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May 5, 1789 - The Estates-General is called

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May 5, 1789 - The Estates-General is called

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In May of 1789, Louis XVI was forced to call the Estates-General for the first time since 1614 due to financial and political problems surrounding the Crown. The Estates-General was the closest thing France had to a parliament and it represented the 3 Estates in France. Each got one vote, leading to the Third Estate being outvoted by the upper two estates, despite having more people than the rest of the estates combined. The Third Estate, especially the bourgeoisie called for voting by head, rather than voting by order. The Third Estate would have supported the King but he didn't put in reforms, or a new constitution, something all estates wanted.

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June 17, 1789 - The Third Estate meets separately and creates a National Assembly

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June 17, 1789 - The Third Estate meets separately and creates a National Assembly

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On June 17, 1789, after much disagreement in the Estates-General and a lack of action, the deputies of the Third Estate voted to separate themselves, as they represented most of the nation. They wanted the right to manage their affairs and decide taxation. This separation was called the National Assembly and was supported by about 85% of the Third Estate. On June 19 of the same year, the clergy voted to join the Third Estate in the National Assembly, worrying the government.

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June 20, 1789 - The Third Estate is locked out of the Estates-General, the Oath of the Tennis Court is made

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June 20, 1789 - The Third Estate is locked out of the Estates-General, the Oath of the Tennis Court is made

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The King saw all of this happening and decided to hold a Royal Session. He closed a hall to prepare and in doing this he effectively locked the Third Estate out of the Estates-General. They met on a nearby tennis court and made an oath, the Tennis Courth Oath, not to leave until France had a constitution, claiming that the King didn't have the right to dissolve them. This had only one member vote against, showing that the Third Estate was becoming more revolutionary and more aggravated with their leadership.

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July 14, 1789 - Storming of the Bastille

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July 14, 1789 - Storming of the Bastille

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In July 1789, Louis XVI fired his finance minister, Jacques Necker. He was considered the only minister able to tackle the financial crisis. When this news reached Paris, the population feared that Louis would start to get his power back by force and speakers called the people to take up arms. They seized over 28,000 muskets and 20 cannon at Les Invalides, a reitrement home for soldiers/arsenal but still needed more so they marched on the fortress of the Bastille. Bastille was a royal prison, and the army did not believe that they could win against the people. Battalions of soldiers deserted and some joined the Parisians in taking Bastille. The governor, De Launay, called on his troops to fire on the crowd, killing 98 Parisians. The Parisians stormed Bastille and overcame the defenders, murdering and decapitating De Launary.

This was important because it was the first and most famous of the journées, days of popular action and disturbance linked to great political change. About a quarter of a million Parisians took up arms to storm Bastille, it was the first big revolutionary moment by citizens and not just deputies of the estates. It also was successful, showing that the citizens had power, and the concept of a revolution was possible and not just a wish.

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August 20-26, 1789 - The Declaration of the Rights of Man is adopted by the National Assembly, it is a predecessor to the Constitution

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August 20-26, 1789 - The Declaration of the Rights of Man is adopted by the National Assembly, it is a predecessor to the Constitution

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According to George Rudé, a historian, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen "sounded the death-knell of the ancien régime, while preparing the public for the constructive legislation that was to follow". Some of it's key points involve:

all men are born free and equal, in their rights

the main rights o fman are liberty, property, security and resistence to oppresion

power rests with the people

freedom of worship, expression, and to own property

taxation to be borne by all in proportion to their means

It flipped the practices of the ancien régime on their heads, and outlined what rights general citizens of France should have. It was officially issued on August 26, 1789.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, a portrait by Jean-Jacques-François Le Barbier

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human and civil rights document from the French Revolution; the French title can be translated in the modern era as "Declaration of Human and Civic Rights". Inspired by Enlightenment philosophers, the declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a significant impact on the development of popular conceptions of individual liberty and democracy in Europe and worldwide.

