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Exploring Plants & Place Mānoa Valley & Lyon Arboretum

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Exploring Plants & Place Mānoa Valley & Lyon Arboretum

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Exploring Plants & Place: Mānoa Valley & Lyon Arboretum

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In part II, Dr. Kawika Winter discusses the 5 bio-cultural zones within the ahupuaʻa.
Wao Kanaka Zone - this area in the coastal area that is inhabited where housing, cultivation, fishing, temple worship and daily activities take place.
Wao Wālau - A place where items like hardwood, medicinal and fuel sources could be gathered, but not on a daily basis. This space, Dr. Winter mentions is managed to be perpetually abundant.
Wao Nāhele - the remote area of the forest usually visited by bird catchers. This area is not easily accessed.
Wao Kele - Extremely remote area, below the clouds. This area is known to be heavily saturated and cold.
Wao Akua - There is no extraction of sources in this area, meant to preserve and replenish the lower areas. This space was the core watershed area.

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In this short video, Dr. Kawika Winter speaks about the Ahupuaʻa system. Here, he discusses how indigenous people use this system to utilize the resources within an area, and how to make it work. People would look at the issues and work to find a solutions to certain problems. One problem he mentions here is that of algal blooms that could be harmful. But the solution was found to take this biproduct of the loʻi could be a valuable resource in fish ponds that would help to produce more fish than the ocean could produce on itʻs own.

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The great Kaʻahumanu, beloved wife of Kamehameha

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The great Kaʻahumanu, beloved wife of Kamehameha

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Queen Kaʻahumanu lived in the Mānoa valley at Puahuʻula (Feathered Cloak Spring). Her home she called Pukaomaʻomaʻo, where she stayed until her death in 1832.

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One of the most famous residents of Mānoa in the 19 th century was King Kamehameha's widow, Kaʻahumanu. After Kamehameha's death, she became the kuhina nui (co-ruler) and along with Kamehameha II and III governed the islands until her death. Kaʻahumanu's residence is well documented and visits to the queen by missionaries were recorded in their journals. Called Pukaʻōmaʻōmaʻo, it was a well-used retreat from the bustle and heat of Honolulu town. When she knew her death was near, Kaʻahumanu asked to be taken to her house in Mānoa and passed away there in 1832.

Louis Choris, Russian (1795-1828)

The great Kaʻahumanu, beloved wife of Kamehameha, sits on elegantly patterned mats (probably made on Niʻihau Island) under the shade of a European tent, arranged almost in the manner of a European stage set. She is elegantly wrapped in great folds of kapa, wears a feather lei on her head, and has chosen to hold a small kahili, symbols of her chiefly status. A young male attendant sits at her back. Kaʻahumanu, while the favorite wife of great Kamehameha, had not yet achieved the political power that she attained at the time of his death in 1819, just three years after her appearance before Choris, but it was obvious to any visitor to the Hawaiʻi of this date that she was clearly a person to be reckoned with. This lithograph is from Choris's Voyage pittoresque autour du monde (Paris, 1822).

Several years after the American missionaries had established themselves in Hawaiʻi in 1820, she became a Christian convert, and from that date she was tireless in sponsoring the missionaries' cause. She died in 1832 in a thatched house with green shutters in Mānoa, not far from where Kūaliʻi (the Cooke home) stands today.

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Queen Kaʻahumanu * Manoa Heritage Center

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One of the most famous residents of Mānoa in the 19th century was King Kamehameha's widow, Kaʻahumanu. After Kamehameha's death, she became the kuhina nui (co-ruler) and along with Kamehameha II and III governed the islands until her death. Kaʻahumanu's residence is well documented and visits to the queen by missionaries were recorded in their [...]

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n: 1. Land division usually extending from the uplands to the sea, so called because the boundary was marked by a heap (ahu) of stones surmounted by an image of a pig (puaʻa), or because a pig or other tribute was laid on the altar as tax to the chief.

Hawaiian Dictionary, Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel H. Elbert

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#2139 Mānoa aliʻi, Mānoa kānaka.
Mānoa of the chiefs, Mānoa of the commoners.

In ancient days, an invisible line was drawn from the center from Puʻu Luahine, at the head of Mānoa Valley, to the center of Rocky Hill.

Mānoa Aliʻi, where the Chiefs lived - was located on the ʻEwa side of the Valley.

Mānoa Kanaka, where the commoners lived - was located east of this invisible line of valley. "The excreta of the chiefs was secretly burried by the kahu moka (protector and keeper of the excreta). This was an important position, for if any of the excreta fell into the hands of an enemy, the chief might die through sorcery. On the left side of the valley lived the chiefs and their retainers."

