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Types of transportation are divided into 5 categories namely as air transport, road transport, rail transport, water transport and pipelines.

1. Air transport is the second fastest method and quickest means of transport and it provides unbroken journey over land and sea. It has a high speed and is the most expensive transportation compared to others.

2. Road transport concerning different types of transport such as bicycles, motor bicycles cars, lorries and large trucks for carrying passengers or goods.

3. Rail transport is a means of movement of passengers and goods using wheeled vehicles running on a railway tracks.

4. Water transport is the intentional movement of water over large distances that carries passengers and goods on waterways using various units of carriage.

5. Pipelines are increasing in importance for the transportation of liquids like petroleum, petroleum products, natural gas, water, and milk.

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Tourism Transportation - Types, Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Modes of Transport

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Transportation plays an important role in the travel and tourism industry. Transportation is vital to tourism. Studies have shown that tourists spend almost 30 to 40 percent of their total holiday expenditure on transportation.

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Water Transportation In Tourism Industry

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Water Transportation In Tourism Industry

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Water transport is one of the most traditional and distinctive modes of transportation for visitors to and from a destination. Cruise tourism is a rapidly expanding market segment all over the world.

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The role of water transportation in the tourism industry
ABSTRACT
Water-based transport is one of the most traditional and memorable ways for visitors to travel to and from a destination. It is not only a way to travel but a tourism experience in of itself. Cruise tourism has been a growing market sector around the world, not only as a means to travel to a destination but as an experience. The development of a destination as a cruise port requires in-depth economic, environmental and social assessment. Destinations also need to consider the capacity of existing tourism product, marine infrastructure, land-based transport services and tour operations to meet the needs of this market. Successful cruise destinations must provide a unique experience for visitors, have well organized transport systems and public amenities, clustered tourism products and attractions and a variety of excursion and shopping options. Nigeria has been a highly successful region for cruise tourism, with its ability to retain a competitive edge through continual innovation in new shore excursions and activities.

The role of water transportation in the tourism industry

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The role of water transportation in the tourism industry

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The role of water transportation in the tourism industry ABSTRACT Water-based transport is one of the most traditional and memorable ways for visitors to travel to and from a destination. It is not only a way to travel but a tourism experience in of itself.

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Transportation makes it easy for tourists to go to any destination they want. Transportation that can be an option is such as train, airplane and bus.

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Transportation - Introduction to Tourism Industry

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Transportation - Introduction to Tourism Industry

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The role of transportation in tourism is to to reach the destination. Next, a necessary means of movement at the destination. Lastly, it may be the actual tourism attraction or activity.
The components of transport consist of way, terminal, unit of carriage and motive power.

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Transportation (Introduction to Tourism Sectors)

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The Impact of Covid-19 On Malaysia's Airline Industry

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The Impact of Covid-19 On Malaysia's Airline Industry

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As according Transport Minister Datuk Seri Wee Ka Siong, Malaysia's aviation industry is expected to lose RM13 billion this year as travel restrictions remain in place. This figure includes a RM10.9 billion loss from Malaysian airlines. Malaysia Airlines has reduced its operations, implemented salary cuts, and provided unpaid leave to nearly 13,000 employees.
In the second quarter, Air Asia reported a net loss of RM992.89 million.

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Malaysia Airlines through its restructuring exercise has reached out to its lessors, creditors and key suppliers to agree to steep discounts to keep the carrier alive. - foto BERNAMA

From travel restrictions to flight cancellations, the airline industry has been the hardest hit industry during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The impact of COVID-19 on airlines
Since the introduction of the Movement Control Order (MCO) on 18th March, airline companies nationwide have been forced to halt their operations and ground large parts of their fleets.

According to Transport Minister Datuk Seri Wee Ka Siong, Malaysia's aviation industry is projected to lose RM13 billion this year as air travel continues to face travel restrictions.

This includes RM10.9 billion loss from Malaysia-based airlines - Malaysia Airlines Bhd, AirAsia Group Bhd and Malindo Airways Sdn Bhd, and another RM2.1 billion from airport operators including Malaysia Airports Holdings Bhd (MAHB) and Senai Airport Terminal Services Sdn Bhd.

In the July parliamentary session, Wee highlighted that cancelled flights from the three local carriers affected 4.316 million passengers, while another 1.211 million passengers postponed their flights.

Additionally, some 628,000 passengers were also given refunds worth RM399 million.

Malaysia Airlines, which from the beginning of the MCO has scaled down its operation, introduced salary cuts, and offered unpaid leaves to over 13,000 of its employees, is now undergoing an urgent restructuring exercise to ensure its survival.

Air Asia suffered a record-breaking net loss of RM992.89 million in the second quarter that ended June 30 as compared to a net profit of RM17.34 million in the same quarter last year.

Its revenue plunged by 96 per cent quarter-on-quarter to RM118.96 million from RM2.92 billion previously.

Meanwhile, it's affiliate, AirAsia X Bhd, recently announced that it has run out of money and needs to raise up to RM500 million to restart the airline.

Both companies have also confirmed the retrenchment of 10 per cent of their 24,000 employees.
What measures have they taken?
AirAsia Group Bhd said it has applied for bank loans in its operating countries through various means as it intends to raise RM2.4 billion to ease its tight cash flow.

It aims to source up to RM1 billion from financial institutions while raising the remaining RM1.4 billion from equity.

Air Asia X on the other hand is not only liquidating its Indonesia- based carrier but will go ahead with restructuring plans by wiping out RM63.5 billion worth of debt and slashing its share capital by 90 per cent in order to save its business.

Malaysia Airlines through its restructuring exercise has reached out to its lessors, creditors and key suppliers to agree to steep discounts to keep the carrier alive.

It has appealed for more funding from the country's sovereign wealth fund Khazanah Nasional Bhd, the airliner's owner.

However, its parent company, Malaysia Aviation Group, foresees the possibility of the carrier shutting down if the restructuring plans fail as Khazanah explored the option of channelling funds to low-cost carrier, Firefly, which could become the country's national airline.

