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Years that are testable and aren't large content but are necessary to understand the history past it
Gatherers become sedentary,  evolving into either sedietary or nomads. (different branches of living in farming, ranching and village life as the planet warms up.) The first times new technology begins and humanity becomes more organized and matures into the main civilization (greece, rome, china, india) and grow into empires and the birth of most modern religion. Real migration and trade routes.

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BCE/CE- common era
BC/AD- before christ/after death
both acceptable

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Conquering and controlling other people.

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Period 1 Post Classical Era (600 CE-1450 CE)

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Period 1 Post Classical Era (600 CE-1450 CE)

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Beginnings of islam and middle eastern groups and the rise of russian groups. New americans isolated from the rest of the world in the aztec and other empires. The eastern and middle world growths and religion becomes pivot points. China and japanese high point creating most of Eurasian innovation as western europe falls.

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Period 2 Early Modern Era (1450 CE-1750 CE)

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Period 2 Early Modern Era (1450 CE-1750 CE)

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Scientific revolution, colonization and the americas connection to the outer world in conquest. Global trading routes and the triangle trade begins. Asian Gunpowder Empires such as the ottoman empire and new military technology. After genius Japan and China miss out of the global expansion and stay self focused and shut off. Japan has self infliction and conflict and europe strives the control the western worlds.

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Fall semester with enlightenment and revolution.

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Period 4 Contemporary World (1900 CE - 2020 CE)

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Period 4 Contemporary World (1900 CE - 2020 CE)

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S-social, organization, family, norms, language etc
P-political, governance, warfare, diplomancy
I-interaction with environment,
C-culture, think, made, create, technology
E-economic, systems, trade, exchange

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Absolutism moves into baroque, beginning in the reformation it is more made for the religion control and aspects. The catholic church saw the christian division created emotional art. Displayed power of the monarch and divine rule. ALso begins the rise of many kings see the catholics doing this, they try to utilize it for political gain transforming into political art globally with art and architecture.
Beginning of larger inspiring art pieces, taking walls and ceilings commissioned by royal courts of france and spain. More emotionalism and exaggerated realism as the majority of the uneducated were targeted and systematic religious ideals. As baroque was originally too much and negative to describe overly dramatic in real time. Back tot he building it was wanted to be seen not a build but given and found less a construction effort.

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Louis XIV
o-portrait of his position
p- purple and red contrast with him and his throne and items
T- just his name, symbolizing power
I- the elements of flexing is wealth C- wow rich but still a person

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Gian Lorenzo Bernini- Heir to michelangelo, and finished many of his pieces, creating the architecture of buildings while sculpting within, mostly of st Peters branching off into different areas and is the main baroque leads.
Voltaire- Know for quotes and ideas  of freedom and religions toleration and freedom, such as the catholic church and alternate events like the emergence of atheism. The patterns of his thoughts could be deism such as god being like a clock maker, make sure it works but let it work upon its own and laws but no latter involvement. Enlightened Absolutism, its okay to have powerful leaders as long as they are ¨enlightened¨ and give power to people and care for them.
Montesquieu- Known for Spirit of The Laws, believes in separation of powers and the balancing of such. he brought up limited government.
John Locke- Know for the Two Treaties on Government. Early for the period but has common ideas such as Natural rights and that by being upon this earth you have rights such as life liberty and Property saying the government has three jobs to protect, my life freedom and stuff. Many speakers slightly change this is inspire revolution during this time. Limits government and says if it doesn't do that then we get to revolt.
Jean Jacques Rousseau- Much younger thinker and one of the most recent. Very dramatic and a mess yet has formal thought such as The Formal Contract, with ideas that government and civilians sign a contracting by working together. another idea is general will, similar to majority rules deciding what should be done, a very republican concept and also limiting. Another great defender of education and wrote about his ideas a lot such as the student choosing studies and make it upon student led ideas, still a progressive and popular idea, But all these good ideas comes with the flaw of his alful view of women and possibly other minorities and equality.
Condorcet- Much smaller but advocated for the ending of slavery but was very early on and calls for gender equality and more social freedom but less by government and politics.
Beccaria- Crimes and Punishment, unlike the former rights much for on government equality and less about education and social aspects on its own. Mainly fair punishment and equal punishment for same crime but remove economic discrimination. Another more progressive idea is focusing upon rehabilitation that every one should get what they need to function their best and live the easiest more themselves.
Diderot- Edits writes and brings together the encyclopedia of so many different studies and knowledges. The example about common enlightenment, The picture of knowledge.
Mary Wollstonecraft- Important of many ideas and is a woman writer and mother of the writer of frankenstein, also know as the first Feminist and doesn't write about government or education much other that with ideas of equality and that bringing the gender closer together such as the VIndication of the rights of Man and another book that is the vindication of the rights of women, the former being during the french revolution and the rights of me and praise of equality but makes the sequel  which is a clever concept of women need rights as much as men since they teach the most of bring the men the most ideas.
Adam Smith- The main economic writer such as the Wealth of Nation with ideas of capitalism, investments and industrial revolution and a stolen idea of Laissez Faire which translates to let it be and leaving action out such as the governments involvement of government but education should be ran by the ´invisible hand´ and just like rights and science should have  natural flow and determining their price. Finding where the line matches of income and requirement with out government involvement.
Jonathan Edwards- Believed all humans are sinners and that god is an ¨Angry Judge¨ and that its our individual and natural duty to beg for forgiveness from god or else we´ll pay the ultimate price.