The declaration was initially drafted by Marquis de Lafayette with assistance from Thomas Jefferson, but the majority of the final draft came from Abbé Sieyès. Influenced by the doctrine of natural right, human rights are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law. It is included at the beginning of the constitutions of both the French Fourth Republic (1946) and French Fifth Republic (1958) and is considered valid as constitutional law.

The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment. Marquis de Lafayette prepared the principal drafts in consultation with his close friend Thomas Jefferson. In August 1789, Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès and Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the final Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 26 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly, during the period of the French Revolution, as the first step toward writing a constitution for France. Inspired by the Enlightenment, the original version of the declaration was discussed by the representatives based on a 24-article draft proposed by the sixth bureau [clarify ], led by Jérôme Champion de Cicé. The draft was later modified during the debates. A second and lengthier declaration, known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793, was written in 1793 but never formally adopted.

Print of the 17 articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 (Musée de la Révolution française)

The concepts in the declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu. As can be seen in the texts, the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights, as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it (4 July 1776).

These principles were widely shared throughout European society, rather than confined to a small elite as in the past. This took different forms, such as ' English coffeehouse culture', and extended to areas colonised by Europeans, particularly British North America. Contacts between diverse groups in Edinburgh, Geneva, Boston, Amsterdam, Paris, London, or Vienna were much greater than often appreciated.

Transnational elites who shared ideas and styles were not new; what changed was their extent and the numbers involved. Under Louis XIV, Versailles was the centre of French culture, fashion and political power. Improvements in education and literacy over the course of the 18th century meant larger audiences for newspapers and journals, with Masonic lodges, coffee houses and reading clubs providing areas where people could debate and discuss ideas. The emergence of this " public sphere" led to Paris replacing Versailles as the cultural and intellectual centre, leaving the Court isolated and less able to influence opinion.

Assisted by Jefferson, then American diplomat to France, Lafayette prepared a draft which echoed some of the provisions of the U.S. declaration. However, there was no consensus on the role of the Crown, and until this question was settled it was impossible to create political institutions. When presented to the legislative committee on 11 July 1789, it was rejected by pragmatists such as Jean Joseph Mounier, President of the Assembly, who feared creating expectations that could not be satisfied.

Conservatives like Gérard de Lally-Tollendal wanted a bicameral system, with an upper house appointed by the king who would have the right of veto. On 10 September, the majority led by Sieyès and Talleyrand rejected this in favour of a single assembly, while Louis XVI retained only a " suspensive veto"; this meant he could delay the implementation of a law but not block it. With these questions settled, a new committee was convened to agree on a constitution; the most controversial remaining issue was citizenship, itself linked to the debate on the balance between individual rights and obligations. Ultimately, the 1791 Constitution distinguished between active citizens and passive citizens. As a result, it was never fully accepted by radicals in the Jacobin club.

After editing by Mirabeau, it was published on 26 August as a statement of principle. The final draft contained provisions then considered radical in any European society, let alone France in 1789. French historian Georges Lefebvre argues that combined with the elimination of privilege and feudalism, it "highlighted equality in a way the (American Declaration of Independence) did not". More importantly, the two differed in intent; Jefferson saw the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights as fixing the political system at a specific point in time, claiming they 'contained no original thought...but expressed the American mind' at that stage. The 1791 French Constitution was viewed as a starting point, the declaration providing an aspirational vision, a key difference between the two revolutions. Attached as a preamble to the French Constitution of 1791, and that of the 1870 to 1940 French Third Republic, it was incorporated into the current Constitution of France in 1958.

The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places. For example, "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good." They have certain natural rights to property, to liberty, and to life. According to this theory, the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights. Furthermore, the government should be carried on by elected representatives.

When it was written, the rights contained in the declaration were only awarded to men. Furthermore, the declaration was a statement of vision rather than reality. The declaration was not deeply rooted in either the practice of the West or even France at the time. The declaration emerged in the late 18th century out of war and revolution. It encountered opposition, as democracy and individual rights were frequently regarded as synonymous with anarchy and subversion. This declaration embodies ideals and aspirations towards which France pledged to struggle in the future.

The declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights, which are qualified as "natural, unalienable and sacred" and "simple and incontestable principles" on which citizens could base their demands. In the second article, "the natural and imprescriptible rights of man" are defined as "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression". It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation, freedom, and equal rights for all "Men" and access to public office based on talent. The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens had the right to participate in the legislative process. Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests were outlawed.

The declaration also asserts the principles of popular sovereignty, in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy, and social equality among citizens, "All the citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents," eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy.

Article I - Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.

Article II - The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression.

Article III - The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation. No body, no individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.

Article IV - Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the fruition of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by the law.

Article V - The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society. Anything which is not forbidden by the law cannot be impeded, and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order.

Article VI - The law is the expression of the general will. All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation. It must be the same for all, either that it protects, or that it punishes. All the citizens, being equal in its eyes, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents.

Article VII - No man can be accused, arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law, and according to the forms which it has prescribed. Those who solicit, dispatch, carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders, must be punished; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once; he renders himself culpable by resistance.

Article VIII - The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary, and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied.

Article IX - Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him, any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law.

Article X - No one may be disquieted for his opinions, even religious ones, provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law.

Article XI - The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man: any citizen thus may speak, write, print freely, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.

Article XII - The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force: this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted.

Article XIII - For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration, a common contribution is indispensable; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens, according to their ability to pay.

Article XIV - Each citizen has the right to ascertain, by himself or through his representatives, the need for a public tax, to consent to it freely, to know the uses to which it is put, and of determining the proportion, basis, collection, and duration.

Article XV - The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration.

Article XVI - Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured, nor the separation of powers determined, has no constitution.

Article XVII - Property being an inviolable and sacred right, no one can be deprived of private usage, if it is not when the public necessity, legally noted, evidently requires it, and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity.

Cartoon from 1791 mocking the distinction between active and passive citizens[23]

While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population, there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and those who did not. Those who were deemed to hold these political rights were called active citizens. Active citizenship was granted to men who were French, at least 25 years old, paid taxes equal to three days work, and could not be defined as servants. This meant that at the time of the declaration, only male property owners held these rights. The deputies in the National Assembly believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions. This distinction directly affects articles 6, 12, 14, and 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government. With the decree of 29 October 1789, the term active citizen became embedded in French politics.

The concept of passive citizens was created to encompass those populations excluded from political rights in the declaration. Because of the requirements set down for active citizens, the vote was granted to approximately 4.3 million Frenchmen out of a population of around 29 million.[citation needed ] These omitted groups included women, the poor, domestic servants, enslaved people, children, and foreigners. As the General Assembly voted upon these measures, they limited the rights of certain groups of citizens while implementing the democratic process of the French First Republic. This legislation, passed in 1789, was amended by the creators of the Constitution of the Year III to eliminate the label of an active citizen. The power to vote was then, however, to be granted solely to substantial property owners.

Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the revolution. This happened when passive citizens started to call for more rights or openly refused to listen to the ideals set forth by active citizens. Women in particular were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the revolution. Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality. By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women, she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen. Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the revolution. She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles; "inciting revolutionary action, formulating policy, and informing others of revolutionary events." By working with men, as opposed to working apart from men, she may have been able to further the fight for revolutionary women. As players in the French Revolution, women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs, allowing them societal influence, despite their lack of direct political power.

Women's rights

The declaration recognizes many rights as belonging to citizens (who could only be male). This was despite the fact that after the Women's March on Versailles on 5 October 1789, women presented the Women's Petition to the National Assembly in which they proposed a decree giving women equal rights. In 1790, Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women. Condorcet declared "he who votes against the right of another, whatever the religion, color, or sex of that other, has henceforth abjured his own". The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women's rights, and this prompted de Gouges to publish her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen in September 1791, modeled after the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It is ironic in the formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution, which had been devoted to equality. It states: "This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition, and of the rights, they have lost in society."

The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen follows the 17 articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point. Camille Naish has described it as "almost a parody... of the original document". The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility." The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replies: "Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may only be based on common utility". De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law, women were fully punishable yet denied equal rights, declaring, "Women have the right to mount the scaffold, they must also have the right to mount the speaker's rostrum".