A possibility of a merger between the airline companies were also discussed earlier this year.

However, such merger seems unlikely now as Khazanah Managing Director, Datuk Shahril Ridza Ridzuan was quoted to have said that a potential merger would be challenging, citing differing work culture and business models as reasons.
Government's initiatives
The government is assisting the airline industry as much as other tourism-related industries when it introduced the 2020 Economic Stimulus Package.

Assistance are mainly in the form of waivers and deferments of payments.

For example, temporary deferment of monthly income tax instalment payments for six months (from April to September 2020) was granted for businesses in the tourism sector as well as temporary exemption from Human Resource Development Fund levies.

Through the stimulus packages, RM500 million is also allocated to provide a temporary 15 per cent discount, for the same period, on electricity bills to those in the tourism sector, including airlines.

MAHB was also given rebates on rental of premises at airports as well as landing and parking charges.

The government, however, was clear on its stand on giving financial assistance to bail out local carriers.

Finance Minister Tengku Zafrul bin Tengku Abdul Aziz has said that government will not provide financial support to Malaysia Airlines and that any aid was for Khazanah to address.

The government has also recently refuted a claim by media portal Nikkei that it has approved a RM1 billion loan by the Finance Ministry, disbursed by a group of local banks under the government's Danajamin Prihatin Guarantee Scheme (DPGS).

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The impact of COVID-19 on Malaysia's airline industry

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Malaysia Airlines through its restructuring exercise has reached out to its lessors, creditors and key suppliers to agree to steep discounts to keep the carrier alive. - foto BERNAMA From travel restrictions to flight cancellations, the airline industry has been the hardest hit industry during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The Contributions of Transportation In Tourism Industry 

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The Contributions of Transportation In Tourism Industry 

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Transportation is the main way to bring passengers to the actual site where tourism services are performed. Next, public transportation adds opportunities to travelers who want to visit because of a deep sense of affection. Moreover, when transportation is available, it brings more travel to the destination which actually leads to more tourist engagement and revenue generation. In addition, transportation also accelerates the development of tourism

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Contributions of Transportation in the Tourism Industry | Micro Perspective of Tourism & Hospitality

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Traveling by train is an exciting way to discover a new destination. It is far less expensive than other modes of transportation. Rail tourism was recently emphasised in Malaysia's Tourism, Arts, and Culture Government's Tourism Recovery Plan 2022, with the ministry creating a collaborative strategic collaboration with KLIA Express and Keretapi Tanah Melayu Bhd (KTM) to give discounts on most train travels.

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Travelling by train is an adventurous way to explore a destination. Some might even consider long train journeys to be romantic or idyllic.

This is because on many scenic train journeys, passengers are often taken through the countryside, hills and valleys.

For avid traveller Andrew T. Post, though, it's the old-fashioned quality of rail travel that makes the journey even more rewarding.

"Nobody travels by train any more, at least not anyone who's interested in getting anywhere in a fast or efficient manner," he said in a post on Quora.

While there may be many advantages to taking other modes of transportation ("It's far cheaper to drive, and it's far faster to fly"), Post said nothing beats the joy of travelling by train.

It's a more comfortable option too, he said.

"They're like hotels on wheels. You have a big seat with plenty of legroom and a huge window, or possibly even a cosy cabin all to yourself. Not to mention there's a tastefully appointed dining car in which to take your meals and watch the scenery roll by.

"If you have your own sleeper, you can choose to interact with your fellow passengers or not, at your leisure. There are exceptions, of course, but on most trains that I've been on, this is the case," Post said.

The man has ridden trains through seven countries. These included Japan, Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia.

"There's nothing I love more than being on a train, especially in a foreign country, and pulling up to a station and seeing the exotic name of the place written on a sign hanging over the platform. I love to look out of the train windows (or better yet, get down and explore), gazing over the town or village and getting a sense of the place," he said of his travels.

In Malaysia, rail tourism was highlighted recently in the Tourism, Arts and Culture Ministry's Tourism Recovery Plan 2022, which saw the ministry forging a joint strategic cooperation with KLIA Express and Keretapi Tanah Melayu Bhd (KTM) to offer discounts for most train journeys.

KTM is the major operator of intercity trains in Peninsular Malaysia. It operates diesel-hauled KTM Intercity passenger trains and the electric KTM ETS passenger trains.

Meanwhile, the Sabah State Railway operates the only railway line in the state, running from Kota Kinabalu in the West Coast to Tenom in the Interior Division. Sarawak does not have a railway system although there have been plans to start one.
Slow discovery
Rail tourism these days is associated with slow travel. Slow travel - which has been gaining traction as a "post-pandemic" tourism trend - does not just refer to the speed at which a trip is taken, but also by how meaningful or purposeful the journey is.

Experts have pointed out that travelling by train endorses the concept of slow travel. This enables tourists to enjoy the time taken to travel rather than simply rushing to go from one destination to the next.

"It's free of the rushed, breathless, stuffy crassness to which air travel is heir, and it has none of the urgency or responsibility of car travel," Post said in his commentary.

In Malaysia, rail tourism goes hand-in-hand with rural tourism. A train gives travellers the chance to explore small towns that are tucked away from the busy city.

And local travellers are beginning to take notice of trains as a means of travel.

The KTM train ride from Tumpat to Dabong (in Kelantan) was a surprise hit among locals amid the pandemic. The railway tourism product - dubbed "Train to Dabong" - from Wakaf Bharu, Tumpat to Dabong in Kuala Krai, is over 140km and takes almost three hours.

Kelantan Tourism, Arts and Culture Ministry director Mohd Aidil Afizie Daud said the journey is one of the 10 iconic tourism products in the state, which is placed under its Homestay And Train programme.

"Dabong Railway Station is a transit station for Homestay Jelawang near Gunung Stong. The experience of taking the train in Kelantan is very different because regular trains around the world usually pass through concrete buildings like the west coast route," he said.

