# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UwexvaCMWA
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_01_CHUA JINGTIN (CAI JINGTING) RANICE
The turbines spin, generating electricity. This causes the water to be heated up. This causes atoms to split apart to form smaller atoms, releasing energy.
S2-03_14_KOK CHENG JUN, GARREN
It is produced from the heat energy

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_01_CHUA JINGTIN (CAI JINGTING) RANICE
The energy itself is renewable, but the fuel required in the process is not.
S2-03_14_KOK CHENG JUN, GARREN
It is non-renewable

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_01_CHUA JINGTIN (CAI JINGTING) RANICE
Turbines, the ‘cooling tower’ are needed to generate nuclear energy.
S2-03_14_KOK CHENG JUN, GARREN
It requires several turbines ,generator,pressurized water reactor,

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_01_CHUA JINGTIN (CAI JINGTING) RANICE
Heat energy -> KE -> Electrical energy.
S2-03_14_KOK CHENG JUN, GARREN
Gravitational Potential Energy->Heat Energy->Kinetic Energy->Electrical Energy

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_01_CHUA JINGTIN (CAI JINGTING) RANICE
It is way more efficient as compared to producing energy through the burning of fossil fuels.
S2-03_14_KOK CHENG JUN, GARREN
One uranium fuel pellet creates as much energy as one ton of coal, 149 gallons of oil or 17,000 cubic feet of natural gas.

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_01_CHUA JINGTIN (CAI JINGTING) RANICE
25 – 30 cents/kWh.
S2-03_14_KOK CHENG JUN, GARREN
The cost is $0.0015/kWh

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_01_CHUA JINGTIN (CAI JINGTING) RANICE
Radioactive waste is produced and is harmful to humans.
S2-03_14_KOK CHENG JUN, GARREN
Uranium mining has widespread effects, contaminating the environment with radioactive dust, radon gas, water-borne toxins, and increased levels of background radiation.

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_01_CHUA JINGTIN (CAI JINGTING) RANICE
Near water sources, large expanses of land
S2-03_14_KOK CHENG JUN, GARREN
No conditions are required.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Nuclear Power Plants Work / Nuclear Energy (Animation)

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Q5aZl9QMXo
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_02_EMILY CHANG REN MINH
When the nuclei of two atoms combine to form a single heavier one, it releases high amount energy usually in the form of thermal energy.
S2-03_15_LOH WEI XIANG, LUCAS
(I think you researched on the wrong energy source.)
They are produced through natural gas, nuclear energy and coal.

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_02_EMILY CHANG REN MINH
Yes? The most common fuels used in nuclear fusion are deuterium and tritium.
Deuterium is not radioactive and can be found in oceans.
Tritium is rare, radioactive and can occur naturally. It decays approximately after 12-years. Although rare, Tritium can be obtained by exposing lithium to energetic neutrons free neutron.
Except for the reactor components, there is no radioactive waste. The level of radioactivity depends on the material of the reactor.
S2-03_15_LOH WEI XIANG, LUCAS
It is non-renewable energy.

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_02_EMILY CHANG REN MINH
There are 5 possible methods (according to britannia): Magnetic confinement, Inertial confinement fusion, Muon-catalyzed fusion, cold fusion and bubble fusion. More used methods are Magnetic confinement and Inertial confinement fusion.
Magnetic confinement: tokamak fusion reactor (one of several types of reactors for magnetic confinement method)
Inertial confinement fusion:
Inertial confinement fusion(IFC) Reactor
Aka Laser fusion
S2-03_15_LOH WEI XIANG, LUCAS
Turbine driven generators.

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_02_EMILY CHANG REN MINH
Thermal energy → Electrical energy
S2-03_15_LOH WEI XIANG, LUCAS
They go through processes such as photosynthesis.

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_02_EMILY CHANG REN MINH
Compared to using fossil fuels. 1 kg of fuel for fusion energy could provide the same amount of energy using 10,000,000 kg of fossil fuels. Additionally, the cost of electricity would be cheaper using this source of energy (but, starting may be expensive as this is new tech).
S2-03_15_LOH WEI XIANG, LUCAS
Wind

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_02_EMILY CHANG REN MINH
Estimated $0.06–0.11/kWh.
S2-03_15_LOH WEI XIANG, LUCAS
1600/KWH(2019)

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_02_EMILY CHANG REN MINH
No carbon emissions
Increases usage of lithium (possibly more mining?)
Radioactive waste is short lived
might have constant replacement of reactor materials (needs more materials, maybe?)
S2-03_15_LOH WEI XIANG, LUCAS
It does not have any environmental impacts.

