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Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.

By, Nickerson, C., on, U., 13, F., & Charlotte Nickerson  Research Assistant at Harvard University  Undergraduate at Harvard University  Charlotte Nickerson is a student at Harvard University obsessed with the intersection of mental health. (2024, February 13). Postmodern feminism theory in sociology. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/postmodern-feminism.html

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2025, February 20). Judith Butler. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Judith-Butler

Exploring the history of Gender Expression. Link. (n.d.). https://link.ucop.edu/2019/10/14/exploring-the-history-of-gender-expression/

Fausto-Sterling, A. (1993). The five sexes: Why male and female are not enough. The Sciences, 33(2), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2326-1951.1993.tb03081.x

Hutton, C. (1970, January 1). The decision in Corbett v Corbett. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-20271-2_4

Lempinen, E. (2022, May 4). Attack on LGBTQ+ rights: The Politics and Psychology of a Backlash. Berkeley News. https://news.berkeley.edu/2022/05/02/attack-on-lgbtq-rights-the-politics-and-psychology-of-a-backlash/

Library research guides: Philosophy: Introduction to queer theory. Introduction to Queer Theory - Philosophy - Library Research Guides at Indiana University. (n.d.). https://guides.libraries.indiana.edu/c.php?g=995240&p=8361766

Working with LGBTQ patients. Psychiatry.org - Working with LGBTQ Patients. (n.d.). https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/diversity/education/best-practice-highlights/working-with-lgbtq-patients#:~:text=In%20the%20context%20of%20Psychiatry,new%20understanding%20and%20treatment%20LGBTQ.

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Overall, postmodern feminism helped bring us clarity to gender and sexuality. Exploring work of individuals, like Judith Butler, let us deepen our knowledge of the gender binary and the LGBTQ+ community. It paved the path for acceptance of members of the LGBTQ+ community and has shown us there is still much work to be done to include the rights of all.

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Public backlash against queer and transgender theory 

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Public backlash against queer and transgender theory 

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There has always been public hate and backlash on individuals that do not adhere to the traditional heterosexuality and gender norms. Today we still see hate crimes against members of the LGBTQ+ community, but because of the work of postmodern feminists, there has been some developments in the public approval of members of the community.

Example: States are banning the access to gender affirming care.

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Public backlash against queer and transgender theory

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Traditionally and historically, gender was viewed as male and female, on a binary scale. Postmodern feminism fought that gender was fluid and not solely based on biology, it was focused more on behavior and culture.

Examples: The binary of gender is a very western, colonial view of gender expression. Many cultures that predate colonialism, such as the Mayans, Native Americans, and Pacific Island cultures, had many fluid ideas of gender.

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Perspectives on Gender History: Conflict vs Structural Functionalism

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This was a court case that hurt the marriage rights of transgender people. This court case shows that the courts enforced the traditional view of gender being based on biology and not how one feels.

Court decision: A transgender woman was denied the right to get married, emphasizing transgender hate and lack of basic rights.

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Was one of the first people who challenged the the gender binary of male and female. Coined that gender is fluid.

Example: Wrote the article of "The Five Sexes"

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Was one of the first people to challenge the traditional view of gender. Argues that there is no "original" gender and that gender is formed through ones behavior and not their biology.

Definition: Was born on February 24, 1956

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The transgender theory challenges that people can only be the gender they were assigned at birth, it explores what happens when someone doesn't feel like their gender matches how they feel on the inside. It challenges the cultural norm of being cisgender.

Example: Judith Butler coined this term and theory.

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Berkeley professor explains gender theory | Judith Butler

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Challenges and disrupts the traditional views of gender and sexuality. Emphasizes that there is more than being straight and falling into the categories of male and female.

Example: The word queer encompasses the sexuality identifies such as gay, lesbian, and transgender.

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An idea that being straight is normal and right in society, hurting the existence of members of the LGBTQ+ community. It explains that heterosexuality is what should be expected and everyone who does not fall into this category is wrong and not normal.

Example: Being gay was considered a mental illness in the DSM until 1973.

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Anti-essentialism rejects what is considered to be the social norm in society. In terms of postmodern feminism it rejects that gender is fixed and solely reliant on biology, meaning that gender is fluid.

Example: Discussed by women such as Judith Butler. Emphasized that politics are personal.

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This era of feminism challenges the traditional idea that there is one universal truth about gender identity. It also challenged the traditional view of feminism and was developed in the late 20th century.

Example: Postmodern feminism believe that gender is not on the binary.

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Postmodern Feminism | History of Postmodern Feminism| Feminist Theories and Practice |Gender Studies