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Research: Use the internet to find at least one real-life example or application for each reaction:

Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes

Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes

Include Details: For each example, provide the following:

A brief description of the application or process (e.g., where and how the reaction is used).

The chemical involved in the reaction and its significance.

If possible, mention the industry or product that uses this reaction (e.g., pharmaceuticals, polymers, etc.).

Visuals:

Add relevant images, diagrams, or videos to support your examples.

Ensure the visuals are clear and appropriately credited (if taken from online sources).

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(Individual) All 4 students must submit their discussion separately.  Write your name as the subject 

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(Individual) All 4 students must submit their discussion separately.  Write your name as the subject 

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https://youtu.be/uzME70UbT40?si=V3TpFTNy7Sqxuu2b

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Record a 30s video saying what you have learned or gained from this experiment.

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Compare and Contrast Alkanes and Alkenes            (10 marks) 

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Compare and Contrast Alkanes and Alkenes            (10 marks) 

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NAZIRF NUR AIRELL BIN ANUAR

MS2417121145

IDLAN AQIFF BIN ZURAIMI

MS2417120617

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(Group) List two possible sources of error for this experiment 

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(Group) List two possible sources of error for this experiment 

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MUHAMMAD ISKANDAR BIN MOHD ASRI

MS2417121247

ADAM ZAFIR BIN ROZMAM

MS2417120822

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(Group) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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(Group) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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Dropper

Test tube

Rubber band

Labelling paper

Test tube rack

Black sugar paper (6cm × 12cm)

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Toluene

Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane

Dichloromethane

0.01 M KMnO4

4% bromine in dichloromethane

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You are required to fill in the blanks and make correct equation..

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6 dry, clean test tubes, are labeled A to F

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1 mL of cyclohexane is placed in test tube A and B, 1 mL of cyclohexene is placed in test tube C and B and 1 mL of toluene is placed in test tube E and F.

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Test tubes A, C and E is wrapped with black sugar papers.

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4 to 5 drops of 4% bromine is added in dichloromethane into each test tube.

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Test tubes A, C and E are kept in a dark place, and test tubes B, D and F are kept in the sunlight. Left them for 15 minutes.

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Observations are recorded.

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A) Reaction with bromine in dichloromethane

1. Cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon that undergoes substitution reaction in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light.

Sunlight provides energy for the homolytic cleavage of halogens to form free radicals.

No reaction occurs.

2. Cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that undergoes addition reaction, with or without the presence of light.

3. Toluene contains a benzene ring (aromatic) group that undergoes electrophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a catalyst, such as FeBr3.

Reaction equation:

In sunlight or the dark, toluene does not react readily with bromine unless a catalyst is present.

B) Oxidation with cold alkaline solution of KMnO4 (Baeyer's Test)

Baeyer's Test is an oxidation test for alkenes, so only cyclohexene shows positive results.

Rea

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Free radical substitution of alkanes and electrophilic addition of alkenes are fundamental reactions in organic chemistry with significant industrial applications.

1. Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes

Application: Industrial Synthesis of Chlorinated Methanes

Description: Free radical halogenation is employed industrially to produce chlorinated methanes such as dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂), chloroform (CHCl₃), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). In this process, methane undergoes chlorination in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light, leading to the substitution of hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms.

Chemicals Involved:

Methane (CH₄): The simplest alkane, serving as the starting material.

Chlorine (Cl₂): Reacts with methane under UV light to produce chlorinated methanes.

Significance: Chlorinated methanes are vital solvents and intermediates in chemical manufacturing. For instance, dichloromethane is widely used as a solvent in paint removers and degreasing agents, while chloroform serves as a precursor in the production of refrigerants.

Industry: Chemical Manufacturing

Visual Representation:

Image Source: Save My Exams

2. Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes

Application: Hydration of Alkenes to Produce Alcohols

Description: The acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes involves the electrophilic addition of water across the carbon-carbon double bond, resulting in the formation of alcohols. This reaction is pivotal in the industrial synthesis of alcohols from alkenes.

Chemicals Involved:

Alkene (e.g., Ethene): The starting material containing a carbon-carbon double bond.

Water (H₂O): Adds across the double bond in the presence of an acid catalyst.

Acid Catalyst (e.g., H₂SO₄): Facilitates the addition reaction.

Significance: The hydration of alkenes is a key method for producing alcohols, which are essential solvents and intermediates in the manufacture of various chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products.

Industry: Chemical and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Visual Representation:

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(Individual) Each student is required to choose 1 of the following and submit their answers separately 

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(Individual) Each student is required to choose 1 of the following and submit their answers separately 

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1. Write the mechanism of cyclohexane with bromine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction

2. Write the mechanism of cyclobutane with bromine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

3. Write the mechanism of cyclopentane with chlorine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

4. Write the mechanism of cyclopropane with chlorine in the Presence of sunlight. State the function of sunlight in this reaction.

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1.Cyclohexane is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that undergoes electrophilic addition reaction, with or without the presence of sunlight.

2. Cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, undergoes addition reaction, with or without the presence of a catalyst.

3.Toluene contains a methyl group that undergoes free radical reaction in the presence of sunlight.

4.Baeyer’s Test is an saturation test for alkenes, so only cyclohexene shows positive results.

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Double-check all measurements and ensure proper handling of materials.

Adhere to the recommended reaction times to avoid overreaction or formation of unwanted by-products.

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Errors in measuring the volume or mass of hydrocarbons, reagents, or catalysts can lead to incorrect stoichiometric ratios.

Insufficient time for the reaction to reach completion may lead to inaccurate assessment of products

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1. Cyclohexane is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that undergoes electrophilic addition reaction, with or without the presence of sunlight.

2. Cyclohexene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon, undergoes addition reaction, with or without the presence of a catalyst.

3.Toluene contains a methyl group that undergoes free radical reaction in the presence of sunlight.

4.Baeyer’s Test is an saturation test for alkenes, so only cyclohexene shows positive results.