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_02_EMILY CHANG REN MINH
Very High temperatures
Strong magnetic field
High force of compression
S2-03_15_LOH WEI XIANG, LUCAS
Wind Turbine

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElulEJruhRQ
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_03_ESTHER REBECCA SURAJ
nuclear fission of the isotope uranium-233 produced from the fertile element thorium
S2-03_16_LOW HONG JUN, MATTIAS
Burning Coal (wrong)

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_03_ESTHER REBECCA SURAJ
Thorium is not a renewable source.
S2-03_16_LOW HONG JUN, MATTIAS
Thorium is not strictly a renewable energy source and most of the earth’s heat generated in the earth’s core come from nuclear process involving Thorium.

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_03_ESTHER REBECCA SURAJ
A nucleur reactor, or a power plant
S2-03_16_LOW HONG JUN, MATTIAS
Practical fusion power stations, Fission

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_03_ESTHER REBECCA SURAJ

S2-03_16_LOW HONG JUN, MATTIAS
HE → Electrical Energy

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_03_ESTHER REBECCA SURAJ
a thorium plant will operate at about 45 percent thermal efficiency, with turbine cycles improving the overall efficiency to 50 percent or greater
S2-03_16_LOW HONG JUN, MATTIAS
A thorium plant will operate at a 45% thermal efficiency and with upcoming turbine cycles it may possibly improve the thermal efficiency to 50% or greater.

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_03_ESTHER REBECCA SURAJ
1.4 cents/kwh.
S2-03_16_LOW HONG JUN, MATTIAS
$0.000015/kWh. To buy the uranium which is the fuel used to power the reactors

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_03_ESTHER REBECCA SURAJ
highly radioactive nuclear waste
S2-03_16_LOW HONG JUN, MATTIAS
Air Pollution, which kills people
(Any other more significant negative impacts?)

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_03_ESTHER REBECCA SURAJ
in placer deposits, concentrated by wave and current action with other heavy minerals.
S2-03_16_LOW HONG JUN, MATTIAS
Large expanses of land as fission is the main way to get alot of energy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Thorium and the Future of Nuclear Energy

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DFQrE91kZwk
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_04_KWEH XIAO EN CARITA
It is produced from the internal heat of the Earth (generated from radioactive decay of minerals and continual heat loss from the Earth’s original formation.)
S2-03_17_MADAPPULI ARACHIGE KAVISHA CHATHUMINA FERNANDO
Geothermal energy is energy produced from the internal heat of the earth. The internal heat of the earth is generated by the radioactive decay of minerals.

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_04_KWEH XIAO EN CARITA
It is renewable. This is because its source is the almost unlimited amount of heat generated by the Earth's core.
S2-03_17_MADAPPULI ARACHIGE KAVISHA CHATHUMINA FERNANDO
Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source.

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_04_KWEH XIAO EN CARITA
Geothermal wells
Heat exchanger
Turbine generator
S2-03_17_MADAPPULI ARACHIGE KAVISHA CHATHUMINA FERNANDO
Drills to make geothermal wells
Geothermal energy is usually drawn out using water / steam

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_04_KWEH XIAO EN CARITA
Heat energy → kinetic energy→ electrical energy
geothermal power plant that uses heated underground water to warm a fluid with a lower boiling point than water, which creates a steam that powers turbines and electrical generators.
S2-03_17_MADAPPULI ARACHIGE KAVISHA CHATHUMINA FERNANDO
Kinetic energy → Electrical energy

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_04_KWEH XIAO EN CARITA
For every unit of electricity the system uses, it provides three to four units of heating energy - an efficiency of 300% to 400%
Geothermal heat pumps are among the most efficient and comfortable heating and cooling technologies available because they use the earth's natural heat to provide heating, cooling, and often, water heating.
S2-03_17_MADAPPULI ARACHIGE KAVISHA CHATHUMINA FERNANDO
It’s reliable and consistent as it can provide baseload electricity.