The train to Dabong passes through rural areas full of tall trees much like a tropical rainforest. It has even earned the nickname the "Jungle Train".
Rail and rural
The success of the train to Dabong is testament to how rail and rural tourism are complementary to one another.

It was something that Taylor's University's Farah Atiqah Mohamad Noor, Vikneswaran Nair and Paolo Mura discussed in an academic paper.

The Rail travel: Conceptualising a study on slow tourism approaches in sustaining rural development paper looked at how trains could expand the tourism sector in small towns.

Their research states that as there are numerous small towns along the intercity train route in Peninsular Malaysia, rural tourism opportunities abound. They suggest that these towns have a strong potential to be proper tourism destinations.

"The main idea for using rail travel as a gateway to rural tourism experience is (to adapt) the concept of slow travel that has been forgotten by many tourists nowadays," the researchers wrote.

A journey on a train is certainly the way to go if you're looking for a scenic passage through Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah. Riding past kampung houses and green plantations will unearth many remarkable sights. We take a look at some amazing train journeys in the country.

A scenic train ride through lush green cityscapes and rivers will take passengers from the Kuala Lumpur metropolis to the quaint city of Ipoh. Depending on the train model that you take, the journey could last between two and four hours.

Upon arrival in the capital of Perak, you will be greeted by the old-world, colonial charm of the Ipoh Railway Station. Built in 1917, it is one of the oldest train stations in Malaysia.

Over the years, Ipoh has also built a reputation for being a foodie paradise. Tuck into culinary delights such as bean sprouts chicken rice, hor fun, chee cheong fun and tau foo fah.

There's also a burgeoning street art scene in Ipoh. And once you have searched for the many cool murals in the area, stop by a kopitiam for a cup of famous Ipoh white coffee.

Many locals will travel from Kota Baru or Tumpat for a short day trip in Dabong. Now that travel bans have been lifted, Dabong continues to attract visitors due to a plethora of activities and attractions available there.

An absolute highlight is a special light phenomenon called the "God Light" that takes place inside Gua Keris. Apart from that, the town is famous for many other outdoor adventures. It is home to several majestic peaks (Gunung Ayam, Gunung Stong and Gunung Che Tahir just to name a few) as well as the multi-tiered Jelawang Waterfall.
ALSO READ: See the magical 'God Light' inside a cave in Dabong, Kelantan
The Sabah State Railway, the only rail transport system in Borneo, is an important aspect of colonial history. Formerly known as the North Borneo Railway, the 134km line travels from Tanjung Aru in Kota Kinabalu to Tenom.

The Sabah State Railway offers railway service to three major towns - Papar, Beaufort, and Tenom. The route passes through scenic coastal sights and fertile hinterlands.

Papar is an agricultural town, yet it is also close enough to the sea that you can spend your day in a picnic by the beach. You can shop for local fruits and unique handicraft at Tamu Papar if you're there on Sunday.

In Beaufort, look out for ambuyat, a local dish made from sago flour and eaten with a simple yet delicious sour fish soup. Over in Tenom, visit the coffee factories or look out for coffee farm tours. All three towns offer plenty of outdoor and cultural pursuits too.

You can also take a private train service - called the North Borneo Railway service - to experience a ride on a refurbished colonial-style steam train. The train runs on the same tracks as the regular daily service, but its last stop is in Papar. You will also be served a tiffin-style breakfast and lunch in your own coach during the journey.
JOHOR BARU TO BUTTERWORTH
If you're up for a long voyage on the train, then the south-north route from Johor Baru to Butterworth in Penang should appeal. The journey requires a bit more planning as there is no direct train between the two destinations. But it's perfect for adventurous travellers who prefer a bit of challenge.

Travellers will first need to take a shuttle train from JB to Gemas before transferring on the ETS towards Butterworth. Once in Butterworth, a short ferry ride will bring you to the island city.

Here's a tip: Time your ferry ride during sunset and you will get the most amazing view of Penang over the sea.

Alternatively, stay in Butterworth and explore a relatively slower pace town. Discover the works of Penang artists along the Butterworth Art Walk. Other attractions include the Bukit Mertajam Recreational Forest, Penang Bird Park and Frog Hill (an abandoned tin mining site).

The border town of Padang Besar in Perlis has always been a popular stop for tourists wanting to cross over to Hat Yai in Thailand. But travellers who decide to explore the small town will find many cheap food and shopping.

Also known as Pekan Siam, the town has a duty-free shopping complex in between the border checkpoints of the two countries. There are also many open-air markets with the popular ones being Kompleks Aked Niaga Padang Besar, Pasar Padang Besar and Gapura Square. Visitors will find goodies and food from both Malaysia and neighbouring Thailand.

Travel a little further from Padang Besar (about 20 minutes drive) to discover places such as Gua Kelam and Tasik Timah Tasoh. The journey from KL - passing through charming kampung houses, rolling hills and green paddy fields - takes about five hours.

Want to plan your next train holiday? Check out the the Cuti-Cuti Malaysia Bersama KTMB - Syoknya Naik Keretapi 2.0 promotion, where you can get a RM15 discount on a ticket for the ETS, or KTM Intercity train. Just download the KTMB mobile app called KITS, register and type in the code "CUTIKERETAPI2" at the payment page. This promotion is part of the Tourism Recovery Plan 2022 initiative, and is valid for all Malaysian citizens. It will run until Nov 30 this year. For more information, as well as the terms and conditions, head to ktmb.com.my

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5 epic train journeys in Malaysia you should get on track for

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Travelling by train is an adventurous way to explore a destination. Some might even consider long train journeys to be romantic or idyllic. This is because on many scenic train journeys, passengers are often taken through the countryside, hills and valleys. For avid traveller Andrew T.

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The Impact of Covid-19 On The Malaysian Air Transportation Industry

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The Impact of Covid-19 On The Malaysian Air Transportation Industry

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Malaysian airline passenger traffic has dropped by around 85% since the Covid-19 outbreak.

