearer just because we have them on a different planet.

And even if moral intuitions were clear and uniform, here's another challenge: What is the moral status of life forms different enough from the ones we have on Earth that we might fail to recognize them as "life" in the first place? In the interests of extreme galactic biodiversity, would there be on obligation not to harm anything that might be alive (and to assume that our methods for assessing what's alive in our early encounters with Martian life are likely to give false negatives)? Does our sense of moral community only extend to life forms that sufficiently resemble Earth life forms? Would we recognize exotic Martian life forms as alive if they had the weaponry to make us?
Potential harmful impacts on Earth.
Even if Mars is a lifeless planet, whether it's ethical to colonize Mars may depend on what kinds of consequences the mission has here on Earth. The machinery of space travel uses natural resources. It generates waste products. It shifts funds away from other projects or purposes.

The ethical issue here is not just the magnitude of the costs of a colonization mission relative to the benefits of establishing a Mars colony. It's also a matter of how those costs and benefits are distributed - of whether the people who bear the costs will also enjoy the benefits.

Indeed, the social impacts of colonizing Mars may provide the most difficult ethical terrain. If a Mars colony holds the promise of a new start, an escape from messes we have created on our home planet, we need to consider the fairness of who gets to escape and who is left behind to deal with the mess. Even years prior to any realistic hope of a crewed mission to Mars, we might weigh the impacts of shifting scientific and engineering brainpower to this challenge - and away from addressing other human aspirations and needs, some of them quite pressing.

At the very least, we should think through the ethical implications of a project likely to benefit few people directly. Will it help Earthbound humans to address disease, climate change, war, social and economic inequality? Will it undercut efforts to address these issues?
Potential harmful impacts on the solar system.
Any mission of colonization from Earth to Mars takes for granted the larger environment of the solar system in which both planets maintain orbits. If the mission generates enough space junk to make future space travel hazardous, or involves engineering projects on Mars that end up disrupting the gravitational balance between heavenly bodies, that could be bad, both for the colonists and for folks back on Earth. It doesn't strike me as a likely consequence, but someone should surely do the calculations on this before any major Martian infrastructure projects commence.
Impacts on the pristine Martian environment.
Let's say even under our most expansive definition of "life" Mars turns out to be lifeless. Might we still have an obligation to preserve the pristine Martian environment?

Arguably, leaving the Martian environment in its current state might be of instrumental value (e.g., to scientists studying the natural geological history of the planet, or to sky-gazers). Surely, there would be something distasteful about marring the Martian landscape with a billboard visible from Earth. But is there more than instrumental value at stake here? If we have such an obligation, it strikes me as an extreme version of the position that we have ethical obligations to nature itself, regardless of its instrumental value to us. We usually think of nature as including various sorts of living things. Does a lifeless landscape have intrinsic value that places ethical obligations on us? Those who hold that it does should sharpen their argument while Mars is still pristine.
Should we assume that Mars is ours?
Even if we can work out the technical challenges around establishing a Mars colony, do we need it? What if some other inhabitants of the galaxy need Mars more (perhaps because their world has been destroyed) but we happened to get there first. Would we have an obligation to help them out by sharing Mars, or by ceding it to them and going back to Earth? Should we be thinking of Mars as a shared resource?

Who else do we imagine might need it, and for what? Maybe the real reason to protect the pristine Martian environment is in order to cultivate restraint in ourselves, rather than feeding our rapacious appetite for conquest.

Just because we have the technical capacity to do something doesn't mean that we should do it. Sending a crewed mission or human colonists to Mars is an expensive and risky undertaking if the goal just amounts to having Mars for our own.

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With the recent discovery of flowing liquid water on Mars, talk has turned to what it would take to colonize Mars. But before you pack your bags, it's worth thinking about whether we should colonize Mars. Here I am not arguing for a definitive answer to that question.

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Main idea: pros of colonization on Mars.

Positive arguments:
-Avoid human extinction.

-Mars is similar to Earth.

- Mars is the closest planet to the Earth.

-Experience a new model of society.

-Progress with scientific research and human research.