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_04_KWEH XIAO EN CARITA
$0.01 to $0.03 per kWh
S2-03_17_MADAPPULI ARACHIGE KAVISHA CHATHUMINA FERNANDO
$0.01 to $0.03 per kWh

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_04_KWEH XIAO EN CARITA
concerns with geothermal include the accidental release of co2 and hydrogen sulfide emissions stored in the Earth's groundwater that is often used to carry geothermal heat to the Earth's surface additionally drawing heat from the Earth's crust can if done irresponsibly lower the ground temperature below the surface. The upfront costs for geothermal energy production are relatively high it is expensive to carry out the seismic sensing
S2-03_17_MADAPPULI ARACHIGE KAVISHA CHATHUMINA FERNANDO
It can accidentally release Co2, and hydrogen sulfide emissions. Additionally, drawing heat from the earth’s crust can lower the ground temperature below the surface if done irresponsibly

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_04_KWEH XIAO EN CARITA
geothermal development are in the most volcanically and tectonically active regions of the world
S2-03_17_MADAPPULI ARACHIGE KAVISHA CHATHUMINA FERNANDO
The major regions of geothermal development are in the most volcanically and tectonically active regions of the world.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGmwtDffc74
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_05_ADAM GOH JUN LUCK (WU JUNLE)
It is produced from ethanol and biodiesel which are extracted from plants and seeds.
S2-03_18_ON WEI YI, TITUS
biofuels are combustible fuels created from biomass
biodiesel is an oil produced by extracting naturally occurring oils from plants and seeds
biofuels are produced from cellulosic materials such as wood grasses and inedible parts

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_05_ADAM GOH JUN LUCK (WU JUNLE)
Renewable
S2-03_18_ON WEI YI, TITUS
it is generally accepted that the crops used to produce biofuels can be replenished much faster than fossil fuels which take millions of years to form (yes)

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_05_ADAM GOH JUN LUCK (WU JUNLE)
fermentation
S2-03_18_ON WEI YI, TITUS
Diesel engines
Diesel fuel

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_05_ADAM GOH JUN LUCK (WU JUNLE)
It can be converted directly into liquid fuels, called "biofuels," to help meet transportation fuel needs
S2-03_18_ON WEI YI, TITUS
Heat energy → electrical energy
Heat energy + Chemical potential energy → electrical energy
Chemical potential energy → electrical energy
Bioconversion? → electrical energy

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_05_ADAM GOH JUN LUCK (WU JUNLE)
It is renewable and easy to produce
S2-03_18_ON WEI YI, TITUS
Biofuels burn cleaner than gasoline, resulting in fewer greenhouse gas emissions, and are fully biodegradable, unlike some fuel additives. Cellulosic ethanol has the potential to cut greenhouse gas emissions by up to 86%.

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_05_ADAM GOH JUN LUCK (WU JUNLE)
USD 0.250/kWh
S2-03_18_ON WEI YI, TITUS
In the United States, direct combustion is the most common method of producing heat from biomass. Small-scale biomass electric plants have installed costs of $3,000 to $4,000 per kW, and a levelized cost of energy of $0.8 to $0.15 per kilowatt hour (kWh).

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_05_ADAM GOH JUN LUCK (WU JUNLE)
It uses fertiliser which can cause an impact to nature
S2-03_18_ON WEI YI, TITUS
Research suggests that production of biofuel feedstocks, particularly food crops like corn and soy, could increase water pollution from nutrients, pesticides, and sediment (NRC 2011). Increases in irrigation and ethanol refining could deplete aquifers (NRC 2011).
Replacing fossil fuels with biofuels—fuels produced from renewable organic material—has the potential to reduce some undesirable aspects of fossil fuel production and use, including conventional and greenhouse gas (GHG) pollutant emissions, exhaustible resource depletion, and dependence on unstable foreign suppliers.

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_05_ADAM GOH JUN LUCK (WU JUNLE)
Good soil.
S2-03_18_ON WEI YI, TITUS
(couldnt really find this)

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gl5tY5Noacc
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_06_ALEXANDER CHAN YU DE
Solar PV is produced by converting the sun’s energy into direct electrical current by using semiconductors
S2-03_19_RAPHAEL ALPHONSUS LOI
The solar pv cells convert energy from the sun into electricity.

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_06_ALEXANDER CHAN YU DE
Solar PV is renewable as it uses light from the sun.
S2-03_19_RAPHAEL ALPHONSUS LOI
Renewable, as the sun does not burn out.

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_06_ALEXANDER CHAN YU DE
Semiconductors
S2-03_19_RAPHAEL ALPHONSUS LOI
Semiconductors

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_06_ALEXANDER CHAN YU DE
LE →Electrical energy
S2-03_19_RAPHAEL ALPHONSUS LOI
CPE -> Electrical Energy

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_06_ALEXANDER CHAN YU DE
It is not very efficient as it requires direct sunlight and no electricity can be produced at night.
S2-03_19_RAPHAEL ALPHONSUS LOI
Very efficient as the sun is the source of energy.

