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Cardiac muscle tissue, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle tissue that forms the heart. This muscle tissue, which contracts and releases involuntarily, is responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body.

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The term heart disease is often used interchangeably with the term cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke.

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Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood to the rest of your body. Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure.

Common symptoms - Symptoms include breathlessness, swollen legs and feet and a bloated stomach.

Treatment - Treatments include drugs, implanted devices, surgery and in severe cases, transplant.

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Arrhythmia, also known as cardiac arrhythmia or heart arrhythmia, is a group of conditions in which the heartbeat is irregular, too fast, or too slow. The heart rate that is too fast – above 100 beats per minute in adults – is called tachycardia, and a heart rate that is too slow – below 60 beats per minute – is called bradycardia .

Common symptoms - There may be no symptoms. Alternatively, symptoms may include a fluttering in the chest, chest pain, fainting or dizziness.

Treatment - If required, treatment includes anti-arrhythmic drugs, medical procedures, implantable devices and surgery.

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Connective tissues bind structures together, form a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole, store fat, transport substances, protect against disease, and help repair tissue damage. They occur throughout the body. Connective tissues are characterized by an abundance of intercellular matrix with relatively few cells. Connective tissue cells are able to reproduce but not as rapidly as epithelial cells. Most connective tissues have a good blood supply but some do not.

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Connective tissues hold the structures of the body together. They are made up of two different proteins, collagen and elastin. Collagen is found in the tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage, bone and blood vessels. Elastin is found in the ligaments and skin. When these connective tissues become inflamed, this can harm the proteins and surrounding areas of the body. This is known as a connective tissue disorder.

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Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term disease that causes inflammation of the joints. The inflammation can be so severe that it affects how the joints and other parts of the body look and function. It may cause deformities or irregularity in the joints of the fingers. This makes moving your hands difficult. Lumps, known as rheumatoid nodules, may form anywhere in the body.

Common symptoms - Tender, warm, swollen joints , joint stiffness that is usually worse in the mornings and after inactivity , fatigue, fever , loss of appetite .

Treatment - While there's no cure for rheumatoid arthritis, physiotherapy and medication can help slow the disease's progression. Most cases can be managed with a class of medications called anti-rheumatic drugs .

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Marfan syndrome is an inherited disorder of the connective tissue that causes abnormalities in the eyes, bone, heart and blood vessels.
Sometimes an individual will show only some features associated with the condition. In this case, they are described as "Marfanoid" or "Marfan-like." Once Marfan syndrome has been identified in a family, it is important that all members to evaluated for it. It is particularly important to have regular diagnostic testing of the aorta and heart for early detection of abnormalities, which may become life-threatening.  Anyone who may have Marfan or Marfanoid syndrome should be screened with echocardiography every year. Once the aorta, as it rises above the heart, is larger than 3.5 centimeters, screening with echocardiography should be done every six months.

Common symptoms - There is a great variation in symptoms between one individual with Marfan syndrome and another.  People with Marfan syndrome are tall and thin with long arms, legs, fingers and toes.

Treatment - Treatment includes medication to keep blood pressure low, glasses or contact lenses and surgery.

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Scleroderma is a rare, long-term disease that causes abnormal growth of connective tissue. It can affect the joints, skin, cartilage, and internal organs. It is degenerative and gets worse over time. The disease can be in one part of the body. This is called localized scleroderma. Or it may affect the whole body. This is a more serious condition called systemic sclerosis. Scleroderma is more common in women.

Common symptoms - Symptoms include tightening of the skin, joint pain, exaggerated response to cold (Raynaud's disease) and heartburn.

Treatment - Treatments include medication, physiotherapy and surgery.

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Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. The cells in nervous tissue that generate and conduct impulses are called neurons or nerve cells. These cells have three principal parts: the dendrites, the cell body, and one axon.

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Nervous tissue disorders are medically defined as disorders that affect the brain as well as the nerves found throughout the human body and the spinal cord. Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms.

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Parkinson's disease is a neurological movement disorder.
Nerve cell damage in the brain causes dopamine levels to drop, leading to the symptoms of Parkinson's.

Common symptoms - Tremor, slowness of movement, stiff muscles, unsteady walk and balance and coordination problems.

Treatment - There is no cure for the disease. Most patients can maintain a good quality of life with medications.