Link to ʻŌlelo Noʻeau on Oʻahu

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Mānoa, Waikīkī, Kona, Oʻahu - HGS#417 - 1878, De La Nux, "Plan of Water Lead from Mānoa Valley to the City of Honolulu"

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Plan of Water Lead from Mānoa Valley to the City of Honolulu

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Plan of Water Lead from Mānoa Valley to the City of Honolulu

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There are six streams in the Mānoa Valley that join with the Pālolo stream, coming together and feeding into the Ala Wai Canal in Honolulu.

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Pre-developed Manoa Valley and Kalo Loi fields in the 1890s. Photo Courtesy of Bishop Museum.

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The cultivation of kalo goes back 800 years or more in the Mānoa area and it is estimated that the population was into the thousands until contact with foreigners. The economy changed from subsistence to a market economy. This would leave many taro fields to become fallow. These would be be utilized by Japanese immigrants turning the fallow areas into rice fields.

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Kūkaʻōʻō, Other Heiau, and Pohaku of Mānoa Valley

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Kūkaʻōʻō, Other Heiau, and Pohaku of Mānoa Valley

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Kūkaʻōʻō Heiau located in the Mānoa valley is the only remaining, restored, in tact heiau in the ahupuaʻa and is believed to be one of the oldest heiau in the paeʻāina. It is currently located on the Cooke Family Estate and is part of the Mānoa Heritage Center.

The Kūkaʻōʻō Heiau was likely built by the menehune, then lost to the Chief Kūaliʻi.

There were at one time 14 heiau in the Mānoa & Waikīkī area.

Hipawai was a Heiau located on the makai side of Mānoa Church. Thrum writes: "of large size and pookanaka class. Partly destroyed many years ago - then used as place of burial." The remaining walls had subsequently been torn down.

Kawapopo Heiau is on what was known as Haʻalilo, but had been destroyed prior to 1850.

There is some doubt regarding Puʻuhonua Heiau at the site of Castle Home. "Site 65. Manoa Valley. Westervelt speaks of Puuhonua heiau at the site of the Castle home [vicinity of Puuhonua St.]. I doubt that this was a heiau."

Kauiomanoa Stone - said to be a "large rock in the middle of Mānoa Valley supposed location where Kauiomanoa (a mythical beauty) lived.

Pohaku Loio Stone  marked the makai boundary in pahao and runs mauka to ka pohaku nui i kapaia o pohaku lolo at the northwest corner.

Kaʻaipu Stone described by Thrum as "about four feet in length, somewhat tapering toward one end and having a rather smooth bore of about three inches in diameter running through its entire length." This stone is said to be where the supernatural woman Kaʻaipu lived. Kaʻaipu was an Akua Wahine or Pohaku God with an "opening on the top of itʻs head" and considered another mouth.

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When Monte and Lila Cooke decided to build their home they hired prominent Honolulu architects, Emory and Webb. Webb took part in designing the Hawai'i Theatre. As a team, they designed many Honolulu residences and prominent buildings such as the YMCA, the First Methodist Church, and Waiʻoli Tea Room which is still a significant landmark in Mānoa Valley.

The original architectural plans called for building the house on the heiau site. This seemed logical to the architects as the heiau site afforded stunning views of the valley and at the time, the coastline of Waikīkī. Monte Cooke insisted that their plans be changed and that Kūkaʻōʻō be left undisturbed. The house was built on its present site and for more than eighty years the heiau was undisturbed. Undisturbed, however, did not mean totally protected and as time passed, trees and plants grew over the heiau.

In 1948, Monte Cooke died. His wife lived another twenty-two years and passed away in 1970. Upon her death, Kūaliʻi estate was divided between her two children. Monte and Lila's grandson, Samuel Alexander Cooke, and his wife Mary purchased the house in 1970 and began extensive repairs and renovations. Their purchase, however, did not include the land on which Kūkaʻōʻō Heiau rests. Other heirs of Monte Cooke eventually sold that land to a developer. The developer planned to subdivide the land for private residences.

Kūkaʻōʻō Heiau before clearing.

Kūkaʻōʻō Heiau after clearing.

Kūkaʻōʻō Heiau was in danger of destruction yet again but was saved by Sam and Mary Cooke. They were able to purchase the parcel of land containing the heiau and two other parcels where our visitor education hale now stands. In 1993, the process of cleaning and restoring the heiau began and in 1994, they hired Billy Fields, a Hawaiian stonemason, to restore the heiau. Sam and Mary also planned and planted the surrounding Native Hawaiian garden that includes endemic and indigenous plants, many of them endangered species.