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_06_ALEXANDER CHAN YU DE
$0.28-$0.06
S2-03_19_RAPHAEL ALPHONSUS LOI
The cost is $0 per KwH, the energy source is the sun.

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_06_ALEXANDER CHAN YU DE
It depletes rare metals that make up the cells.
S2-03_19_RAPHAEL ALPHONSUS LOI
Don’t have, it is the sun.

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_06_ALEXANDER CHAN YU DE
The energy source can be placed anywhere from rooftops to in the open, but mainly needs direct sunlight to function
S2-03_19_RAPHAEL ALPHONSUS LOI
Nothing, it is the sun.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnPEtwQtmGQ
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_07_AYAAN JAIN
The GPE of falling water turns a turbine which turns the rotor in a generator. The rotor spins large electromagnets which produce a flow of electrons which are electricity.
S2-03_20_SUA LIANG KAI (CAI LIANGKAI)
At the plant, water flows through a pipe, also known as a penstock, and then spins the blades in a turbine, which, in turn, spins a generator that ultimately produces electricity.

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_07_AYAAN JAIN
It is renewable energy due to the water cycle.
S2-03_20_SUA LIANG KAI (CAI LIANGKAI)
Hydroelectric is a form of renewable energy that uses the water stored in dams, as well as flowing in rivers to create electricity in hydropower plants.

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_07_AYAAN JAIN
Pipe - penstock
Turbine water wheel
Generator with rotor inside
Large Electromagnets
S2-03_20_SUA LIANG KAI (CAI LIANGKAI)
A typical hydroelectric plant is a system with three parts: a power plant where the electricity is produced, a dam that can be opened or closed to control water flow, and a reservoir where water is stored.

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_07_AYAAN JAIN
GPE → KE → Electromagnetic Energy → Electrical Energy
S2-03_20_SUA LIANG KAI (CAI LIANGKAI)
GPE→ KE(water flowing down the dam) → KE(turbine spinning)
→ Electrical Energy

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_07_AYAAN JAIN
Since it converts 90% of available energy into electricity, hydroelectric power is the most efficient power source.
Source: (2022). Retrieved 7 July 2022, from https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/energy/energy-resources/5_things_you_need_to_know_about_hydropower.pdf
S2-03_20_SUA LIANG KAI (CAI LIANGKAI)
The efficiency of today's hydroelectric plant is about 90 percent.

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_07_AYAAN JAIN
It costs $1.19 in the US.
Source: Facts About Hydropower | Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company. (2022). Retrieved 7 July 2022, from http://www.wvic.com/content/facts_about_hydropower.cfm#:~:text=In%20the%20U.S.%2C%20hydropower%20is,cost%20of%20using%20natural%20gas
S2-03_20_SUA LIANG KAI (CAI LIANGKAI)
In the U.S., hydropower is produced for an average of 0.85 cents per kilowatt-hour (kwh). This is about 50% the cost of nuclear, 40% the cost of fossil fuel, and 25% the cost of using natural gas.

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_07_AYAAN JAIN
The environmental impacts of hydroelectric are that it it destroys forests, wildlife habitats, agricultural land, and the water bodies where they are built.
S2-03_20_SUA LIANG KAI (CAI LIANGKAI)
Flooding land for a hydroelectric reservoir has an extreme environmental impact: it destroys forest, wildlife habitat, agricultural land, and scenic lands. In many instances, such as the Three Gorges Dam in China, entire communities have also had to be relocated to make way for reservoirs

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_07_AYAAN JAIN
The conditions needed are lots of water and a slight or large drop for the water to fall down so that it has more GPE to convert to KE.
S2-03_20_SUA LIANG KAI (CAI LIANGKAI)
Moving water from a great height.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSWm_nprfqE
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_08_CALEB PEH KAH WOON
Energy can be converted from wind, solar panels or fossil fuels.
S2-03_21_TAN TECK HAN TRISTEN (CHEN DEHAN)
During a strong wind, the wind turbines will spin rapidly, generating electricity inside the generator. The electricity will then go through a step-up transformer before powering other things

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_08_CALEB PEH KAH WOON
Energy from wind and solar panels can be renewed but fossil fuels cannot as they take a long time to form
S2-03_21_TAN TECK HAN TRISTEN (CHEN DEHAN)
Energy from wind and solar panels can be renewed but fossil fuels cannot as they take a long time to form