Dialogue: I think that trying to colonize in Mars is a good idea.  basically, if Earth destroys we could have an alternative.

Summary:
The main facts of this source are:
-Avoid human extinction, Basically, the source says that the population is increasing a lot so we are not gonna fit in on Earth. Another point is climate change: melting glaciers make the ocean levels rise, and deforestation is also a big problem, extinction of species. We are running out of space and the unique possibility is going to another world. The hypothesis of the source is going to another planet.

-Mars: It is a better idea to go to mars?  the advantages are: it is the closest planet to the Earth, they found the presence of water, that's the most important point.

Progress scientific research: The Moon and Mars remain in the sights of NASA and ESA, both because of their proximity to planet Earth and because they can be inhabited by humans.

A new model of society: The whole point is to create new branches of human civilization, It’ll have its dialect, literature, own jokes, and sense of humor. It’s going to be different, a different culture, and I think that’s good.

Team ArchiMars (April 27, 2021) Discover the five reasons to colonize Mars. Retrieved from:
https://universe.wiki/2021/04/19/discover-the-five-reasons-to-colonize-mars/

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Will the evolved man of the second millennium be able to write a new human history on Mars? Will a man who, for us, represents the man "of the future" be the primitive man for the future Martians?

Just after the outbreak of the Big Bang and the beginning of human life on Earth they wrote the beginning of the history we know. With the first man on Mars, we can write a new chapter of a beautiful and long history of the growth of 'humanity.

Man will learn new techniques to settle, to protect and repair himself, and to survive on Mars, bringing with him a wealth of knowledge advanced from the Earth and, for this very reason, relying on primitive human experience, he will be able to exploit the resources of the Martian territory and to sustainably inhabit a new world. But will man be able to survive on Mars and thus avoid extinction? If so, will his adaptation to the new physical and climatic conditions have changed the human species, as has happened since the monkeys, billions of years ago, arrive at today's human species? As Darwin would say, "It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but rather the one most adaptable to change."

Avoid human extinction

Science claims with certainty that, as the history of the evolution of the species that lived on our planet teaches so far, more than 99.9% are now extinct. Are we therefore destined to become extinct with no chance of survival? How did we come to this? A man by evolving, continuing to inhabit and exploit all that the Earth has to offer, and today it is shrinking to the bone: population growth is growing more and more disproportionate to the space available on Earth, which will no longer have the place or conditions to host people. It also carries out important climate change that gives man more and more signals of the Earth's crisis: melting glaciers and rising ocean levels, deforestation, and the relative extinction of many living species, making large ecosystems increasingly uninhabitable."We are running out of space and the only places to go to are other worlds. It is time to explore other solar systems. Spreading out may be the only thing that saves us from ourselves. I am convinced that humans need to leave Earth."So would colonizing another planet be the solution? This is certainly a hypothesis already advances by many scientists, including Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawking, and entrepreneur Elon Musk, according to which becoming a multi-planetary species could save us from the extinction of humanity.

Read more: The Outer Space: Earth's future life support

Mars is the most similar planet to Earth

"Mars is the planet next door. For centuries its reddish color has animated fantasy and dreams but now it is something more: the destination of man's next great journey into space." 1

As Giovanni Caprara says in the book "Rosso Marte": the great adventure of a man in Space, Mars, more than any other planet in the solar system, is at the target of space agencies and researchers around the world. This is no accident.

Mars is the fourth planet in the distance from the Sun, first after the Earth, and is the only one on which the presence of water is determined. Millions of years ago Mars had water in abundance, but since then all the vast areas of liquid and surface water have disappeared, remaining present only in the form of underground ice.

Despite the cold temperatures, which reach a minimum of -150° and a maximum of 20°, a very weak atmosphere, a reduced magnetic field, and an arid and desert surface, Mars is the planet most similar to planet Earth. Putting the two planets at comparison shows that both have almost the same arrangement of the inner core, while some characteristics vary such as gravity, equal to 1/3 of that of the Earth, and much colder temperatures.