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Exploration- Trade, National Glory and Religion
Trade- Avoiding the middle man and taking control of the KNOWN oceanic trades
National Glory- Kings want to put the names on discoveries and a country competitions.
Religion- Lets also bring it along but more for colonization but not the intent of exploration.
Discovery of the western world leads to a time of conquering. but different levels of colonization, with more restricted action in north america as opposed to the southern. such as the main groups of spain and portugal in the more southern areas as north america was more british and french presence.

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¨Dare to Know! Have the courage to use your own reason! This is the motto of the enlightenment.¨- Immanuel Kant
All spice, less environment
Major Idea of enlightenment
Natural RIghts, next step of the scientific revolution, the concept of natural social laws and rights or government and what they should act upon or become limited, as most find out. Power is not unlimited and goes back upon  baroque ideas with out equality. Questions education after the last era and the differing levels and religion. Causes many actions of revolution.

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Overview- Why are there man that are elevated above the people? Who are they? What are they preaching?
Parts-I notice the many tents and temporary housing around the fort/tower structure that is surrounded by persons and the use of lighting to show off such tower.
Title- ¨The Puritan Camp¨ Hits towards this being or religions intention and that this could be a small community of puritans or the camp title could be relating to somewhere the puritans are send towards
Interrelation- There's a relation to where they are standing and their expression, the closer they are the more focused they seem along with in relation to the environment they are in the open area avoiding sitting in the tree which both symbolize an important message is being shared or its something the people want to invest in.
Conclusion= In conclusion the Puritan Camp seems to be a pice about gathering and the spread of their religions beliefs outside of a main area of europe. This painting also depicts multipule persons uniting for a sole purpose, again which is hinted towards being of religions intent with the title and their (the attendees) positioning towards the center piece.

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“Overview” — two initial questions you have “Parts” — What do you notice? Think about artistic choices also “title/Text” — What does the title reveal/Imply about the work? Think both literally & figuratively “Interrelationships” — What relationships do you notice? Connections between parts/subjects?“Conclusion” — Analyze the work as a whole. Connect the literary work of art to a bigger idea. Society of the time, political event, military, economy, philosophy, etc. 

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“Overview” — two initial questions you have “Parts” — What do you notice? Think about artistic choices also “title/Text” — What does the title reveal/Imply about the work? Think both literally & figuratively “Interrelationships” — What relationships do you notice? Connections between parts/subjects?“Conclusion” — Analyze the work as a whole. Connect the literary work of art to a bigger idea. Society of the time, political event, military, economy, philosophy, etc. 

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Reached and spread across mainly the english colonies during 1730-1770, Post-Enlightenment was dedicated to religion and devotion to god and moving away from reason and science focus.  Resistance to the rational of the Enlightenment, more so bring colonial unity from this debate and sides in the first national event.
*See John Edwards Above*
He tried to push the religion is the moral compass and that if not they will ¨all burn in hell¨ and that the revival was his duty and the calling of god himself. Main Sermon was delivered on July 8th in 1741, employing the concept of ¨Preaching by Terror¨ since many were losing sight of their religions aspects. His themes were than sinners face fearful and endless pain from God and that his wrath is divine and unpredictable with complete control over your life and the entirety of your lifes actions.

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9-18 Optic                       ¨Human Understanding¨

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9-18 Optic                       ¨Human Understanding¨

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Overview- A group of what looks to be men of sciences and varied topics, possible philosophical in nature. Note the many technologies and tools around the painting.
Parts- Lots of people, detailed expressions comparable to thought and processing. Entirely men, all seem to be sharing ideas. Also has many tools and items laid out seeming to be for use or trial.
Title- ¨Human Understanding¨, This title clarifies the action of this piece and explains the arrangement of men around the area. Also connects to the era as its the spread of knowledge and expansion.
Interrelation- Many of the persons are conversating or spreading knowledge, some by simply talking others by demonstrating with their items.
Conclusion- Overall this piece demonstrates the snowballing of information and is a smaller representation of what is going on in the world at this time with the spread of knowledge and information for the betterment of society even if it is portrayed oddly or has its setbacks.