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_08_CALEB PEH KAH WOON
A wind turbine turns wind energy into electricity using the aerodynamic force from the rotor blades, which work like an airplane wing or helicopter rotor blade.
S2-03_21_TAN TECK HAN TRISTEN (CHEN DEHAN)
A wind turbine is made out of:
The blade
The generator
Gearbox
Break
Step-up transformer
Velocity sensor
Yawing mechanism

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_08_CALEB PEH KAH WOON
The wind turns the propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator, which creates electricity.
KE-> Electrical energy
S2-03_21_TAN TECK HAN TRISTEN (CHEN DEHAN)
Wind energy (KE) →Electrical energy

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_08_CALEB PEH KAH WOON
Wind turbines are 20% to 40% efficient at converting wind into energy.
S2-03_21_TAN TECK HAN TRISTEN (CHEN DEHAN)
The maximum efficiency is 59.3%, while the current efficiency reached is 42%

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_08_CALEB PEH KAH WOON
The global weighted-average cost of electricity of new onshore wind farms in 2019 was USD 0.053/kWh with country/region values of between USD 0.051 and USD 0.099/kWh depending on the region.
S2-03_21_TAN TECK HAN TRISTEN (CHEN DEHAN)
It costs 1 - 2 cents per kilowatt-hour of wind energy

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_08_CALEB PEH KAH WOON
Wind energy can have adverse environmental impacts, including the potential to reduce, fragment, or degrade habitat for wildlife, fish, and plants. The spinning turbine blades can pose a threat to flying wildlife like birds and bats.
S2-03_21_TAN TECK HAN TRISTEN (CHEN DEHAN)
Large spaces of land are required for the wind turbines to be built on, reducing the amount of land that can be used for other purposes
The potential impact that wind power can have on wildlife, and the potential for these issues to delay or hinder wind development in high-quality wind resource areas, addressing impact minimization, siting, and permitting issues are among the wind industry’s highest priorities.

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_08_CALEB PEH KAH WOON
Wind turbines need minimum wind speed (generally 12-14 km/h) to begin turning and generate electricity. strong winds (50-60 km/h) to generate at full capacity. winds of less than 90 km/h; beyond that speed, the turbines must be stopped to avoid damage.
S2-03_21_TAN TECK HAN TRISTEN (CHEN DEHAN)
Large amounts of land, strong winds, and at a high location

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZN5CthZhvg
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_09_CHRISTIAN CADEN KWEK
The kinetic energy from the waves of the ocean are captured by devices and turned into electrical energy to be stored.
S2-03_22_TANG JIE REN HUGO
Natural gases, nuclear energy and coal.

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_09_CHRISTIAN CADEN KWEK
It is renewable, as there is no shortage of waves in the ocean.
S2-03_22_TANG JIE REN HUGO
Non-renewable.

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_09_CHRISTIAN CADEN KWEK
Wave energy converters are used to extract the energy from ocean waves, where it will power a generator to generate electricity.
S2-03_22_TANG JIE REN HUGO
For things such as nuclear energy, we will need a nuclear energy plant. Things such as natural gases require mining equipment but mainly a drill.

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_09_CHRISTIAN CADEN KWEK
The gravitational potential energy is converted into kinetic energy by the wave energy converters, where it is further converted into electrical energy via generator.
S2-03_22_TANG JIE REN HUGO
Change in their bonds, which changes their energy form.

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_09_CHRISTIAN CADEN KWEK
The efficiency is erratic and uncertain, as the strength of the waves vary due to a multitude of factors.
S2-03_22_TANG JIE REN HUGO
The fact that it’s only factors can easily be altered by humans, it would be really efficient.

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_09_CHRISTIAN CADEN KWEK
The cost per unit kilowatt hour is $0.87/kwh
S2-03_22_TANG JIE REN HUGO
Googled Response: $4444 USD

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_09_CHRISTIAN CADEN KWEK
There are little to no environmental impacts, there only being a possible shift in migration patterns or behavior of marine life.
S2-03_22_TANG JIE REN HUGO
Non renewable energy is detrimental to the environment since it will eventually run out, furthermore, natural gases will produce after products of using this energy sources such as excessive amounts of carbon dioxide output.

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_09_CHRISTIAN CADEN KWEK
Strong and powerful waves are needed to generate energy from waves.
S2-03_22_TANG JIE REN HUGO
For nuclear energy, all one needs is the nuclear power plant. For natural gases all one needs is an area to extract the gases. But for renewable energy, the variables and factors needed for energy to be produced would be drastically different.

