# data[].attributes.headline
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad

# data[].attributes.subject
Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad

# data[].attributes.body
Harriet Tubman

Born as Araminta Ross

Born between 1820 and 1821 into slavery in Buckland, Eastern Maryland

Helped to find a cure for dysentery by using her knowledge of the flora and fauna

Never received regular salary and was denied veterans compensation

Active proponent of women’s suffrage

Died at an age of 91 in 1913 in the “home of Aged“ she founded herself

She was buried with full military honours at Forth Hill Cemetery in New York

Journey with the Underground Railroad

Suffered severe head injury -> vivid dreams

Interpreted as visions from God which guided her on many rescue trips to lead other slaves to freedom

Escaped slavery in 1849 by using the Underground Railroad

-> She walked 90 miles to the free State of Pensilvania

Nicknamed “Moses“ because she never lost one of the slaves she lead to freedom

She was wanted with her head being worth $330,000.00

She was desperate to serve everyone

“You go on or you die“

To avert being captured she used coded messages for fellow travellers

She assisted in recruiting supporters for an attack on slave holders

# data[].attributes.body
• lynching = if someone is abused and killed after an actual or perceived crime, but not convicted by a court

• In the United States, lynching was a common phenomenon of extrajudicial executions, beginning in the antebellum South in the 1830s and ending with the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.

• Black people were the main victims of lynching: 3,446 people, or about 72 percent, were lynched. But they were not the only victims of lynchings.

• In the US, blacks are more likely to be legally or illegally sentenced to death than whites accused of the same crimes (then and now)

• Collective violence against blacks (many whites lynched, fewer blacks)

• Victims were often raped and torturted and their property was stolen

• Criminal offenses such as self-contradiction, seeking out white women, inability to repay

• Black people were the main victims of lynching: 3,446 people, or about 72 percent, were lynched. But they were not the only victims of lynchings.

# data[].attributes.body
Born: September 23, 1863 in Memphis, Tennessee

Died: July 24, 1954 in Annapolis, Maryland

Spouse: Robert Heberton Terrell (m. 1891-1925)

Children: Phyllis (only surviving biological child) and Mary (adopted daughter)

Key Accomplishments: An early civil rights leader and women's rights advocate, she was one of the first Black American women to earn a college degree. She went on to be a founder of the National Association of Colored Women and a charter member of the NAACP

Occupation: educator, activist, professional lecturer

Father: Robert Reed Church (former slave)

Mother: Louisa Ayers Church (former slave)

Key Moments in Terrell’s life

1863 – Born in Memphis, Tennessee.

1880 – Met Frederick Douglass at President James Garfield’s Inauguration

1884 – Graduated from Oberlin College, Ohio

1885 – Began teaching at Wilberforce University

1888 – Graduated with a Master’s degree in Education from Oberlin College

1895 – Moves to Washington, D.C. to teach in the Latin Department of the M Street School

1896 – Founder of the National Association of Colored Women (NACW); served as first president until 1901

1897 – Created Douglass Day

1904 – Published “Lynching from a Negro’s Point of View” in the North American Review

1909 – Charter member, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

1928 – Published “Phyllis Wheatley—An African Genius” in the Star of the West.

1940 – Published her autobiography, A Colored Woman in a White World

1948 – Awarded an honorary doctorate by Oberlin College

1950 – An 86-year-old Terrell protested segregated restaurants in Washington, D.C.

1954 – Passed away in Annapolis, Maryland

# data[].attributes.body
contract to abolish slavery in the south of the USA

written on September 22, 1862

published on January 1, 1863

consequence of the civil war

many slaves escaped from the south to the north to live a better life after the war

Abraham Lincoln (president at that time) drew up the contract

# data[].attributes.body
Jim Crow Laws

Named after a Black minstrel show character, the law which existed for about 100 years, from the post-Civil War era until 1968

meant to marginalize African-Americans by denying them the right to vote, hold jobs, get an education or other opportunities.

Those who attempted to defy Jim Crow laws often faced arrest,

fines, jail sentences, violence and death.

Racial seggregation was done in schools, restaurants, busses, bathrooms, hotels, work etc. Black codes were strict local and state laws that detailed when, where and how formerly enslaved people could work, and for how much compensation. The codes appeared throughout the South as a legal way to put Black citizens into indentured servitude, to take voting rights away, to control where they lived and how they traveled and to seize children for labor purposes.

most ruthless organization of the Jim Crow era: Ku Klux Klan, was born in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee, as a private club for Confederate veterans.The KKK grew into a secret society terrorizing Black communities and seeping through white Southern culture, with members at the highest levels of government and in the lowest echelons of criminal back alleys.

# data[].attributes.body
Martin Luther King

Name: Martin Luther King Jr.

Born: 15. Januar 1929 in Atlanta

Died: murdered 4. April 1969 in Memphis

Job: US-American Baptist pastor and civil rights activist

Parents: Alberta Christine Williams King (1904 - 1974) und Michael King sr. (1899 - 1984)

Quotes:
- "I have a dream“,
- "True charity is more than the capacity for compassion, it is the capacity for affection.“

Martin Luther King played a central role in the American civil rights movement and was one of the most prominent figures in the nonviolent struggle against black oppression and social injustice.

# data[].attributes.body
Jesse Jackson

Date of birth: 08.10.1941 (80 years)

Spouse: Jacqueline Jackson (married since 1962)

Children: Jesse Jackson junior, Santita Jackson, Ashley Jackson

Parents: Helen Burns, Charles Henry Jackson, Noah Louis Robinson (stepdad)

·         Jesse Jackson is a US-American politician, activist and also a civil rights acivist.

·         Back then he experienced the assasination on Martin Luther King. He also was a member of the „Southern Christian Leadership Conference“ by King.

·         In 1984 and 1988 he applyed fort the presidential candidacy, but he only achieved the third place in the primaries.

·         He got famous because of the foundation of two organisations for human rights. In 1996 he united them and was the most famous afro american politician and became the representative of civil rights.

# data[].attributes.body
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, also known as “The Great March on Washington”, was held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans. At the march, final speaker Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech in which he called for an end to racism.

The march was organized by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin, who built an alliance of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations that came together under the banner of "jobs and freedom." Estimates of the number of participants varied from 200000 to 300000, but the most widely cited estimate is 250000 people. Observers estimated that 75–80% of the marchers were black. The march was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history. Walter Reuther, president of the United Auto Workers, was the most integral and highest-ranking white organizer of the march.

The march is credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964. It preceded the Selma Voting Rights Movement, when national media coverage contributed to passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that same year.

# data[].attributes.body
CHARACTER PROFILE OF BARACK OBAMA

Surname: Barack Hussein

Name: Obama

Date of birth: 4th august 1961

Profession: former 44th President

è First black President

è Periode of office: 8 years

Achievements: Nobel Peace Prize

Slogan: „yes we can“

Successor: Donald Trump

Ideology: -No room for racism

-American security is most important

-Making wars in the east

Party: Democrat

Competitor: Republicans

Family : Michelle Obama (Wife)

Natasha Obama (Daughter)

Malia Ann Obama (Daughter)