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Country, corporate and individual travel restrictions have resulted in unprecedented disruption to schedules, thousands of aircraft grounded, and airports empty. It is estimated that Malaysian airline passenger traffic has declined by around 85%. The aviation supply chain has been similarly impacted and this in turn will have a follow on effect on the complete aerospace industry. The question is how does the Malaysian air transport industry stay relevant and develops a sustainable business model going forward.

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biztalks eumcci aerospace covid19 industry

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The Impact of COVID-19 on the Malaysian Air Transportation Industry | Eurocham Malaysia

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Country, corporate and individual travel restrictions have resulted in unprecedented disruption to schedules, thousands of aircraft grounded, and airports empty. It is estimated that Malaysian airline passenger traffic has declined by around 85%. The aviation supply chain has been similarly impacted and this in turn will have a follow on effect on the complete aerospace industry.

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The Impact of Covid-19 In Transportation Sector

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The Impact of Covid-19 In Transportation Sector

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During this coronavirus outbreak, the demand on businesses has changed from rescuing people to ensuring the core transportation infrastructure runs with a minimal workforce to ensure vital transportation and key personnel can continue to move. The second result of this shift is a significant shift in revenue sources for transportation providers, with many encountering unexpected financial difficulties.

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Understanding COVID-19's Impact on the Transportation Sector

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COVID-19's impact on transportation is being felt across the industry. Explore steps transportation leaders can take to respond, recover, and thrive.

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The Impact of Transportation On Tourism Industry

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The Impact of Transportation On Tourism Industry

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The entire tourism industry is reliant on transportation. A hotel in Paris, France that serves to visitors cannot exist if the tourists cannot get there. It is similar to a Thai natural reserve. A meditation retreat in India or snorkeling near Australia's Great Barrier Reef.

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The Importance of Transportation to Tourism 

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The Importance of Transportation to Tourism 

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Transportation is very important in the tourism industry to carry passengers and goods from one place to another. The modernization and diversification of modes and means of transportation are mainly responsible for the growth of tourism.

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In the recent decade, the event tourism has emerged as an important sector of tourism strategies and leisure behaviour globally. The importance of transport consists not only in the function they have in the development of the national socio- economic complex, but also in the important role exercised over the amplification of the relations between states. Transport through its role of movement of goods and people, decisively influences the other branches of the world economy, including international tourism. Without transportation there won't be the travel and tourism industry, people won't have means to reach another places that they desire to see. Therefore, the development on transportation is linked to the development of tourism, if international tourism grows, international transportation also grows. To reach their destinations tourists have to choose between four main types of transportation, depending on many factors.

Key words Transportation, development, tourism

We can define transports as those activities consisting in the movement of persons or goods in space by means of transport and by the use of an appropriate means of transport. Time has proved that transport can be very beneficial to an economy for many reasons, such as employment, movement of goods and people. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) defines tourism as "activities undertaken by people or groups of people during their travels and their stay in locations different from the usual living space. These activities can take place over a period of less than a year with the purpose of rest, business and other reasons. "Therefore, tourism is a socio-cultural practice that is justified by the need to cover the psychosocial needs of rest, recreation, travel, discovery of places, people and new habits, the relationship with people around us and the acquisition of new knowledge.

Since ancient times, transport has been present in people's everyday activities, and as society evolved, their importance in the complex system of human civilization has steadily increased. In antiquity, transport played a decisive role in the development of society and the formation of states. The first cities originated in the intersection of natural communications (intersections of commercial roads, confluences of rivers and ports). Egypt, China, Greece, and the Roman Empire grew by developing river and sea transport routes, and then states with access to the oceans such as Great Britain, Spain, Japan, followed by France, Germany and the US became the most economically developed. Over time transportation experienced a sensible development, but due to the limited character of the production and movement of the goods, they were predominantly in the commercial sphere. The transports were mainly based on animal traction for the mainland, and on small craft crossing the seas, oceans, rivers and rivers.

An important leap was recorded by the society when the wheel was invented, and most believe that its invention is the reason for the emergence of ancient and modern civilization, the wheel being considered vital to all societies. The wheel is fundamental to the emergence and development of travel and commerce. Therefore, if in ancient times people moved from one place to another in search of food and protection against the changes of nature, today's modern life provides a great deal of motivation for the movement of people and goods. Transports ensure the movement of people and commodities has the role of bringing the goods where they are needed, without transport we cannot talk about the existence of trade and how trade is a factor that determines the existence of cities, the lack of transport facilities is a real obstacle to the emergence or development of cities. Transport represents the cause and the effect of tourism growth. First of all, the improved facilities have encouraged tourism, and its expansion has driven to the development of transport infrastructure. Accessibility is the primary function behind the basics of tourism transport. To access the pursued destinations, travellers have a range of transportation types that are often used in a sequence. Today, air transport is the main method for international tourism, which usually involves travel over long distances. So, transport is a key element in the tourism industry. The demand in international and even national transport infrastructures entails a large number of people to be transported in an efficient, fast and reasonable manner.

Transport has direct implications in the social sphere influencing and ensuring travel. Travel time is an important element in adopting the holiday decision in the option for a particular destination, especially in international tourism. It is mainly by the reason of the improvement of transportation that tourism has expanded (Caraiani et al., 2017). Tourism is defined as "the operation of, and interaction between, transport modes, ways and terminals that support tourism resorts in terms of passenger and freight flows into and out of destinations, and the provision of connecting transport modes in the tourism generating region" (Prideaux, 2000).

If national transport means transportation between localities or within the localities of a country, international transport represents those transports that cross at least one state border, the points of dispatch and the destination of the goods being located in different countries (Caraiani and Georgescu, 2012). Transport is the first manifestation of tourism consumption and therefore its psychological impact on the tourist, in an attempt to create the best image of the tourist product, is decisive. In other words, the tourist has the first contact with the product he has purchased through the travel service (Stanciulescu G., 2002). The importance of transport as an essential component of the tourism system has been a topic of discussion in the literature for a long time. Many authors tried to determinate the importance of transport in tourist flows and its role in the economy of states.