The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery in the French colonies, as lobbied for by Jacques-Pierre Brissot's Les Amis des Noirs and opposed by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac, because they met at the Hôtel Massiac. Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the declaration, it inspired the slave uprisings in Saint-Domingue in the Haitian Revolution, as discussed in C. L. R. James's history of the Haitian Revolution, The Black Jacobins. In Louisiana, the organizers of the Pointe Coupée Slave Conspiracy of 1795 also drew information from the declaration.

Deplorable conditions for the thousands of enslaved people in Saint-Domingue, the most profitable slave colony in the world, led to the uprisings known as the first successful slave revolt in the New World. Free persons of color were part of the first wave of revolt, but later formerly enslaved people took control. In 1794, the convention was dominated by the Jacobins and abolished slavery, including in the colonies of Saint-Domingue and Guadeloupe. However, Napoleon reinstated it in 1802 and attempted to regain control of Saint-Domingue by sending in thousands of troops. After suffering the losses of two-thirds of the men, many to yellow fever, the French withdrew from Saint-Domingue in 1803. Napoleon gave up on North America and agreed to the Louisiana Purchase by the United States. In 1804, the leaders of Saint-Domingue declared it an independent state, the Republic of Haiti, the second republic of the New World. Napoleon abolished the slave trade in 1815. Slavery in France was finally abolished in 1848.

The vast amount of personal freedom given to citizens by the document created a situation where homosexuality was decriminalized by the French Penal Code of 1791, which covered felonies; the law simply failed to mention sodomy as a crime, and thus no one could be prosecuted for it. The 1791 Code of Municipal Police did provide misdemeanor penalties for "gross public indecency," which the police could use to punish anyone having sex in public places or otherwise violating social norms. This approach to punishing homosexual conduct was reiterated in the French Penal Code of 1810.

In 2003, UNESCO added the 1789 version of the declaration (the first printed version) to its Memory of the World International Register, recognising it as documentary heritage of global importance.

Magna Carta (England, 1215)

Statute of Kalisz (Poland, 1264)

Henrician Articles and Pacta conventa (Poland, 1573)

Petition of Right (England, 1628)

Bill of Rights (England, 1689)

Claim of Right (Scotland, 1689)

Virginia Declaration of Rights (United States, 1776)

Pennsylvania Declaration of Rights (United States, 1776)

Bill of Rights (United States, 1789)

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of Franchimont (modern-day Belgium, 16 September 1789)

(exiled "Belgian" Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Belgian and Liégeois revolutionaries in Paris, 23 April 1792)

Proclamation of Połaniec - Proclamation that sought to abolish serfdom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Poland, 7 May 1794)

("Batavian" Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Batavian Republic, The Hague, 31 January 1795)

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - Wikipedia

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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human and civil rights document from the French Revolution; the French title can be translated in the modern era as "Declaration of Human and Civic Rights".

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October 5, 1789 - Women's March on Versailles

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October 5, 1789 - Women's March on Versailles

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In the beginning of October, the King summoned the Flanders regiment to Versailles, where he hosted a banquet. During this banquet, there were anti-revolutionary demonstrations, with officers stomping on the tricolor emblem and replacing it with the King's emblem. At the same time, there was a food shortage, enraging citizens. October 5, a crowd of women stormed the headquarters of the Commune of Parisiens supporting the revolution, wanting bread. They were persuaded to march to Versailles to complain to the King, with 6-7 thousand women marching for 5 hours to Versailles. 20,000 soldiers joined the women later. Upon reaching Versailles, they invaded the Assembly and got the King to provide Paris with grain. He also approved the August Decrees (abolishing feudalism and ending unfair taxation), the Declaration of Rights, and was forced to return to Paris.

This is important because it is another journée in the history of the French Revolution. It shows that the King did not have full authority over his subjects and shows his declining power. It also shows that all citizens, not just men, were against the monarchy and shows that women were fighting as well.

