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Mobility, Developing and Diseases - week 4

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Mobility, Developing and Diseases - week 4

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People have created mobility by traveling from ancient times. Thanks to this mobility, civilizations were formed with factors such as cultural exchange and the development of trade. People's travel has been an experience for them, and they have contributed to the development of humanity by interacting with people in the places they go. From this point of view, thanks to this mobility created by people, there have been technological advances all over the world. Revolutionary inventions such as the invention of money, the invention of writing, spread along with the travel of people. Thanks to this mobility that occurs in the world, different civilizations have had a chance to interact with each other. In ancient times, such travel was known to be very difficult. Despite this, people called Explorers or travelers made trips to very long distances for those periods. Thanks to these journeys, new continents were discovered, and these led to the development of all civilizations in the world. Currently, it has become very easy to go from one continent to another. If we leave diplomatic processes out, you can go anywhere on a plane. This led to the concept of globalization. Thanks to globalization, everyone living in the world has become aware of everything. Thanks to globalization, it has also become an activity that people can do from their homes to get new experiences. But this mobility has also come at a price. We know that during the discovery of new continents, explorers destroyed them by infecting the natives with diseases. It is also known that many diseases spread through trade in the Middle Ages. We can say that the spread of these epidemics has spread with mobility from the ancient times to the present. These epidemics, which have killed many people around the world, seem to be the price of globalization. But humanity has not stopped mobility, even after many diseases, such as the plague, such as the Spanish flu. Because thanks to this mobility, the development of humanity is moving faster. The ongoing debate over ending this globalization in the Covid process seems meaningless to me. Because of this mobility, information exchange and trade on earth continue. From this point of view, I don't think it is possible to stop globalization. But with the development of technology, it may be possible to carry out processes called globalization and mobility in another way. People can also create mobility by communicating with each other in the virtual world. This can also enable globalization to continue in the virtual world. I think we've seen the best examples of this during the quarantine period. When I was in quarantine, I could track an incident in Italy from my home. I could even communicate with the people there. This has shown me that mobility on earth can continue in many different ways. I think globalization and global mobility will continue after covid. Because the economy is developing through these concepts. For this reason, the attribution of diseases resulting from this mobility to a country or nation creates a danger for everyone. We don't know which country the next disease will come from. As a result of this mobility, which continues to develop in the world, I think it is inevitable that other diseases will appear.

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Social Inequality Reduces Productivity in the City - week 5

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Social Inequality Reduces Productivity in the City - week 5

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Discrimination in social life still persists even in states that present themselves as developed. The examples we see in the articles consist of experiences of discrimination that show that people's entire lives are affected. I think that the discrimination that black people, in particular, suffer just because of their skin colors, affects the social life of the entire city. Because those who commit this racism also interfere with the development of social life. The exclusion of a person who qualifies as a foreigner from society also negatively affects the society in which that person lives. It is possible to see examples of this situation in our own cities. Especially in Turkey, the issue of slums, which became a problem for a period, has turned into social conflicts in Istanbul. At some point, the fact that people living in slums are ignored by society becomes an unsustainable situation for the entire society. The fact that people are grouped and involved in society also causes a polarization in the cities in which they live. I argue that the fact that people living in Philadelphia were not included in public life for a period slowed down development in the city. Because the inability of people to do a job where they can be successful can have negative consequences for the entire society. Examples, such as the excessive taxing of Jews in Simmel's article, have been seen in many states, including the Ottoman Empire. Distinguishing people from society in this way can create social conflicts within society. Or it can cause different discrimination. Although such events should no longer exist today, we still see them in many places. Such discrimination, especially that immigrants are subjected to today, is too much. Immigrants are unable to adapt to society due to these discriminations. In this case, it is impossible for immigrants to become useful individuals to society. The recent Black Lives Matter movement in the United States also shows that even states still discriminate in societies. In contrast to society, the fact that the state mechanism personally commits or condones these discriminations will also cause greater problems in public life in the long term. These discrimination or social inequalities that we see or experience in the cities in which we live cause people who are exposed to these inequalities to be excluded from society. Social inequality is an unacceptable concept, especially considering that people from many different cultures coexist, especially in metropolitan areas. I argue that in order for the city in which we live to be productive on behalf of all, everyone living in the city must take responsibility for reducing social inequalities.

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Center-Periphery Problem and Eonomic-social Interactions in Residential Areas - week 6

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Center-Periphery Problem and Eonomic-social Interactions in Residential Areas - week 6

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In Turkey, there is a problem of center-periphery relations that have existed since the founding of the Republic, not limited to just one city. While this problem is also addressed in political science courses, it is seen as a problem that leads Turkish politics in national and regional terms. In fact, the events in Esenler in 2003 can be seen as a regional reflection of the problem of center-periphery relations.