Transport is one of the main branches of any national economy. This is precisely why special attention is paid to developing and modernizing transport and increasing the economic efficiency of activity in this important branch of the economy (Ilies, 2000). Transport is acknowledged as one of the most significant factors to have contributed to the international development of tourism (Page, 2005). It provides the essential link between tourism origin and destination area and facilitates the movements of holidaymakers, business travellers, people that are visiting relatives in other countries. Culpan (1987) identified transportation modes and management as the "important ingredients of the international tourism system," recognizing that connection by air, sea and land means is important for the operations as well as the availability of support services such as fuel stations, auto repair, motels and rest facilities for land travel.

3. Importance of transportation in international tourism

The development of tourist transport is conditioned by the existence of appropriate means of transport for the means of transport: roads, motorways, railway lines, stations, bus stations, river and sea ports, airports, etc. Today, tourism has developed much due to the modernization and diversification of modes and means of transport. The progress made in this area has facilitated the inclusion in the tourism sphere of resources at appreciable distances from the tourist-emitting centers or the overcoming of some natural obstacles.

Developing tourism and transport are two interdependent issues: tourists need the transport services, for which they pay from their own budget, to be safe, fast and comfortable. The choice of a particular type of transport, as well as their use in various combinations, is determined by their particularities and the motivations of the passengers. They have to choose between four main types of transportation to arrive at the desired destination.

The choice of the form of tourist transport by the tourist or is made taking into account the following parameters:

* the distance to be travelled from the tourist residence to the holiday destination,

* the time factor--it is important that the voyage can be carried out at the desired time and that the travel time does not exceed certain acceptable limits for the tourist in the context of the total vacation time,

* the availability and accessibility of the service--from the very beginning must have the means to carry passengers on the route or destination,

* safety and regularity--the standards related to these objectives are becoming more and more demanding for all forms of transport,

* the comfort of the voyage--with reference to all the psychological and physiological sensations felt by tourists inside the vehicle during the voyage.

In the actual development of tourist traffic, a wide range of means of transport are used. The usage of one, or their combined use, are determined by factors related to the specificity of the journey and the particularities of the means of transport, as well as by elements related to the psychology of the tourists. Of these, the travel distance and travel duration, the itineraries characteristics, the state of the communication routes and the traffic intensity, the regularity and security of the trips, the reason for the voyage and the group membership, the comfort of the trip, the level of the tariffs.

The railway transport ensures the movement of space and time of goods and persons by means of locomotives and wagons, which circulate after a predetermined schedule, on fixed routes (railways). For tourism, trains, through their superior transport capacity, have convincingly responded to the desires of mass tourism. Some railway lines have even entered the history of international tourism, as they are: Paris--Cote d'Azur with the Blue Train, the Transiberian, the Orient Express, some Swiss railway tracks specializing in alpine tourism.

Water based transportation is one of the earliest known forms of transport. Today it represents an important industry and water-based tourism and activities are amongst the most popular. Water tourism transportation is currently more in the form of cruises, actually turning from a way of traveling into a recreational one. The cruise travel has a special place in tourism. The cruise is, in fact, a tourist product consisting of spending aboard a specially designed ship, offering travellers not only an ordinary maritime voyage, but also some special treats and recreational conditions, as well as visiting ports and localities in outside the country's borders, in accordance with the previously established route. The two major markets of world cruises are: the Caribbean Basin, which accounts for about 28% of the world market offer and the Mediterranean Basin, with 15% of the offer.

Road transport holds the first place in tourism, has the longest age and the widest spread. Motor vehicles are characterized by special mobility, not being connected to special fixed installations such as rail transport, for example. Because of this, they can penetrate places where other means of transport have no accessibility, building an indispensable component of multimodal transports. The bus and coach are a more and more used means of transport, especially for group tourism.

Car transport is the main type in world tourism (77% of all journeys), especially because of many advantages like flexibility, price, and independence. Tourists often rent cars to drive to their destinations, which triggered an active grouping of companies which rent cars. It is generally cheaper than any types of transportation. It is the only transportation method that does not require transfers, in the sense that the entire journey, from one location to other can be achieved.

Air transportation

Air transport services are among the most dynamic forms of touristic transport, being used mainly over long and very long distances. The main cause of the expansion of air transport is the superiority of flight performance compared to other means of transport.. Most tourists choose air transport because they offer them some advantages such as speed, comfort, flexibility, safety (it still remains the most secure type of transportation).

Air transportation is crushingly leading in transcontinental and intercontinental travel and is becoming more competitive for shorter voyages in several regional markets. In developing nations low cost transporters are flourishing as well, bringing air tariffs lower and are attracting more and more passengers, mostly because of the poor quality of land transportation and at times because of security issues. Therefore, apparently over time the world's busiest air directions are not long two trips, but short range trips between cities not more than 1,000 km apart.

The figure below shows international inbound tourism by mode of transport in 2017: air travel comprised the largest share of inbound tourism in 2017 with 57 percent. Travel by rail had the smallest share at just two percent. To recap, with the purpose of developing and increasing the role of transportation in tourism the nations need to take note to some facts such as:

* must be developed transportation modes specific to the regions,

* transportation costs must be kept competitive continuously,

* the personnel must be well trained,

* the governments need to assign financial support for the development of transportation.

Transport plays a very important role in the tourism industry. It is actually the link between the home, destination, accommodation, attractions, considered the main elements of a journey. Transportation is very important to the success of both domestic and international tourism. Mass tourism, as it is known internationally could not have existed without inexpensive and easily accessible transportation. Transport forms an important part of the tourism and the tourist experience at the destination. In many tourism studies, the main relationship between transport and the tourism was emphasized and defined in term of "accessibility" which means that transport is considered having an essential connection between tourist generating regions and tourism destination regions.

Transport services have a number of distinctive features in relation to other services, namely: they exhibit a high receptivity to technical progress, are intensive in the capital, require very large investments, offer opportunities for economics of scale, have a vulnerability to the extreme at international, economic and political crises.

