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tag question 'do you understand this?' making his rights clear, both for him and the recording being taken to show that the officer is doing their job correctly

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Has to be done by the police.

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JS makes it look like he has knowledge and ideas power over the officer in the interview

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positional power - the officer clearly controls the conversation and the ideas being talked about, as seen through the topic looping.

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jimmy has the answers that the police do not know

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'ok' - colloquial register attempting to create a more casual atmosphere.

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Nomination - addressing using first name 'Jimmy' to establish a relationship and create rapport

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The police officer is in control of the topic management. It implies this when the officer interrupted JS to ensure they have got the beginning of the recording done, so they are correctly doing their job

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police terminology is used when telling JS his rights and the information about the interview: custody, arrest

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persuade, influence or gain over by argument, advice or entreaty

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Suspects/victims may have knowledge and ideas power.

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Police/interviewers hold positional and practical power over the victim/suspect

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Interviewers need to be professional, knowledgeable, willing to develop rapport

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main purpose is to gather info, free flowing- without a script

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Victim - these interviews are influenced by prejudice, anger, pain and fear, in addition to age, gender, cognitive ability and fear of disclosure.
Witness - eyewitness evidence is notoriously inaccurate, incomplete and unreliable.
Suspects - shares influences with victim, and has consequences to fear.

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The police and the criminal are both being recorded, so the criminal may use language which is more apropriate so they don't get in too much trouble/ even more trouble. The police will aslo be more professional, so it implies they are doing their job properly

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Police have to tell you your rights and what you're entitled to.

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police codes are used in order to give a quicker way of relaying vital information, incidents or roles

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Interviewing people is a big part of a policeman's job. Given that investigating a crime requires interviewing witnesses, victims and suspects, and sometimes a great many of each, law enforcement has developed a number of interview techniques to extract the maximum information and verify the accuracy of the interviewee's statements. Policemen generally receive some training on interview techniques in their police academy training, but the majority learn the most effective interview techniques through advanced trainings and practical experience.

Visual Cues

The visual cues interview method focuses on nonverbal communication such as eye contact or body posture. For example, according to researchers Gordon and Fleisher, "When eyes move upward and to the right in one's gaze, this indicates a suspect may be creating or adding information to something they are attempting to visualize." The visual cues method relies on the practical experience and skills of the interviewing officer and the expertise of the interviewee in dissembling. While some studies have shown evidence of the value of this method, other more recent studies suggest that it is of limited value.

Baseline Method

The baseline method focuses on both visual and speech-related cues, such as the degree of eye contact or hesitations in speech. The idea with this method is to compare an interviewee's verbal and non-verbal responses during informal conversation before the interview with the responses during the actual interview. Studies have demonstrated that speech-related cues are a more useful interview tool than visual cues, but the baseline method is also inherently unreliable given the wide variety of individual interviewee behaviors.

Behavioral Analysis Interview

The BAI method, or Behavioral Analysis Interview, focuses on comparing the verbal and nonverbal responses of interviewees to specific questions. Some have described BAI as testing the nerves of interviewees. Recent studies have also suggested that this method is of limited value, in some cases showing that those who were lying in interviews were less nervous and more helpful than those telling the truth.

Reverse Recall Method

The reverse recall method involves having the interviewee recount his story in reverse order. The first studies demonstrating the effectiveness of the reverse recall method were published in 2007, and it is already being used by law enforcement in the United States and the United Kingdom. The idea here is to increase the cognitive load of the interviewee, as this makes it more difficult to dissemble without giving nonverbal cues. One study in the UK demonstrated that police were significantly better able to discriminate between truthful and false accounts when viewing videos of reverse recall interviews.

Cognitive Interview Method

The cognitive interview method is designed for interviewing victims and witnesses. The idea here is to help the witness recollect in as much detail as possible, and the general method is to recreate the context of the event to stimulate the interviewee's memory. The cognitive interview method is less formal and the interviewer encourages his interviewee to express his feelings. There is no pressure to continue the interview if the interviewee becomes emotional or distressed. The cognitive interview method has been shown to be very effective in getting victims and witnesses to recall important details that help to solve crimes.

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Police Interview Techniques. Interviewing people is a big part of a policeman's job. Given that investigating a crime requires interviewing witnesses, victims and suspects, and sometimes a great many of each, law enforcement has developed a number of interview techniques to extract the maximum information and ...

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Fairclough: synthetic personalisation, creating a relationship between the speaker and listener. Lexical asymmetry, one party has more power than the other.
Wareing: types of power; instrumental, personal, political, social group, influential
Brown and Levinson: positive and negative face/politeness.
Giles: accommodation theory, changing prestige to converge or diverge.

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http://webs.ucm.es/info/circulo/no71/cetkovic.pdf

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Police are trained how to speak with adult criminal and minor criminals, and the approach is very different

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DUI - driving under influence

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immediate help required

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Article: New York Times, 'Police (Cops?) Have Slanguage of Own'

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Article: New York Times, 'Police (Cops?) Have Slanguage of Own'

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Looking at slang used by police in NYC, which is 'largely unknown to the public'.
(https://www.nytimes.com/1970/02/15/archives/police-cops-have-slanguage-of-own.html)

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Critical discourse analytic techniques are used in interpreting the outcome and the implications for training

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"you are being detained"
have to be clear

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estimated time of arrival

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IC1 white Northern European
IC2 white south European
IC3 black
IC4 Asian
IC5 Chinese, Japanese, or other southeast Asian
IC6 Arabic or North African
IC9 unknown

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RTC
Road Traffic Collision

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Okay

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Arrest- take into police control
At large- not caught
Cruiser- police car
Book- register a criminal
Assailant- person who assaults or attacks

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- DUI: driving under influence
- FTA: failure to appear
- Assailant: the person who assaults or attacks
- Felony: major crime
- ADW: assault with a deadly weapon
- PV: parole violation
- DOC: disorderly conduct
- AC: assistant commissioner
- BME: black or ethnic minority
- A&E: accident and emergency