# data[].attributes.body
- non-negotiable timescales and end dates with gradual reductions to ensure vested interests do not corrupt policies
- should be used for singular issues, not for reengineering an entire society
- should recognise intersectional drivers of disparity

# data[].attributes.body
- pre-tax levels fail to show how the taxation system reinforces the wealth of the creamy layer
- there is high disparity for low-income percentiles, however for high-income groups, there is more equal distribution between ethnic classes

# data[].attributes.body
- increase in absolute inequality means that purchasing power of different groups is greater, changes in wealth differ between groups
- relative decrease in inequality as all groups increase in wealth

# data[].attributes.body
- this is a result of over-reservation of educational opportunities for ethnic Malays, forcing other groups into private education which gives them greater opportunity
- highly skilled Chinese and Indian labour force move out, citing 'social inequality' as a driver, creating a brain drain

# data[].attributes.body
- criteria of benefits based solely on ethnicity, rather than socioeconomic status
- targeted the majority population
- elite Malays secured majority of reserved Malay positions
- resulted in us-vs-them mentality which manifests ethnic conflict and mistrust between groups
- led to brain drain as skilled non-Malays migrate elsewhere for sufficient employment
- oversimplifies historical disparities and neglects to recognise vertical nuances
- efficacy has decreased over time
- drove the creation of a large Malay middle class

# data[].attributes.body
- rates of poverty rapidly decreased, as well as in neighbouring countries
- rapid economic growth and structural transformation
- greater Bumiputera wealth ownership, business participation, education opportunities, public sector employment, professional representation

# data[].attributes.body
- 1971-1991 (but continue to this day informally)
- driven by ethnic riots in 1969 which resulted in hundreds of deaths, political instability (PM resignation, parliament suspension)
- aims to promote national unity, reduce poverty, address ethnic inequalities
- Bumiputera receive favourable treatment in education, housing, public sector, corporate shares

# data[].attributes.body
- Bumiputera (indigenous) and non-Bumiputera
- Bumiputera = Malays, aboriginal communities, natives
- non-Bumiputera = Chinese and Indians associated with colonial-era immigration
- patterns of uneven development, economic disparity and social division
- domination of certain occupations such as banking and retailing led to widespread misconception that Chinese controlled commerce
- Malay aristocrats have main governmental control

# data[].attributes.body
- Achieved independence in 1957
- about half of population are ethnic Malays, 40% Chinese, 10% Indian
- unequal distribution of ethnic groups
- 1960s saw increases in income inequality between and within ethnic groups
- deteriorating sociopolitical situation in 1960s
- non-Malays believed that a Malay Alliance gov was responsible for discrimination