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Ocean Power Plant Generates Energy From Waves - Unlimited Cheap Clean Electricity

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkTRcTyDSyk
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_10_DANIEL CHEW WENG KUEN
The energy is produced by the tides and ocean currents moving turbines or turnstiles underwater connected to a generator to generate electricity for use.
S2-03_23_TAY KAI QUAN
When the tide goes up and down, the mechanical energy of the water flowing is turned into electrical energy by a generator.

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_10_DANIEL CHEW WENG KUEN
It is a renewable source of energy. The method does not directly produce greenhouse gas emissions and is based on the gravitational force of the sun and moon to pull the tides to power the turbines.
S2-03_23_TAY KAI QUAN
It is renewable (operates by water moving due to the moon’s gravity and the Earth’s rotation)

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_10_DANIEL CHEW WENG KUEN
Turbines, turnstiles, generators,tidal streams, barrages, tidal lagoons.
S2-03_23_TAY KAI QUAN
An electrical generator

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_10_DANIEL CHEW WENG KUEN
It is gravitational potential energy of the water, converted to kinetic energy of the water converted to kinetic energy of the turbine, converted to electrical energy in the generator
S2-03_23_TAY KAI QUAN
Source (looking at Sihwa tidal power station, South Korea)
Construction cost US$298m, -> cost about $117 per kwh
Produces electricity at $0.02 per kwh

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_10_DANIEL CHEW WENG KUEN
It is not the most efficient as everyday, there are 2 high and low tides. Hence, you can only produce a certain amount of tidal electricity in one day and some days, people use more electricity than others and the electricity produced may not be enough.
S2-03_23_TAY KAI QUAN
Most efficient when the difference between high and low tide is larger, and the pressure of water is higher

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_10_DANIEL CHEW WENG KUEN
It produces electricity at $0.02/kwh.
S2-03_23_TAY KAI QUAN
Source (looking at Sihwa tidal power station, South Korea)
Construction cost US$298m, -> cost about $117 per kwh
Produces electricity at $0.02 per kwh

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_10_DANIEL CHEW WENG KUEN
A significant reduction in CO2 emissions and other types of greenhouse gasses.
S2-03_23_TAY KAI QUAN
Next to none, however there is the possibility for ecological destruction as certain forms of tidal generation (specifically via dams) can split ecosystems and prevent ecology from passing between the two sides

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_10_DANIEL CHEW WENG KUEN
The tidal plant must be along a coastline, there must be at least a 5m difference between low and high tide and must have either tidal streams, barrages or tidal lagoons.
S2-03_23_TAY KAI QUAN
Tidal energy can only be harvested near coasts in places where the difference in high and low tides is larger than 5 meters

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iN6LvH_4Q3g
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_11_DARRYAN LIM YUAN SHENG
they light the coal to boil water that produces steam that turns turbines so that electric energy can be produced
S2-03_24_THAM EN JIE
Swamp conditions would prevent plants from decaying completely and the pressure and heat would turn it into coal. Coal is broken into smaller pieces which would then burn faster due to the larger surface area. It would then heat up the water which would convert into steam which runs a turbine connected to a generator which turns it into electricity.

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_11_DARRYAN LIM YUAN SHENG
non renewable
S2-03_24_THAM EN JIE
It is not renewable as there is a limited amount of coal in the world since it can only be formed from swamp conditions that prevent plants from decaying completely and the pressure and heat would turn it into coal, which takes millions of years to develop.

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_11_DARRYAN LIM YUAN SHENG
turbine, generator, steam pipe, boiler
S2-03_24_THAM EN JIE
No devices are need to produce coal as it is a natural process.
To turn coal into electrical energy, it would need something to burn it, a wind turbine and a generator.

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_11_DARRYAN LIM YUAN SHENG
HE(coal) -> HE(water) -> KE(Steam) -> KE(Turbine) -> EE(generator)
S2-03_24_THAM EN JIE
Chemical Potential Energy → Thermal Energy → Kinetic Energy → Electrical Energy
5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_11_DARRYAN LIM YUAN SHENG
29% of original energy
S2-03_24_THAM EN JIE
The higher the grade of coal, the cleaner it burns.
The average efficiency of generating electricity from coal is 33.44%[2]

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_11_DARRYAN LIM YUAN SHENG
$0.032USD / kWh
S2-03_24_THAM EN JIE
For producing 1kWh we require (10765 / 20000) 0.538kg of coal. If 1MT of coal cost S$206, 1kg of coal would cost S$0.000000206 which does not make sense. It would make 1kWh of coal cost S$0.000003829, which also looks like a wrong answer considering the cost of electricity is usually chatfed at S$0.22/kWh. Which leads me to think I am doing something wrong here or interpreting the question wrongly.