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Atlantic Revolutions (1750-1900) Includes The America, French, Haitian, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina and Brazilian Revolutions.Lots of content and could be used from any angle.
American Revolution- The British Colonial Empire had a lot of causes for revolution, Such as the Enlightenment the one constant of all revolutions of this era and its ideas (see enlightenment notes), Excessive taxation or striving for no taxation without representation and economic oppression , Deprivation of rights like in the constitution and the pursuit of life liberty and happiness and wanting to act upon the rights they seek to do and behave on, Lack of Governmental representation such as doubling back to no taxation w/o representation and failure to have representation in Parliament like the homeland had and wanting a say in it, Restrictive Laws like all the acts of this time ex intolerable acts, Mercantilism and Economic Intrusion, the king has power over anything and that the colonies provides only wealth and resources of the mainland, controlling all resources and actions.
French Revolution- Not a fight for freedom but for release from absolutism and recreating their government. The revolution comes in four parts from 1789-1799, and an extra era of napoleon to 1815.
¨It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness¨ The french just fought for the american revolution and France had to pay for all of the american revolution that bankrupts them, but they did not get that from their home country. France had done this to hit Britain due to their hatred for each other. Another cause is the enlightenment and growth of limiting power, natural rights, and class equality.  These ideas stirred in France for a long time before the revolutions and what to do with their laws and power not only in the mainland but the colonies. Another push was the monarchy being out of touch but still having power over the country, especially for Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette as they were incompetent and unequipped for his position, and Marie wasn't french and was Austrian and created lots of money for little cause and was unknowing of her country's state. Unlike America France is out of money and has kept fighting for many years and are lacking funding and began to tax so much and so often that they can't fund themselves.  Another detail is the food shortages and lacking enough food to go around as it grows in price. Social inequality also has a system of the Three Estates such as the Nobility, clergy and everyone else that wasn't royal, religious or a large landowner. The Third estate is everything and should be the main force.
Convening the Estates General, May 1789. The Kings main taxation increases, but he has a meeting with representatives from each region and every Estate and to vote upon taxation to resolve the crisis of the economy. The beginning of the French revolution. The third estate brings their own difficulties and Louis only speaks on taxes and requires one vote from each group, despite size and the third estate refuses to vote, and goes to a court area and makes their own oath to themselves to create constitution without motivation for taxes along with members of the other groups. And is allowed by Louis as hes out of options and starts peaceful by the actions of lawmakers.
Haitian Revolution-
Latin Revolutions-

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The Four Phases of the French Revolution

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The Four Phases of the French Revolution