Image by: ArchiMars Team

Make progress with scientific research and human research

Everything we now know about everything that is outside the Earth is the result of scientific progress that has seen the creation of probes and rovers designed specifically for exploration in orbit and on the surface of other planets. Among these, the Moon and Mars remain in the sights of NASA and ESA, both because of their proximity to planet Earth and because they can be inhabited by humans. In particular, rovers have been launched in Space for years to advance scientific exploration of the planets, bringing with them successes and discoveries. In 2015, Opportunity crossed the finish line of the Olympic marathon on Mars, covering 42 km, and together with Spirit collected one hundred thousand images. Even today, starting from 2012, Curiosity confirms the presence of a past life and all the requirements, such as the presence of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and water, for a hypothetical present life. Perseverance rover has recently landed on Mars to collect rock samples for the first time.

But then, what more can man do to advance space exploration? Surely man is the only living being who can give concrete answers to all the studies conducted so far: every single discovery or research has been made to understand whether life forms existed, exist, or may exist on Mars. How do you know better than taking a man to Mars?

Experience a new model of society

The colonization of Mars not only means bringing man to it, but it also means establishing a society that regulates human life so that one day we can talk about Martians. But how can one imagine a society on Mars? We will never have a certain answer. The man will land on Mars and a base commander will guide him as if he were the first small hierarchical system.

But what will happen when a man multiplies and the first Martian base becomes a village and then a colony? We will have "a real society with real people living real lives, with children in schools and community orchestras. All kinds of things that a base commander might think are completely extraneous. (...) "The colony might start as hierarchical, but the process of nature is going to take it in the direction of freedom."

Zubrin, the founder of the Mars Society, spends a lot on issues related to the so-called "society 2.0" on Mars: "The whole point is to create new branches of human civilization, It'll have its dialect, its literature, own jokes and sense of humour. It's going to be different, a different culture, and I think that's good."

Mars is not owned by anyone and will soon be the object of conquest and management of world hegemonies. The hope is that, even if it is a model of society that is currently utopian and unpredictable, a future Martian society can learn from that of the history of the Earth to aim to live forever.
Team ArchiMars
Read more from ArchiMars Team: 5 reasons to study Space Architecture

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Discover the five reasons to colonize Mars - Universe

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Will the evolved man of the second millennium be able to write a new human history on Mars? Will a man who, for us, represents the man "of the future" be the primitive man for the future Martians?

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Main idea:
how is going to be colonized Mars step by setep
Arguments/facts
- it will take 50 years to have a completely colonized Mars
- in this process, lots of missions are going to be don
- it will have plenty of new technology
- when Mars is colonized governments to control the population are going to be established
- lots of reobable energy is going to be used
- at some point, we will go to other places to get free water
Dialogue
- from where we will get all the materials needed?
- what are the risks of this colonization?
Summary
- the process of colonization will be done over years in the first one expeditions to recollect information are going to be sent, then in the following ones the first establishments will be set on Mars, and from there humanity will expand, allowing more people on Mars and eventually humanity will have colonized the red planet and a new "Erath" will be created.
Reference APA style
- the infographics show (17/ago/2022) how humanity will actually colonize Mars, year by year, Retrieved forme https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29ejNlDZg5g

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How Humanity Will Actually Colonize Mars (Year by Year)

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Main idea:
-Elon Musk Mission to Mars
Arguments/facts

-Earth is 140 million miles from the Earth.

-Mars it is a little bit cold but he says that with the technology he could warm it up.

-The Atmosphere is primarily CO2 but it has two little but things that are nitrogen and Argon, this means that we can plant plants just by compressing the atmosphere.

-The gravity of Mars is 38% of the earth, which means that you could lift heavy things with not too much effort.

Dialogue
-I don't have many questions because it explains it very clearly.

- the money won't be a problem because Elon Musk is a billionaire.

Summary
- The easiest planet to go to is Mars for all the reasons y mentioned.

-Starship will be the world’s most powerful launch vehicle ever developed, with the ability to carry in excess of 100 metric tonnes to Earth orbit.

-The starship will be of reusable transportation.

-The starship will land at 7.5 kilometers per hour, and it is going to decelerate with aerodynamics. the shield is made of very strong materials to support the heat and even the shield supports a lot of hot they spect to be some ablation.