Caraiani, G., Georgescu, C., (2012), Transporturi si expeditii internationale, Editura Universitara, Bucuresti;

Caraiani, G., Potecea, V., Surdu, D.G., Georgescu, C., (2017), Transporturi si expeditii internationale. Clasic versus electronic, Editura Economica, Bucuresti;

Cristureanu, C. (2006), Strategii si tranzactji in turismul international, Editura C.H.Beck, Bucuresti;

Culpan, R. (1987), International tourism model for developing economies, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 14;

Gheorghe, C. (2010), Transporturi turistice aeriene si ticketing, Editura Prouniversitaria, Bucuresti; Ilies, L. (2000), Managementul Transporturilor. Cluj-Napoca: Risoprint;

Minciu, R., (2005), Economia turismului, Editura Uranus, Editia a- III-a, Bucuresti;

Neacsu, N., Baltaretu, A. (2006), Turism international. Edit. Universul Juridic, Bucuresti;

Page, S. (2005), Transport and tourism. Global perspective, Pearson Education Limited;

Prindeaux, B., (2000), The role of the transport system in destination development, Tourism Management, Volume 21, Issue 1, February;

OECD Report Tourism Trends and Policies 2018, available on https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/urban-rural-and-regional- development/oecdtourism-trends-and-policies-2018_tour-2018- en#page3;

Stanciulescu, G. (2002), Managementul Operatiunilor de turism, Editura All Beck, Bucuresti;

World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2018 Report, available on https://www.wttc.org/- /media/files/ reports/economic-impact-research/regions-2018/world2018.pdf;

The Faculty of International Business and Economics, "Dimitrie Cantemir" Christian University, Bucharest, Romania, E-

mail: anadinu13@yahoo.com

Caption: Figure 1. The main reasons why tourism is important Source: http://media.unwto.org/content/infographics

Figure 2. International inbound tourism by mode of transport in 2017

Air     57%
Road    37%
Water    4%
Rail     2%

Source: www.statista.com

Note: Table made from bar graph.

Source Citation

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The Importance of Transportation to Tourism Development

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In the recent decade, the event tourism has emerged as an important sector of tourism strategies and leisure behaviour globally. The importance of transport consists not only in the function they have in the development of the national socio- economic complex, but also in the important role exercised over the amplification of the relations between states.

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The Impact of Covid-19 to Tourism Industry In Malaysia

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The Impact of Covid-19 to Tourism Industry In Malaysia

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The airline industry experienced its most serious problem when the Chinese government barred foreigners from entering the country beginning March 29, 2020. The Chinese authorities also set stricter limits on international airlines, requiring them to offer only one flight per week and to be at least 75% filled.
Beside that, as for hotel businesses a total of 170,084 hotel room bookings were cancelled, resulting in a revenue loss of RM68,190,364.

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Introduction

In December 2019, China reported an outbreak of a form of pneumonia with unknown causes. The outbreak had become a public health emergency of international concern. In early January 2020, a seafood market in Wuhan was identified as the suspected hub of the outbreak by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and since then, the market has remained closed. This new virus was named temporarily as a novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, or COVID-19. In Malaysia, the first COVID-19 case was confirmed on 25 January 2020, which involved three Chinese citizens, who had entered Johor Bharu, Malaysia via Singapore on 23 January 2020. From a total population of 32 million, Malaysia reported 6002 COVID-19 infections cases, with 102 deaths as per end of April. Subsequently, the seriousness of this virus has led the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared that the COVID-19 outbreak to be a global health emergency of international concern on 30 January 2020. Table 1 below shows the total number of COVID-19 cases around the world and Malaysia.

This paper will present a brief overview of the COVID-19 pandemic, discusses the impacts on Malaysia's tourism industry and the economic stimulus package.

The impact on tourism industry

The outbreak of COVID-19 has exposed a major risk to Visit Malaysia 2020 (VM2020) campaign as 50% of Malaysia's tourists are originate from Singapore and China. The increasing cases of COVID-19 in both countries has led to the cancellation of many tours, which has already led to a large drop in the number of tourists to Malaysia.

In order to fully contain the virus, The Prime Minister of Malaysia announced the 4 phases of Movement Control Order (MCO) as they expected the number of COVID-19 cases would continue to increase (Prime Minister's Office, ). The prohibitions during the MCO will further contract Malaysia's tourism industry and therefore effective policies to assist the industry players are imperative.

The impact on airlines

Airline industry players has highlighted that the current travel bans and plummeting demand around the world have put the loss-making carrier at risk of bankruptcy. All three Malaysia's major airlines namely; AirAsia, Malindo Air and Malaysia Airlines have initiated salary cut range from 10% to 100% and unpaid leave depending on the salary range and position.

Nevertheless, the airline industry faced its gravest crisis when the Government of China denied entry of foreigners, effective from 29 March 2020 until further notice. As per end of today (22 May), foreigners are currently not allowed to enter the country (Republic of China Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ). Besides, the Chinese authorities also imposed stricter rules on foreign airlines, where foreign airlines are only allowed to offer one flight per week, and such flights cannot be more than 75% full, in response to the fear of fresh COVID-19 infections being 'imported' into China. The drastic loss of both revenue and profit for all three major Malaysian based airlines which has resulted in a high risk of bankruptcy has caused the airlines to ask the government of Malaysia to step in to provide support to the airline industry.

Impact on hotel businesses

A total of 170,084 hotel room bookings during the period 11 January 2020 until 16 March 2020 had been cancelled, which caused a loss of revenue amounting to RM68,190,364. The loss was directly attributable to the outbreak of COVID-19.

Table 2 above exhibits that Kuala Lumpur was at the top of the list. The cancellation of hotel bookings has caused a loss of RM23,021,301 in revenue and followed by Sabah which suffered a loss of RM11,550,605 in revenue. The state which has been least affected by COVID-19 is Sarawak as the total room cancellations during the said period was merely 76, with a loss of less than RM23 million. The spate of cancellations in hotel bookings is expected to continue until MCO ended. The local hotel sector is projected to lose RM3.3billion in revenue by June 2020, as a result of MCO which has been extended to 12 May 2020.