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National Assembly-The first and most moderate phase, feels like a enlightenment push and is evolutionary, it is just writing a constitutional monarchy as agreed upon by King Louis XVI. After the first promise The king had begun to mobilize the military to Paris on Bastille Day, July 14. The people arm themselves from the prison of basti and steal the weapons, but not really free the prisoners and begin to breakdown the prison, as the king backs away the military due to the urban poor. Later July the ¨Great Fear¨ begins as the people of the country side joins in the revolt, all for different reasons where some overlap but not the same exact goals. The solution is to make everyone equal that balances out most persons and silences most rebellion in a document similar to a bill of rights constitution hybrid. The document that embodies the enlightenment made everyone equal was the Declaration of the Bill of RIghts of Man written in 1789, statements such as equalizing social class, basics, and in government such as life liberty and property. Wollstonecraft defends this document, another is Olympe the Gouges who wrote the same document but with the rights of women, and his later imprisoned and dies. The March of women is another march to find bread and looking for the rules food resources, but this mob takes the rulers to Paris. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy takes over the church and brings more religions intent around 1790.
Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité!
Legislative Assembly- The Declaration of Pillnitz by the king of austria promises war to who ever hurts the queen of paris, as other european countries join in around paris as Louis with the queen try to flee the country through Varennes as a loyal monarch bows to the king, and many constitutions take him back to paris and are not in prison as the Austrian forces approach. The Sans-Culottes or Parisian Poor riots again while trying to put everything together as the people take it on their own and the assembly is shut down for 10 months.
National Convention-  ¨The Republic¨ is the most republic time of the revolution as is supposed to be about the people but is the deadliest and dangerous time as the King is killed after Maximilien Robespierre ( a writer of the revolutions documents.) He claims the people are uneducated and do not understand the revolution and creates the committee of Public Safety. ¨You have to have terror, You have to have fear for the revolution to progress¨, as fear is the only thing the people understand. The ¨Reign of Terror¨ follows as people are arrested (300,00), mostly regular unknowing people, and many are killed 16-30k, and many act different and changing their actions. The committee creates this fear and tries to push finding the end and real enlightenment. Marat is a newspaper editor who worked with Maximillion and would publish the list of traitors and negative portrayal of loyalists, a woman named Charlotte Corday killed Marat trying to stop the killings. She acts as a person with a list of people and stabs him in his bath and he becomes a divine figure unlike what many perceived. The painting by Jacques Louis David is utilized a lot for this.
The war is now coming from austria perisa and britain and the Levee en masse, aka a large drafting being to deal with the war. Also during the Reign of Terror the Guillotine is an enlightenment tool that is simplistic and kills all in the same way. on January 21 Louis XVI has been sent to death and several weeks later the queen is killed. Franc tries to de christianize as streets, hours, days and months are changed and altered for confusion. The revolution brought away religion and many dropped out of this and reason takes place and becomes a cult of reason and the revolution goes too far.
Robespierre keeps pushing and acts like God is shouted down and the Thermidorian Reaction, he is killed by his own revolutionaries and the government has to begin again.
The Directory-  a commit is formed called the Directory that strives to fix the economy and repair the ruins of France. They're successful and improve the state of france as rioting ends and fighting ceases. The government gets things done and ends around 1799 and many revolutionaries are left and don't know if their goal was accomplished and try to take one more shot to bring a big splash, a big drop of the enlightenment and brings in Napoleon to take back power in France and to best embody the enlightenment in a military coup.
Napoleon- He utilized military control to gain control and once hes in power he holds an election for his continuation in power and is voted to stay in power 1799, with the title of consul. Consul is military for power but still voted upon. He created the Napoleonic Code, which is the first fulfilled rights and codes of France affirming basic natural rights and that the government has to protect them and include education separate from the church and learn about the world and be productive and enlightened, but has flaws such as excluding women and giving them similar rights to a child. He also utilizes a secret police force to spy upon people and allows use of titles, pandering to all communities. Napoleon is obsessed with person of talent being in use of the government and perferring experience and skill to family connections. After a few years he transfers himself to emperor and has this event, and crowns himself instead of letting to pope have political powers above him. in 1804 he seeks expansion and growth. Causes louisiana purchase from the french due to the loss of Haiti and gives him cash to fight his war after giving up on the american involvement. In the height of his empire he gains control over Spain and the German states and directly controls some states and small unions, and proceeds to form bond with other countries threatening control over them in the rest of europe and into the north. In places his family in control of these areas that are pseudo independent and indirectly controlling most europe besides britain and portugal. From the removal of the spanish king begins the latin colonies independence on the Third of May 1808. Following in 1812 Napoleon tries to invade russia, which hitler later tries and fails bc he dumb, but napoleon marches straight into russia straight into moscow. He has arrogance and says to not bring winter supplies as russian winter comes early in september and russia develops a scorched earth policy, which means they burn all that could benefit napoleon in war. The russias decided better gone that in the hands of his enemy, and his advisors know this. They make it to an empty Moscow and everything is burned and now has to retreat and loses this battle to the german colonies and loses 560k men. he agrees to exile and is sent to Elba, close to Europe in Italy and Napoleon takes a ship back with his men and enters italy. The nephew of the last king becomes ruler, Louis XVIII and sends troops to napoleon in the alps. Napoleon gains the trust of these men and comes back into power as the rest of Europe was like what the fuck and rebuilds his empire and goes to war. He loses at Waterloo and is exiled yet again to St. Helena. He lives his life there but dies and is buried in a great pantheon and is a historic hero. The rest of Europe has the meeting of Vienna to decide what to do with France and its leaders, They don't destroy France but tells them to return all land and return money and start from the ground up and still be a community of the nations. They seek to create a balance of power to end the Nepoleoic Era.

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Which is enlightenment and french revolutionary art is was stiff and simplistic and lacked over detailing and complexity. Primary artists of this time are Nicolai Abraham Abildgaard, Jacques-Louis David, and and painter Angelica Kauffman.
The Death of Socrates- Simple lighting and lacking strong emotions, utilizes less contrast and less detail and portrays simple events.
The Oath of the Horatii- Simple background and flatter themes, not very emotional and plain in comparison as mostly human parts and lacking strong interconnections.