The increase in slums and irregular construction, the uncontrolled migration situation in the country and economic difficulties also negatively affect the psychology of individuals living in these regions. Because of the current of national and regional nationalism in Turkey, violence has become inevitable. The conflict in the settlement, due to the nationalist thinking structure of the two groups, who lived mostly in Esenler at that time, points to the problem that Turkey experienced for a period. In particular, as mentioned in the article, in the right-left conflicts of the 1980s, the use of these settlements as a fortress pushed the regions to politicize. In these regions, where there are homogeneous groups that suffer from economic difficulties, there have been illegal developments and conflicts of sorts. One of the main reasons for this problem in Istanbul, which is a metropolis, may be an economy that is nonsufficient for the population. In the uncontrolled city of Istanbul, the inability to provide employment and the location of homogeneous settlements and the formation of ghettos in this direction cause people to create anarchy. In the article given as an example, does not require a conflict between the two groups, while lack of education and the poor state of the economy and associated unemployment provoke people. At the same time, political problems have caused people in this region to suffer the greatest damage in political conflicts.

Currently, when we look at Esenler district, as mentioned in the article, it is a district that has been the center of textile workshops. It can also be seen as a heterogeneous region, as it is also a neighborhood inhabited by foreign immigrants. Since the textile sector, which forms part of Turkey's export economy, is dense in Esenler, it can be observed that this district is in a better economic condition. At the same time, it has become a multi-cultural district from a political and economic point of view, as it has become a place where many immigrants also live. From this point of view, if a settlement has a good economy and a heterogeneous population, the district becomes a more socially and economically developed place.

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Imbalanced Developments and Cultural Differences in Cities - week 8

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Imbalanced Developments and Cultural Differences in Cities - week 8

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The unstoppable rise of cities that gained financial power continues from the beginning of 1900 to the present day. The example of Doha in Elshestawy's article is also an important example in terms of developing cities. The biggest reason for this is that a city, unlike ancient times, developed with financial improvements rather than cultural ones. While these cities are developing, not all regions are developing in the same way. At the same time, the image of these developing cities on earth is reflected in the same way as the culture they are connected to. I want to go through an example that I have observed myself. In many films featuring Istanbul, only authentic parts of Istanbul, unlike modern sides, are featured in the films. The James Bond films are one of the striking examples of this. In the film, Istanbul is shown as a city like located in the desert. In fact, some of the scenes shot are set in the city of Adana, which has a warm climate. From the point of view of their image of cities, the representation of Istanbul as a city in a different style than it is has similar qualities to the prejudices described in the article. But in addition to the sophistication of Istanbul, there are many districts that do not benefit from these financial advantages. In these districts, distorted urbanization, economic difficulties and social inequalities are striking. From this point of view, if the developments of cities in order to change their overall image are not evenly distributed within the city, no matter how bright the front of the city is, the disadvantaged status of the districts in the back will continue to be an indicator of the inequality in the city.

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I see Koolhaas's term Junkspace as a criticism of the world order. The inequalities, excesses and consumption spree contained in the world order have been referred to as Junkspace. I don't think it's possible to define it as a term, but when we look at the world from a broad angle, it's clearer what Koolhaas try to say that about the order. The order of construction and consumption on earth has become uncontrollable. Because of this newly created order, many things, such as value judgments, aesthetic perceptions, are in danger of disappearing. The striking aspect of Koolhaas's article is that it portrays junkspace as a phenomenon that encompasses all these situations. The author, through junkspace, brings a critique of this out-of-control order. Excess production on earth, recycling problems, damage to nature by humans also cause people to harm themselves. It is impossible to say that people have this consciousness, because no one can make an assessment from a broad perspective. This unconscious expansion on earth has also faced people with many environmental disasters before. These disasters sometimes manifested themselves to people as sudden explosions, sometimes as long-term disasters. But despite all this, it seems that people still do not have a consciousness against this uncontrolled order. Given that these damages to nature are caused by uncontrolled expansions, we need to know that I have to limit ourselves. In terms of the continuity of the world and civilizations, this restriction is of great importance. Otherwise, in this out-of-control order, humanity's self-destruction is seen as an inevitable end.

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A Sensitive Point in Urbanization: Culture - week 14

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A Sensitive Point in Urbanization: Culture - week 14

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I think people living in an area have become part of a culture created in that area. Although this culture is different to some people, the people who live in this culture may not be destructive, even if they are critical of their culture. In particular, in mega cities, very different cultures can emerge according to the districts. In the emergence of these cultures, apart from economic and social reasons, the cultures that the people who live in that neighborhood bring from their past can also have an importance. Apart from the fact that people who come to this area from outside cannot adapt to the existing culture, the people who live in this area are unlikely to leave this culture. At this point, the interesting part is the cultural conflict that occurs as a result of the construction of a neighborhood with subsequent intervention. As a result of this conflict, the cultural difference between those who already live in the neighborhood and the people who move to that neighborhood due to new construction can create a cultural conflict, as well as it can be possible for one of the two sides to impose their own culture on the other. Districts that are not in a good economic state are also likely to protect their own culture, despite what is done from the outside. For reasons such as unemployment, precariousness, crime rates, drug use increased in districts, instead of a concrete intervention from outside, these districts that have their own culture can be improved by making changes within their culture. It is of great importance that these interventions in the name of improvement are not in the opposite direction to the culture to which people are connected. Otherwise, despite this precarious life, people may not want to respond to the help that needs to be done for fear of losing their culture.