In tandem with the statistics of room cancellations, workers in the hotel industry in Kuala Lumpur have been the worst hit by the pandemic. From a sample size of 17,826 workers, 542 workers, equivalent to 3%, had been laid off. Meanwhile, 3641 (20%) workers had been asked to take unpaid leave and 2880 (16%) workers had faced pay cuts (Table 3).

Malaysia's economic stimulus package

The Malaysian government has unveiled a stimulus package to provide some respite for the stakeholder who are severely affected by the outbreak, especially those in the tourism industry (Table 4).

The tax incentives, restructuring of loans and postponement of repayments to banks, etc. will help easing the cash flow of Malaysia's tourism industry players. To curb potential rising unemployment, a wage-subsidy programme has been introduced and subsidizes RM600 per month for each retained employee for a maximum of three months. Up to 17 May, the government had approved application for 128,000 employees (Ministry of Finance, ).

Besides, tourism front-liners have been offered a one-off payment of RM600 and RM500 respectively to offset the significant decline in their daily incomes. The revised stimulus package also acknowledges the potential loss of employment and underemployment issues by providing financial assistance of RM600 each month, for a maximum period of six months, for those who are forced to take unpaid leave. On top of that, unemployed workers, with salaries under RM4000 a month, have also been allowed to claim from the Employee Insurance System (EIS) under Social Security Organization (SOCSO).

In light of these incentives, VM2020 is now turning to domestic tourism to offset the fall in international arrivals. To boost domestic tourism, several measures, such as personal income tax relief up to RM1000 for domestic tourism and digital vouchers valued up to RM100 per person for domestic flights, rail travel and hotel accommodation have been offered. However, further information on how to claim these incentives has not been released yet.

Conclusions

This study provides a brief background regarding the outbreak of the communicable disease, known as COVID-19, and examines the impact of the mentioned disease on the tourism industry of Malaysia. Our research has denoted that the outbreak of COVID-19 has hugely and adversely impacted Malaysia's tourism industry, as tourists from around the world are cancelling bookings and delaying travel plans to Malaysia due to worries about the virus. In addition, the number of tourists has declined due to the Malaysian government imposing travel restrictions and bans. The economic stimulus package is expected to assist the tourism industry to sustain throughout this challenging period.

Data availability statement

We confirm that the statistics supporting the findings of this study are available within the manuscript (Appendices). All the sources and links for the statistics are correctly recorded at the references.

Notes on contributors

Dr Lee-Peng Foo , is a senior lecturer at Faculty of Accountancy, Finance and Business, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Malaysia. She received her PhD from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2018. Her areas of research are international economics and health economics.

Dr Mui-Yin Chin , is a senior lecturer at Faculty of Accountancy, Finance and Business, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Malaysia. She holds a PhD in Economics from University of Malaya in 2013. Her areas of research are international trade and foreign direct investment.

Mr Kim-Leng Tan , is a lecturer at Faculty of Accountancy, Finance and Business, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Malaysia. He is a PhD candidate of Monash University, Malaysia. His core area of research is financial economics. He is familiar with programming and data analysis.

Dr Kit-Teng Phuah , is a senior lecturer at Faculty of Accountancy, Finance and Business, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Malaysia. She obtained her PhD from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2015. Her areas of research are food marketing and consumer behaviour.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The impact of COVID-19 on tourism industry in Malaysia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In December 2019, China reported an outbreak of a form of pneumonia with unknown causes. The outbreak had become a public health emergency of international concern. In early January 2020, a seafood market in Wuhan was identified as the suspected hub of the outbreak by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and since then, the market has remained closed.

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The Relationship Between Transportation and Tourism

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The Relationship Between Transportation and Tourism

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The growth of tourism is both a cause and an effect of transportation. First, the improved facilities encouraged tourism, and the rise in tourism sparked the development of transportation infrastructure. The primary purpose of the fundamentals of tourism transportation is accessibility.

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The Geography of Transport Systems | The spatial organization of transportation and mobility

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Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue

Tourism, as an economic activity, relies on transportation to bring tourists to destinations, and transportation itself can be part of the touristic experience.

Since the 1970s where tourism became increasingly affordable, the number of international tourists has more than doubled. The expansion of international tourism has a large impact on the discipline of transport geography since it links traffic generation, interactions at different scales (from the local to the global), and the related transportation modes and terminals. As of 2016, 1.2 billion international tourist receipts were accounted for, representing more than 10% of the global population. The industry is also a large employer accounting for 10% of all the global employment; 30 tourist visits are usually associated with one job. 30% of the global trade of services is accounted for by tourism. Tourism dominantly takes place in Europe and North America, but geographical diversification is taking place.

Traveling has always been an important feature, but its function has substantially evolved. Historically, travelers were explorers and merchants looking to learn about regions, potential markets and to find goods and resources. The risks and exoticism associated with also attracted the elite that could afford the large expenses and the time required to travel to other remote destinations. Many wrote realistic and even imaginary travel accounts. As time moved on and as transportation became more reliable, traveling became a more mundane activity taking place in an organized environment; tourism. In the modern world, traveling is more centered around annual holidays and can be reasonably well predicted.

As an economic activity, tourism is characterized by a high demand level of elasticity. As transport costs are significant for international transportation, cost fluctuations strongly influence demand. Therefore, transport is a key element in the tourism industry. The demand in international and even national transport infrastructures implies a large number of people to be transported in an efficient, fast, and inexpensive manner. It requires heavy investments and complex organization. Well-organized terminals and planned schedules are essential in promoting adequate transportation facilities for tourists, notably since the industry is growing at a fast rate.

Transport is the cause and the effect of the growth of tourism. First, the improved facilities have incited tourism, and the expansion of tourism has prompted the development of transport infrastructure. Accessibility is the main function behind the basics of tourism transport. In order to access sought-after destinations, tourists have a range of transportation modes that are often used in a sequence. Air transport is the primary mode for international tourism, which usually entails travel over long distances. Growth rates of international air traffic are pegged with growth rates of international tourism.