In 1997, they transferred ownership of the heiau and garden to the Kūaliʻi Foundation and the Mānoa Heritage Center, two private non-profit organizations committed to preserving and sharing the heiau with the public. Kūkaʻōʻō Heiau stands today as the last remaining intact heiau in the ahupuaʻa of Waikīkī. The residence and heiau were placed on the National Register of Historic Places and are now protected by Federal law.

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When Monte and Lila Cooke decided to build their home they hired prominent Honolulu architects, Emory and Webb. Webb took part in designing the Hawai'i Theatre. As a team, they designed many Honolulu residences and prominent buildings such as the YMCA, the First Methodist Church, and Waiʻoli Tea Room which is still a significant landmark in [...]

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Mānoa Valley, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi; Kapahulu Road in distance, ca. 1895. Photo Courtesy Bishop Museum; Photographer: C.J. Hedeman

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According to Ulukau.org, there are 35 noted features within the Mānoa Valley. Listed below are are the iliʻaina, puʻu, moʻo and ili kū, their respective names, and notable information.

Iliʻaina:
Kaneloa
Kaamokahua
Paʻauki
Kaʻomaʻomaʻo - 209.8 Acres  on the western slope
Puali
Mookukae
Wailele - site of five loʻi
Makailio - 1.08 acres
Kahuaiki - 15.39 acres
Pilipili - 54 acres
Kaahaloa - half returned by Keawehano, retained by the crown. Keawehane kept the other half. 119.99 acres
Kamoolepo - 0.57 acres with two loʻi
Naniaupo - 30.17 acres along south side of naniuapo stream plus 29 acres in Naniuapo
Hipawai - 0.73 acres

Puʻu
Puʻu o Mānoa
Hooleinakaalualu - Between the Nuuanu and Mānoa valley, 1800 ft. elevation.

Moʻo
Kapuukauai
Kauhaloa

Ili Kū
Puahia
Komoawaa
Kaluwalu
Kahalauluahine
Puulena - retained by Kaunuohua at the māhele, 0.45 acres
Kolowalu - apana (piece, slice, portion fragment, section) aina ma kolowalu, with twenty loʻi kalo

Other names obtained from the Mānoa Valley Map shown in previous post:
Kanewai
Puupuea
Paʻakea
Pahao
Waʻahila
Kapunahou
Kauwalaa
Hamamakawaea
Hale lena
Piliamoo
Kaaipu
Kakaumakaawe
Kukuio
Puahuula
Keawaahua
Kahoiwai
Waaloa
Waiakeakua
Luaalaea
Waihi
Waiki iki
Aihulama - Current site of Lyon Arboretum
Haukulu - Current site of Lyon Arboretum

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Within the Mānoa Valley, there are seven waterfalls:
ʻAihualama
Waihī nui (trickling water, large)
Waihī iki (trickling water, small)
Luaʻalaea (pit of red earth)
Nāniuʻapo (the grasped coconuts)
Waʻaloa (long canoe)
Waiakeakua (water used by the Gods)

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Oʻahu was divided with six (6) Moku: ʻEwa, Waiʻalae, Waialua, Koʻolauloa, Koʻolaupoko and Kona. Each Moku was then further divided into smaller segments knowns as Apana or Okana, poko, ahupuaʻa, iliʻaina, ʻili kū, puʻu, moʻo, or moʻo ʻaina.

Mānoa occasionally named as an ahupuaʻa, is part of the Waikīkī ahupuaʻa. Located on the leeward side of Oʻahu and is part of the Mānoa Pālolo watershed. Mānoa means Vast.

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Hawaiian Government Survey - 1882 - Manoa Valley

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Mānoa Valley Hawaiian Government Survey Map

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Mānoa Valley Hawaiian Government Survey Map

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Mānoa valley is located between the Makiki and Wailupe Valleys.

Not named in the Māhele Book as an ahupuaʻa or ʻili kūpono. Originally, the ahupuaʻa of Waikiki included all the valleys "from the west side of Makiki valley away to the east side of Wailupe..." (Lyons 1874) Defined for catalog purposes as comprising Tax Map Keys 2800 and 2900, bounded makai by King Street, Ewa by Makiki, Koko Head by Palolo. Within this area are numerous ʻili and lesser parcels. See Sterling and Summers for stories. (Papakilo Database )