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Copy of Simon Bolivar HIPP Activity.docx

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Another episode of the Atlantic Revolution, in the central americas spain is controlling the coastal borders and down the aztec empire on the western coast down past brazil. Similar to before enlightenment life liberty and property is a popular idea and many start questioning rights and the ideas of freedoms. Similar to the 13th colonies, not wanting to be under control and feeding of the american revolutions ideas for the other revolutions.
Another aspect was Creole discontent, a european that lived in the colonies. Many have lived in generations there and want to live for themselves. Casta Painting also defined social class and the enforcement of creole titles and disregard in racial history.
Other revolutions were big players in the beginning of this revolution and its strength as many others were fighting for the same ideas and it was easy to share ideas and to follow them.
Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in Fighting Napoleonic War where Kings where the home land where they no longer had strong powers and they could no longer be a colony of no one. Many revolutions snowballed from this such as revolution is haiti, mexico and brazil. Simon Bolivar is the brains, or main speaker of this era and is a writer of this idea in colonial central america, his plan was a united states of america, being like america working together but being separate lands under one name.
The muscle of the revolution is know as Jośe de st Martín as he crosses the andes and move from the south and bring forth battle and independence, but not where they thought they could be.
Brazil´s Different War- unlike uprisings, war and insurrection they have much less fighting. The leaders in portugal have moved here but most return to their country to deal with napoleon, but his son stays and becomes influenced by the creoles and on behalf of the royal family is going to become emperor over brazil. Hes influence of his people and it becomes a independent land with out much war. The people threaten him when he tries to take away slavery until much after and becomes one of the last to abolish slavery. They have much more economic growth as the rest of the revolutions gain economic stability much later.
1. independence for spanish and portugal in latin america, 2. but does not bring unity unlike north america with civil wars and cultural differences with different currency and  defined by disunity. 3. Brought more poverty over all unlike america. They fall behind and cant gain stability as fast as the rest of the revolutions in north america. 4. They struggle with democracy and became Caudillos who are dictators that control with a constitution, but don't follow it very well and don't have much stability and become what the  leaders want it to be, besides brazil.
5. Additional events
-Feuds in leaders
-Geographic barriers for countries
-Consistent social hierarchy
- Conservatives favored the old social order and want to give themselves power and not people of other background.
-Calls for land reform as they have much for limited land and many cannot have land take by borders and government
-No rights for women and could not have anything other than traditional roles
-Dependant on foreign powers to control the new countries.
- Continued strong control of the old Catholic Church.
Caribbean was disputed as the americans want to pursue control over them and the us declare themselves the power of the western world even if it meant being a danger to the rest of the hemisphere.

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Embedding is quotes pair with our own words, do not only utilize a quote on its on. Place quote at the beginning end or middle of a sentence.
Citations can be through parenthesis or narratively.
Parenthetical- Authors name is not in the sentence, but within the citation. The the last name and page number should be included at the end of a sentence but not after it.
Narratively- Narrative citation us when you mention the author in the original sentence and include the page number after it.
When siting put the parentheses before the period, or last grammar symbol. No comma between the last name and page number. also include a space.
Do not include the entire name or the chapter or book.
Include appropriate spacing are the citation.
Avoid these statements:
¨On page 24,¨
¨The narrator says¨
¨In chapter 2, this quote states¨
¨For example when¨

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O-overview of this image
P-parts and important details of the piece that hint to motives and explanation
T-title and text of the art that may explain or connect the era and its representation
I-interrelationships in the image or the connection of parts, text, the title for a mood or conveyed argument.
C-conclusion about the piece artist concept or era as a whole and ideas it represents.

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Definition: reference to sensory details (5 senses: touch, taste, smell, see, hear) that enable the reader to visualize the event based on previous sensory experiences they’ve had

Purpose(s)

to capture a reader’s attention, allowing the author to to engage with them mentally, physically, and emotionally make experiences/ ideas/ events relatable to the reader

when the reader feels connected to a character/experience, they are more invested in the plot

When they are more invested in the “plot” they are more likely to be influenced by the author’s purpose

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Definition: style of speaking or writing, determined by the choice of words by a speaker or a writer; appropriate for the context when used

Purpose: writers choose words to create and convey a typical mood, tone, and atmosphere to their readers. A writer’s choice of words, and his selection of graphic words, not only affect the reader’s attitude, but also conveys the writer’s feelings toward the literary work

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Definition: A comparison of two ideas, events, objects, or people that does not utilize like or as

Purpose: connect “something”  that is less understood with something that is more understood — help the reader understand something they otherwise might not have.

Example: “Henry was a lion on the battlefield”. This sentence suggests that Henry fought so valiantly and bravely that he embodied all the personality traits we attribute to the ferocious animal. This sentence implies immediately that Henry was courageous and fearless, much like the King of the Jungle.