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Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. Opposite the free surface, the cells are attached to underlying connective tissue by a non-cellular basement membrane.

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The epithelial tissues of the body are the tissues that line the surfaces of our skin, our digestive organs, and our respiratory organs. These tissues are found anywhere in the body where a barrier is put up, and things can selectively pass across that barrier. There are many types of epithelial tissue disorders, spreading across all the forms of epithelial tissue.

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Vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina that can result in discharge, itching and pain. The cause is usually a change in the normal balance of vaginal bacteria or an infection. Reduced estrogen levels after menopause and some skin disorders can also cause vaginitis. Vaginitis is usually caused by a change in the normal balance of vaginal bacteria, an infection or reduced oestrogen levels after menopause.

Common symptoms - unusual vaginal discharge, itching or irritation, painful urination and pain during intercourse.

Treatment - Treatment usually involves medication that focuses on the underlying cause.

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Glomerulonephritis is a group of diseases that injure the part of the kidney that filters blood (called glomeruli). When the kidney is injured, it cannot get rid of wastes and extra fluid in the body. If the illness continues, the kidneys may stop working completely, resulting in kidney failure.

Common symptoms - Pink or cola-colored urine from red blood cells in your urine (hematuria) , foamy urine due to excess protein (proteinuria) , hypertension and fluid retention (edema) with swelling evident in your face, hands, feet and abdomen.

Treatment - Intake of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors to control high blood pressure or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)  , undergoing plasmapheresis . If the condition becomes advanced such that it leads to kidney failure , dialysis is carried out . Gradually , a kidney transplant might be required .

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Neurofibromatosis is a condition that causes tumours to form in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Neurofibromatosis is usually non-cancerous. There are three types of this condition.

Type 1 usually appears in childhood, while Types 2 and 3 appear in early adulthood.

Type 1 can cause bone deformities, learning disabilities and high blood pressure.

Type 2 can cause hearing loss, vision loss and difficulty with balance.

Type 3 can cause chronic pain throughout the body.

Common symptoms – Lisch nodules , lumps on skin , lumps under skin , café au lait spots and skin fold freckling .

Treatment - Some cases may not require treatment other than careful observation. Other cases may require chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery .

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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes the brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills.

Common symptoms - Memory loss is the key symptom of Alzheimer's disease. Early signs include difficulty remembering recent events or conversations. As the disease progresses, memory impairments worsen and other symptoms develop.

Treatment - An important part of diagnosing Alzheimer's disease includes being able to explain your symptoms, as well as perspective from a close family member or friend about symptoms and their impact on daily life. Additionally, a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is based on tests your doctor administers to assess memory and thinking skills. Laboratory and imaging tests can rule out other potential causes or help the doctor better identify the disease causing dementia symptoms.

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Myocarditis, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

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Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium). The inflammation can reduce your heart's ability to pump and cause rapid or abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Infection with a virus usually causes myocarditis. Sometimes myocarditis can result from a reaction to a drug or be part of a more general inflammatory condition. Signs and symptoms include chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, and rapid or irregular heartbeats. Severe myocarditis weakens your heart so that the rest of your body doesn't get enough blood. Clots can form in your heart, leading to a stroke or heart attack.

Common symptoms - Symptoms include chest pain, abnormal heartbeat and shortness of breath.

Treatment - The treatment for myocarditis depends on the cause.

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Esophagitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the lining of the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. If it is not treated, esophagitis can become very uncomfortable, causing difficulty in swallowing, and ulcers or scarring of the esophagus. Causes include stomach acids backing up into the tube, infection, some medication and allergies. Oesophagitis often causes painful, difficult swallowing and chest pain with eating.

Common symptoms - Emergency symptoms include food stuck in the oesophagus and chest pain that lasts more than a few minutes.

Treatment - Treatment depends on the cause, and can include medication and surgery. In some cases, lifestyle changes may also help.

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Marfan Syndrome - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

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Signs and Symptoms of Scleroderma | Johns Hopkins

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The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research

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Neurofibromatosis (NF) Tumor Surgery | Hannah's Story

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Pathology and Genetics, Animation.

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Vaginitis or vaginal infections, with Dr. Gabrielle Landry

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Aarya Choudhary
Ayushi Sirohia
Fatema Kapadia
Khushbu Tantia
Maahi Jain
Mehek Adhia
Srisha Saha
Priyanka Gupta