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_11_DARRYAN LIM YUAN SHENG
particulate emissions affects ground level ozone, smog, acid rain. ash of burning coal pollutes air
S2-03_24_THAM EN JIE
Mining practices cause ecological impacts. CO2 and other pollutants are burned into the atmosphere from combustion for energy, some of which contribute to acid rain or smog, and can be harmful to animals if inhaled.

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_11_DARRYAN LIM YUAN SHENG
not being winter
S2-03_24_THAM EN JIE
Swamp conditions would prevent plants from decaying completely and the pressure and heat would turn it into coal.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-njmj0diWu8
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_12_JOEL MATTHIAS KAN
The energy is produced through domestic or industrial heating which generates electricity. The heating of the gas will power a turbine which will spins a generator. The energy is converted from heat energy of the gas to kinetic energy of the gas to kinetic energy of the turbine to kinetic energy of the generator to electrical energy.
S2-03_25_THESHYAN THIRUN
In the United States, where Singapore imports 70% of it’s Natural Gas from (US Energy Information Administration (EIA)), horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing techniques, notably in shale, sandstone, carbonate, and other tight geologic formations are used most frequently. Natural gas is produced from onshore and offshore natural gas and oil wells and from coal beds.

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_12_JOEL MATTHIAS KAN
Natural gas is finite as it is produced from organisms subjected to intense heat and pressure. Therefore, it cannot be renewed and will eventually run out making it a non renewable source of energy
S2-03_25_THESHYAN THIRUN
Citing it’s limited amount, Natural gas is definitely not renewable as stated in Is Natural Gas Renewable or Nonrenewable? | Inspire

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_12_JOEL MATTHIAS KAN
It requires drilling wells which will be sent through gathering lines to processing plants which will separate the natural gas from the various hydrocarbons and fluids.
S2-03_25_THESHYAN THIRUN
There are 4 methods to extract natural gas
Vertical Drilling: Vertical Drills are required to create wells of natural gas which are then collected using pipes
Horizontal Drilling: Normal Vertical Drills but with Steerable bits and more advance collection pipes help create a larger collection site with fewer drilling sites
Fracking: High pressure streams of Sand, Water and Chemicals break up the formation of rocks, creating a man-made earthquake. After that, natural gas can flow up to gathering gas pipelines and wells on the surface.
Acicidizing: Usually a side-method, where acid is poured on rocks such that normal collection can take place

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_12_JOEL MATTHIAS KAN
HE → KE → KE → KE → Electrical Energy

S2-03_25_THESHYAN THIRUN
Natural Gas Extraction,
Natural Gas + HE →
HE + Water Vapour + CPE →
EE (In Singapore)

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_12_JOEL MATTHIAS KAN
Natural gas produces the most energy as compared to any other fossil fuels.
S2-03_25_THESHYAN THIRUN
As seen in a report by the US EIA, Singapore produced 53 billion kilowatts of electricity in 2020. Natural gas contributed to 96% of the 53 billion kilowatts of electricity generated.

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_12_JOEL MATTHIAS KAN
The cost in Singapore is 20.21 SG cents and 6.5 US cents per unit kilowatt-hour in the US for natural gas
S2-03_25_THESHYAN THIRUN
As seen in a report by the US EIA, Singapore produced 53 billion kilowatts of electricity in 2020. Natural gas contributed to 96% of the 53 billion kilowatts of electricity generated.

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_12_JOEL MATTHIAS KAN
When natural gas is burned, there will be greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants which might increase global warming and pollute the air.
S2-03_25_THESHYAN THIRUN
Transportation:
Building an infrastructure to transport the gas from the wells to natural gas power plants is also a polluting process. Laying pipelines can cause habitat fragmentation and cross key areas from the perspective of nature. Gas leaks from pipes can cause big environmental trouble in the groundwater levels (and even on the surface).
Drilling & Extraction:
Drilling a well can affect wildlife and land use. With this intervention, local ecosystems could collapse: breaking migration patterns, pollute rivers and streams, causing erosion of dirt and pollutants are all side-effects of natural gas extraction. Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) can cause earthquakes and it overburdens the local water sources. This technique is part of the gas industry that an environmental protection agency would ban as soon as possible.
Burning & Consumption:
Natural gas is the most environmentally friendly fossil fuel because it burns cleaner. In power plants, natural gas emits 50 to 60 percent less carbon dioxide (CO2) than regular oil or coal-fired power plants. It also emits greenhouse gases with a lower life cycle into the atmosphere. However, combustion also releases methane and lowers air quality.