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A type of writing to improve behavior and insight better action with sarcasm and irony of reality.
Usually depicts modern involvements in a form of political commentary (more that just the facts news). Describes the negative of a situation and tries to motivate better behavior by ridiculing the bad.
Inspires critical thinking by highlighting the worse of ourselves often targeting comment activities we involve our self with in a humorous or entertaining manner to some but may come off as dark or unfunny.
Takes on the bigger problems of our society in small pieces of humor. entertains while teaching a narrative and providing a point.
Some examples depict a country as a person and its actions, ads changed to be more blunt, and taking something down to its core and comparing it.
Humorizes an idea, person, community or institution but is NOT just to be a joke, it also should be to make people think and learn.

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What makes satire a powerful form of political commentary?

It unlike most politics contains humorous approach that is easier to consume but still has an underlying meaning.
What does a satirist have to consider when crafting {his OR her} work?
Their perspective, audience, topic, joke, and the portrayal of the opinion.
What are some potential downfalls or disadvantages of the use of satire?
A large downfall is missing the point or putting too much into the joke causing a change in the meaning or getting the wrong audience.

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Jonathan Swift was an Anglo-Irish writer that was most known for his satirical content and portrayal of politics in the 1700s. Lived 1667-1745.
A Modest Proposal

According to Swift, what is the problem, and to what extent is it a problem?

THe problem he tackles in ireland is famine and stagger of food items that are killing families and vastly injuring the population.

What information does he include that leads you to this conclusion?

How he describes the falling population and speaks about putting food in to every home and work for the good of this country.

According to Swift, what are some of the principal advantages to his proposal?

He mostly wants to provide to the health of families and making sure every mouth is fed, but it also opens up opportunities to lowering population to stable amounts along with opening up more trade within and outside the country to grow the economy to become even more productive maybe even to a point to roll back the proposal.

What are the possible objections to Swift’s the proposal?

The main objection is morality and perception of human life, which is exactly his point in this writing is to understand the humanity withing us and to put forth ideas and proposals with the intent of improving society.

In what way(s) does Swift acknowledge some of the objections?

In what way(s) does Swift argue some of the objections?

Whom does Swift criticize in this piece?

He criticizes other countries that are doing well or have immigrated to areas of ireland that have high moral and worth of a human life.

What changes does he hope to bring about?

He in actuality what's to bring stability to his country and support to the poorer less stable families that are lacking materials to care for their families and themselves.

How would you characterize Swift’s overall tone in the essay?

Almost like its hard to keep it steady, very sarcastic and without definite passion, and is a very base of satire.

How does he appeal to his audience?

By

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Imitation of another work in a gray area of satire and sarcasm. Makes up but also has point and purpose.

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T- Mournful, yet disappointed, serious but not stern
W- Descriptive and detailed, but realistic without over dramatization, accurate and sorrowful.
I- War, firearms, destructive weaponry as well as gloomy poor young men that were not prepared.
S- As if it wasn't true, almost musical in layout,
T- War is damaging to every part of oneself and brings unpredicted outcomes

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Verbal Cleverness, come up with fast humor in any condition.

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Industrial Revolution and Romanticism Pt 1

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Industrial Revolution and Romanticism Pt 1

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Introduction: Summary of Imagery in events and how it changed our perception of event sand baise.
1.  Street view looking down on people, negative
2. Modern rise around the eiffel tower, positive
3. Telephone and telegraph, pos
4. Women and children working in textile, negative
5. Vehicle assembly, neutral
6. Political cartoon, low wages and high rent, neg
7. Train, pos
8. Camera, pos
9. Light bulb,pos
10. Industrial CIty,neg
11. Coal Mine, neg
12. A store with supplies, positive
The Industrial era had many different views and changing sides that were double edged, such as the growth of factorial production seen in images 5 and 10 that depict factories creating items but inflicting the environment and releasing smoke and by product into the air. Images such as 9 and 3 depict creations that are revolutionary and important to human growth and lead to great changes and the positive of the revolution as images such as 6 and 11 show the problems with creating so freely damaging people's work conditions and the economy moving too fast for the working class during this era as it depicts uncomfortable conditions and rise of rent but more jobs causing lower pay. This time has many sides and benefited society while they blindly feel in love with it as it got harder to sustain a family. It's easy to say this time was revolutionary and successful but it visibly caused a lot of background damage like i mentioned in 6 and 11 where conditions are described negatively and could be very troubling but distractions such as images 9, 3 and 8 seem to enticing and entertaining that it's easy to see that these could be distracting factors of the industrial revolution.

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To What Extent Does Global Capitalism Diffuse?

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To What Extent Does Global Capitalism Diffuse?