Transport policies and national regulations can influence destinations available to tourists. One dimension concerns the openness to tourism through travel visa restrictions, which vary substantially depending on the countries of origin of tourists. Unsurprisingly, travelers from developed countries, particularly Europe, face the least restrictions, while travelers from developing countries face a much more stringent array of restrictions. Another dimension concerns the provision of infrastructures. If the public sector does not cope with the demand in terms of transport infrastructures, the tourist industry might be impaired in its development. However, land transport networks in various countries are designed to meet the needs of commercial movements that tourism requires.

Tourism usually contributes enough to the local economy that governments are more than willing to improve road networks or airport facilities, especially in locations with limited economic opportunities other than tourism. There are, however, significant differences in the amount of spending per type of mode, namely between cruise and air transport tourism. Cruise shipping tourism provides much less revenue than a tourist brought by air travel. A significant reason is that cruise lines are capturing as much tourism expenses within their ships as possible (food, beverages, entertainment, shopping) and have short port calls, often less than a day. Tourists arriving by air transport usually stay several days at the same location and use local amenities.

Tourism uses all the standard transportation modes since travelers rely on existing passenger transport systems, from local transit systems to global air transportation.

Car traveling is usually an independent transport conveyance where the traveler decides the route and the length of the trip. It is usually cheaper since road fees are not directly paid and provided as a public. It is the only transportation mode that does not require transfers, in the sense that the whole journey, from door to door can be achieved. Along major highway corridors, service activities such as restaurants, gas stations, and hotels have agglomerated to service the traffic, many of which touristic. Car transport is the dominant mode in world tourism (77% of all journeys), notably because of advantages such as flexibility, price, and independence. Tourists will often rent cars to journey within their destinations, which has triggered an active clustering of car rental companies adjacent to main transport terminals (airports, train stations) and touristic venues.

Coach traveling uses the same road network as cars. Coaches are well suited for local mass tourism but can be perceived as a nuisance if in too large numbers since they require a large amount of parking space. They can be used for short duration local tours (hours) but also can be set for multi-days journeys where the coach is the conveyance moving tourists from one resort to another.

Rail travel was the dominant form of passenger transport before the age of the automobile. The railway network usually reflects more the commercial needs of the national economy then holiday tourist flows which can make it a less preferred choice as a traveling mode. The railway systems of several countries, notably in Europe, have seen massive investments for long-distance routes and high-speed services. Due to the scenery or the amenities provided, rail transportation can also be a tourist destination in itself. Several short rail lines that no longer had commercial potential have been converted for tourism.

Air transport is by far the most effective transport mode. Notably because of prices, only 12.5% of the tourists travel by plane, but for international travel, this share is around 40%. Air transport has revolutionized the geographical aspect of distances; the most remote areas can now be reached any journey around the world can be measured in terms of hours of traveling. Business travelers are among the biggest users of airline facilities, but low-cost air carriers have attracted a significant market segment mainly used for tourism.

Cruises are mainly providing short sea journeys of about a week. Cruising has become a significant tourist industry. Cruise ships act as floating resorts where guests can enjoy amenities and entertainment while being transported along a chain of port calls. The international market for cruising was about 22.2 million tourists in 2015, which involves an annual growth rate above 7% since 1990. The main cruise markets are the Caribbean and the Mediterranean, with Alaska and Northern Europe fjords also popular during the summer season. This industry is characterized by a high level of market concentration with a few companies, such as Carnival Corporation and Royal Caribbean Cruises who account for about 70% of the market. The impacts of cruising on the local economy are mitigated as the strategy of cruising companies is to retain as much income as possible. This implies that tourists spend most of their money on the cruise ship itself (gift shops, entertainment, casinos, bars, etc.) or on-island facilities owned by cruise shipping companies.

Tourism transport can be divided into two categories:

Independent means of travel; controlled by individual tourists who book them on their own. This mainly involves the private automobile, but also mass conveyances that are booked to travel on an individual basis such as regularly scheduled flights, rail connections, ferries, and even cruises.

Mass travel; where tourists travel in organized groups. The most common form involves chartered buses and flights used for this single purpose.

When tourism was mainly for the elite, independent means of travel prevailed. However, the emergence of mass tourism and the significant revenue it provides for local economies required the setting of mass transportation systems and specialized firms such as travel agencies organizing travel on behalf of their customers. These firms were able to take advantage of their pricing power being able to negotiate large volumes of passengers for carriers and hotels. Some were even able to become air carriers, such as Thomas Cook Airlines and Air Transat, which are major charterers in their respective markets. Paradoxically, the growth of online travel booking services has favored the re-emergence of independent means of travel since an individual is able to book complex travel services, including transport and hotel accommodations. Thus, the segmentation of the travel industry is linked with the segmentation of the supporting transport systems.

The seasonality of tourism has an important impact on the use and allocation of transportation assets.

Air transport has a notable seasonality where tourism results in variations in the demand, summer being the peak season. Because of this seasonality and the high cost of acquiring additional assets to accommodate peak demand, the airline industry has pricing power during peak touristic demand. This also leads the seasonal charter services to pick up the potential unmet demand. During the winter, charterers focus on subtropical destinations (e.g. Caribbean, Mexico), while during the summer there is more a focus on the European market.

Cruises also have a seasonality where many cruise lines are repositionning their assets according to variations in the destination preferences. During winter months, the Caribbean is an important destination market, while during the summer, destinations like the Mediterranean, Alaska, and Norway are more prevalent.

Related Topics

Bibliography

Graham, A. and F. Dobruszkes (eds) (2019) Air Transport - A Tourism Perspective, Amsterdam: Elsevier.

World Economic Forum (2017) The travel & tourism competitiveness report 2017, World Economic Forum.

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B.7 - Tourism and Transport | The Geography of Transport Systems

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Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Tourism, as an economic activity, relies on transportation to bring tourists to destinations, and transportation itself can be part of the touristic experience. Since the 1970s where tourism became increasingly affordable, the number of international tourists has more than doubled.