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_12_JOEL MATTHIAS KAN
It requires a dead organism to be buried under deposits of sedimentary rock under the ocean millions of years ago and subjected to intense heat and pressure which will convert it into gas.
S2-03_25_THESHYAN THIRUN
In some places, natural gas moved into large cracks and spaces between layers of overlying rock. The natural gas found in these types of formations is sometimes called conventional natural gas. In other places, natural gas occurs in the tiny pores (spaces) within some formations of shale, sandstone, and other types of sedimentary rock. This natural gas is referred to as shale gas or tight gas, and it is sometimes called unconventional natural gas. Natural gas also occurs with deposits of crude oil, and this natural gas is called associated natural gas. Natural gas deposits are found on land, and some are offshore and deep under the ocean floor. A type of natural gas found in coal deposits is called coalbed methane.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPAqfTNiais
1. How is the energy produced?
S2-03_13_KAYDEN LEE RUI ZHE
The oil is burnt
S2-03_26_WILSON WU WEN HONG (HU WENHONG)
Oil, by burning it which spins a turbine. Created by heat and pressure from fossils a few hundred centuries ago.

2. Is it renewable or non-renewable?
S2-03_13_KAYDEN LEE RUI ZHE
non-renewable
S2-03_26_WILSON WU WEN HONG (HU WENHONG)
High around 93%

3. What devices are needed to generate the energy source?
S2-03_13_KAYDEN LEE RUI ZHE
Devices used to survey the ground to find oil deposits, pipes and other equipment to transport the oil, refineries and combustion turbines.
S2-03_26_WILSON WU WEN HONG (HU WENHONG)

4. How is the energy converted from one form to another? (e.g. GPE → KE → Electrical Energy)
S2-03_13_KAYDEN LEE RUI ZHE
CPE->KE->Electrical energy
S2-03_26_WILSON WU WEN HONG (HU WENHONG)
Chemical Potential Energy → Heat Energy → Electrical Energy

5. What is the efficiency of the energy source?
S2-03_13_KAYDEN LEE RUI ZHE
On average, the refining process for gasoline is around 85% efficient (Wang, 2008) meaning that 15% is lost in the conversion.
S2-03_26_WILSON WU WEN HONG (HU WENHONG)
High around 93%

6. What is the cost per unit kilowatt-hour for the energy source?
S2-03_13_KAYDEN LEE RUI ZHE
0.10$ per unit kilowatt-hour
S2-03_26_WILSON WU WEN HONG (HU WENHONG)
21.56 cents per kilowatt hour.

7. What are the environmental impacts of this energy source?
S2-03_13_KAYDEN LEE RUI ZHE
Land-disturbance
Air polution
S2-03_26_WILSON WU WEN HONG (HU WENHONG)
Global warming due to greenhouse gases

8. What are the conditions needed to produce such an energy source (e.g. strong winds, high mountains, high tides, large expanses of land, near volcanoes etc)?
S2-03_13_KAYDEN LEE RUI ZHE
Oil deposits that take extremely long to form
S2-03_26_WILSON WU WEN HONG (HU WENHONG)
High temperature, high pressure and presence of air
(in a marine environment and remained buried under anoxic conditions for 100-400 millions years. Over the years, layers of silt, sand and other sediments settled over the buried organic matter.) This is an example of such conditions

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Useful link: http://www.need.org//Files/curriculum/guides/GreatEnergyDebate.pdf

1. Sit in pairs according to which energy source you researched.

2. Watch the videos and/or read through your classmates' work. Their original slides can be accessed by clicking their names.

3. Debate: "This energy source is suitable for Singapore."

4. Challenge: Explain why another source of energy is NOT suitable for Singapore. Raise your concerns if Singapore uses this energy source from the perspectives of security, affordability, and sustainability. Do this for as many energy sources as possible. You may conduct your own mini-research on the Internet.

5. Defend: Explain why your energy source is suitable for Singapore. Choose a certain location.

6. Vote: Upvote if you think that this energy source is the most suitable for Singapore.