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Proto-Industrialization:
We see textile growth, the first non man or animal made product made in houses in the cottage system where everybody not needed on the farm anymore and many look for wages and textile becomes popular. It begins piecemeal systems from buying wool and parts from a previous stable economy, or employing people for their skills with wool in small steps with one person specializing in a step that completes this and his paid for this action. Many steps are taken and people are paid.
First Industrial Revolution:
In england with textiles the steam engine, and mass factory production and is no longer just manual labor.
The Second Industrial Revolution:
Or the Heavy Industry in germany, steel and chemicals are used and production is no longer cloth and old actions but juts into whats never done before and new ideas are created such as interchangeable parts and machines creating machines. germany sets up a strong economy and becomes a world competitory power with weapons and creations.

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The Workshop of The World or england controls a lot of the economy and has a unique advantage such as the environment being rich in materials naturally such as many rivers and coastal reach making trade and supplies easy to move around. 2nd Agricultural Revolution, where farming greatly increased and improves the new efficiency, crops, and technology. Urbanization in need of new jobs and economy from the creation of many new jobs and requiring less workers per job leading to lots of people without jobs and becoming desperate and creating towns and places to live or new areas of workers. Flowing constant resources from colonies all of the world that are diverse and cant be as obtained from other regions making it so they gain a foreign market. Government changes and the enlightenment changes the rights and claims, incentivising risk and feeding off of their risks and creations but not taking it away from them. Accumulation of capital, lots of funding is not being used and so much money is flowing around that is protected by the government and had cash and applicable money and money that isn't by land or objects.

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Causes:
were mostly farmers and working citizens running their lives on their own accord. Many new diverse products let many more lives continue and increased life expectancy and lead to lasting products and more creations. This lead to many spinning machines from wanting more consistent quality products, other developments included porcelain. Lots of incremental growth and collaboration for more products and ideas.
Effects:
Lead to a lot of endangerment often children that were put through the worst condition and lead to having unhealthy lives and bodies just to make money. tensions in companies and middle class that seek stability in the economy without regard for children and women being put to work.

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Industrial Notes 3- Technology and Developments

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Industrial Notes 3- Technology and Developments

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Proto- not considered IR due to not being mechanized and still being man or animal powered. These include drills, early spinning machines (spinning jenny), harvesters, new crops like turnip, cottage and enclosure systems.
Enclosure Acts- as land became productive more wanting to cultivate land, laws were passed to take away land from the commons, good for farming and economy, bad to society.
Higher productivity, High population.
First IR- Lots of machines and mechanized engines, too large to be local or at home, the term factory arose and put many into work because it is making available jobs at wages.  Factory System and Mass Production. Notable Developments- Textiles, factory system, coal, steam engines, railroads, steam ships. Steam creates the larger production and developments. Pushes lots of coal and mining to power such engines and radical mining increase, which is always negative displacing the land. Increase transportation as well and the first cuttings of the canals to put rivers and locations together.
Second IR- happens in four main areas but is heavy industry. We see chemical production and diversity in chemicals to act in negative and positive developments. Included petroleum used in transport.
Next is steel from a new refining process in the bessemer process where they could get out all the impurities to successfully utilize the iron. Better buildings, transport and parts. Item in making machines that make machines in a new factory danger in this molten steel.
Electricity could be seen as the most impactful, but only later on because many were not fit to utilize and isn't really useful or used in rural and less populated areas. Every town as a telegraph, not every house to they have to deliver the messages. highlights the fact that many things are too-be life saving but the lack of infrastructure blocks its use.
Last is transportation. The invention of the internal combustion engine and many other creations from the germans to leading to the cars which or more person to trains and other transportation and needs a whole different supply source that isn't found in many places but is in what is commonly colonies near the equator. Planes are they but eh.

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Where Does the IR Diffuse to and What is it Like When it Gets There?

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Where Does the IR Diffuse to and What is it Like When it Gets There?

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Starting from western europe in Britain. It didn't immediately progress to american until textiles were created near the first phased of the expansion. the ideas and product spread very quickly and american soon lead the second phase due to their material sources and balance of product.
Coming late due to political standings germany came into the revolution and like american became a leader in creation, though more commonly in transportation. Germany lacking successful resources and couldn't benefit as well from their own creation like american could.
Much later than the western world china and japan did their best to the industrial developments and insisted in creation and progress leading to efficiency in phones lines and quatic transport.

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TLDR: Very exaggerated perceptions of emotions and individualism and increasing natural and invested perceptions such as many works by Wordsworth, Shelly and Coleridge. Many halloween and spiritually or emotionally intense stories come from this era like frankenstein and the headless horseman along with works from beethoven.