Elon Musk (n.d.) SpaceX. Retrieved from: https://www.spacex.com/human-spaceflight/mars/

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Falcon 9's first stage incorporates nine Merlin engines and aluminum-lithium alloy tanks containing liquid oxygen and rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) propellant.

Falcon 9 generates more than 1.7 million pounds of thrust at sea level.

The nine Merlin engines on the first stage are gradually throttled near the end of first-stage flight to limit launch vehicle acceleration as the rocket's mass decreases with the burning of fuel. These engines are also used to reorient the first stage prior to reentry and to decelerate the vehicle for landing.

The Falcon 9 first stage is equipped with four landing legs made of state-of-the-art carbon fiber with aluminum honeycomb.

Placed symmetrically around the base of the rocket, they are stowed at the base of the vehicle and deploy just prior to landing.

Learn more about SpaceX reusability

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Falcon 9's first stage incorporates nine Merlin engines and aluminum-lithium alloy tanks containing liquid oxygen and rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) propellant. Falcon 9 generates more than 1.7 million pounds of thrust at sea level. The nine Merlin engines on the first stage are gradually throttled near the end of first-stage flight to limit launch vehicle acceleration as the rocket's mass decreases with the burning of fuel.

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Main idea:
- it discusses Elon Musk's project of going to Mars.

Facts and arguments:
- Elon Musk founded SpaceX in 2002, the company trying to go to Mars.
-   Dragon is the name of the spacecraft which attached to the international space station in 2012, also it returned to the Earth safely
- On the 8th of April the Dragon made a successful trip around the ISS.
- Falcon Heavy a new rocket has taken the title of the most powerful
- Musk says that by 2026  he will be able to get people to Mars
Dialogue:
- How the Dragon made it to the international space station?
- why he thinks that by 2026 he is going to be able to carry people to Mars?

Summary:
SpaceX the private company that Musk has created to in the future take people to Mars and save humans spicy.
With this company, the investor and engineer Elon Musk have created the Dragon which is a rocket that has gone into space and returned safely to Earth.
the estimation made by SpaceX is that by 2026 they will be able to get people to Mars.

APA:
No author (May/02/2016/) SpaceX is Preparing for a Mission to Colonize Mars by 2026. Retrieved from https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/spacex-is-preparing-for-a-mission-to-colonize-mars-by-2026

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Elon founded SpaceX in and is actively trying to revolutionize space technology, with their ultimate goal of enabling people to live on other planets - specifically, Mars. SpaceX has developed three functioning spacecraft including the Dragon spacecraft which in 2012 became the first private rocket to attach to the International Space Station, exchanged cargo, and then safely return to Earth . Just recently on April 8th, the dragon once again successfully made a round trip to the ISS, which then landed on the "Of Course I Still Love You" droneship. Currently, the Dragon is undergoing a US$440 MILLION overhaul to prepare the spacecraft for a crew.

One of the newest rocket installments, the Falcon Heavy, has taken the world title for the most powerful rocket ever- by a factor of two. The rocket will be capable of transporting into orbit 119,000 lb of cargo- twice as much as the next most similar operational vehicle, the Delta IV Heavy, at just one-third the cost too.The rockets produce over 5 MILLION pounds of thrust at liftoff and has future plans to carry humans all the way to the Moon and Mars.

[Image Source: SpaceX]

Elon Musk recently hosted a Q&A on Reddit where he answered hundreds of questions regarding his SpaceX program. One common question asked what his future plans were with traveling to Mars. Elon " The Mars transport system will be a completely. new architecture. Am hoping to present that towards the end of this year". Elon said that he hopes to get humans to Mars by

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SpaceX Prepares for a Human Mission to Colonize Mars by 2026

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Elon founded SpaceX in and is actively trying to revolutionize space technology, with their ultimate goal of enabling people to live on other planets - specifically, Mars. SpaceX has developed three functioning spacecraft including the Dragon spacecraft which in 2012 became the first private rocket to attach to the International Space Station, exchanged cargo, and then safely return to Earth .