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June 20-21, 1791 - Louis XVI flees to Varennes

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June 20-21, 1791 - Louis XVI flees to Varennes

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In June of 1791, King Louis XVI decided to flee from Paris to Varennes, near Luxembourg. He was hoping that he could rewrite the parts of the Constitution that he disliked and was forced to accept. He left on June 20, and the next night was recognized by the postmaster, stopped, and brought back to Paris. This was regarded as a bad move and there was a very tense atmosphere as the royal family was brought back to Paris. Louis' younger brother also fleed, to Brussels, but was successful.

This was important for multiple reasons, it shows that Louis did not know how popular the changes were that had been made since 1789, he would be unsuccessful if he tried to change the constitution. It also shows that the French people were unwilling to put up with the King, he lost a lot of popularity after fleeing and the people weren't willing to put up with him anymore. The King would be suspended mid-July until the constitution was completed showing that the country was close to not needing a monarch at all, and they were willing to show that.

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September 13, 1791 - Louis XVI agrees to the new constitution

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September 13, 1791 - Louis XVI agrees to the new constitution

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Despite not trusting him, the movement's success depended on the King. Louis XVI accepted the Constitution on September 13, 1791, marking the end of the Constituent Assembly, an assembly formed from the National Assembly. The Legislative Assembly was formed and had their first meeting October 1. At this point, the mood was far more suspicious than it was co-operative, like it was in 1789. This was for a number of reasons, the King was reluctant to accept measures he disliked, they were suspicious about the King's commitment to the Revolution since his flight to Varennes, and the fear of counter-revolutionary plots.

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August 10, 1792 - Storming of the Tuileries Palace - Overthrow of the Monarchy

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August 10, 1792 - Storming of the Tuileries Palace - Overthrow of the Monarchy

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Louis XVI decided that war would serve his interests, and hoping for a short fast war with a French victory, declared war on Austria on April 20, 1792. This war, the Revolutionary War, lasted until 1802, killed 1.4 million French people, and altered the direction of the Revolution. Louis was suspected of not being committed to a French victory and his political opponents became more determined to overthrow the monarchy. After Louis XVI vetoed some lawas, there was the expectation of a military coup in his favour, but the leaders of the Paris Sections, or districts, held an armed demonstration. This was held on June 20, the anniversary of the Tennis Court Oath and the King's flight to Varennes. About 8000 demonstrators flooded the Tuileries Palace, showing their power. Later, the revolutionaries were getting more and more sick of the monarchy, on August 3, the Mayor of Paris went to the Legislative Assembly and demanded the abolution of the monarchy. They refused, persuading Parisians that an uprising was necessary. August 9, sans-culottes, or lower-class Parisians, took over City Hall and set up a revolutionary Commune. The next morning, a few thousand citizens marched on the Tuileries, resulting in the bloodiest journée of the Revolution. The rebels invaded the Assembly, forcing them to recognise the Commune as a new government. The King was imprisoned in an old fortress, and a new National Convention was formed to draw up a demoncratic constitution. The Commune had taken control of Paris, abolishing the monarchy and creating a republic.

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December 1792 - January 21, 1793 - Louis XVI is arrested, put on trial, and executed

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December 1792 - January 21, 1793 - Louis XVI is arrested, put on trial, and executed

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After the storming of the Tuileries, Louis' fate was to be decided by a referendum. Due to his correspondance with the Austrian royal family, and the fact that each deputy was required to declare his decision on Louis' guiltiness or innocence, he was voted against. The assembly was made of 749 deputies, no-one voted him innocent, 693 voted guilty. 387 voted for the death penalty, 288 for imprisonment. A reprieve was attempted to be made but it was voted against 380 to 310. Despite not all of the Assembly being for the death of the King, he was executed the morning of January 21, 1793. According to Saint-Just, a leading Jacobin, "he was executed not for what he had done but for what he was: a menace to the Republic". Louis' death left factions hostile to each other and lead to the emergence of a governement by Terror, involving bloodthirsty purges, terrified citizens, and heavy use of the guillotine.