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Implies nostalgia for damaged goods and ideas, more than an alternative. Development and made possible with human consciousness. Has creative power and melancholy,   in a pessimistic and glum perspective with vivid natural physical and spiritual descriptions and representations further than flowers, but the disasters. Lots of poetry of the time physical descriptions and descriptions of women and love are interchangable. Spirituality is relation to the human soul opposed to physical items. Not using this for religion but for your souls movement through nature. Reconciliation of opposites, or finding the connections and finding peace with the overwhelming realities in power, work, productivity and investment of emotions and interacting with the fundamentals of the world. Find where you fit in the world, or one large ass existential breakdown, but tranquil in a calm area of feelings that are for everyone.
Characteristics:
Nationalism
Celebration of Nature
Focus on individualism and self actualization
Imagination and subjectivity in opinion.
Honouring the Common Man looking in to what you've experienced and what it has done to develop you.
Commitment to emotion and keeping yourself in tact.
P-many people on the ground or in the shadows, but don't really seem to have much purpose around this lady in the center holding a flag into the light above them, lots of smoke and clouds.
T- Liberty leading the people could be the explanation of the action, people fighting to be free and happy above all else.
i- this title explains the purpose of the fighting men with guns and other weapons especially for or around this woman in the center that seems to be a reward or symbolism for the men's fighting to be happy.
C- Men fight for many reasons but these seek liberty and peace in their unjust society even if it means causing harm for the betterment of their society.
¨Liberty Leading the People¨ A monument of emotion in action and the idea is to identify emotionally to fight for freedom and strive for the war showing nature and the conflict in ourselves along with pulling in to our identity and take action because it become bigger than you. and take more reform.
John Keats ¨The celebration of Nature¨, a poem of description nature and personifying the inanimate objects of our world and deep descriptions.
William blake is moved to tears by trees.
Gothic Art Styling of Romantic, INsanirt, crime, grotesque, terror, horror, suspense, death in love and passion as well and darker sinister ablities of one that could cause great damage but its blocked by love commonly. Threatening hostile and supernatural in danger and unpredictability. ¨Are human being innately good and innocent?¨ This question decides if falling into pure romantic or gothic.

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A god of great power that brought life to this earth, but preferred man kind. He tried to create balance within life. He stole knowledge and education from mount olympus and brought great intelligence and quality information to man and gave them the power of thought that other animals could not have. after back and forth between him and zeus he was chained and imprisoned upon a cold heatless mountain. He have an unwavering spirit and has no fear even in the threat of the powerful immortal gods than seek to punish him.

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Fame narrative, A story within a story. When there are different narrators the author is structuring in a way for the reader to out the pieces together. Different perspectives and descriptions priorities and other details per character to form your own opinion on a situation. Conscious mind v unconscious minds.
Three narrators are Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein and the demon all in first person along with their thoughts and opinions. Along with secrets. Narrators recount events differently and make it important to know the current narrator.
Look out for symbolic meanings like Elizabeth lavenza, Justine Moritz, Alphonse Frankenstein.

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Are we born with a dark side or do we develop a dark side?

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Weather, Allusion, Foreshadowing, Symbols, Theme, Chapter Purpose, Narrators

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Starting with China, How does china respond to the advances in the west and other outsiders?
What do you do when someone is at your door step that is more advanced than you?
What does China do under these changes as the world advances, what to do about industrialization, and what do we do politically with them, or Answering the questions of the west.
Core cilization begun in China in 8000 to 600 BCE, then up until 600 CE china develops further into the their classical era under the Qin and Han Dynasty. Then in Post classical 600 to 1450 with three main pieces. THe Golden Age, the song dynasty.
The mongols show as the yuan which is shortly replaced by the ming dynasty.
Then in the Early Modern Era such as Ming and the Qing Dynasty as the foreign group had helped over power the mings and come into the power through the 1900, and are outsiders.
China produced the greatest design with tea silk and porcelain for the entire world, and the Ming dynasty decided to close themselves off and restricted entrance to china. Formerly inventitive society but falls behind due to the lack of industrialization and foreigners become the leaders.

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Guiding Ideas:
1. Confucianism (one of the largest religions and guides for chinese government such as: everyone existed in 5 relationships and accept your role. Loyalty to that relationship, and it will create order)
2. Government
3. Wealth and power in land ( the peasant is the most important member of society. INdustrialize or tradition?)
4. Committed Culture (export ideas but don't take in many ideas)

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And how is it a response to the west.
The Opium Wars begin with trade with China, were the european countries try to trade as opposed to utilizing silver, and a british colony of india was a opium resource and use it for Chinese products. The Emperor declared this a drug war and a boston tea party move he destroys all the drugs. British declare war so the can sell drugs, britain is very industrialized and is not prepared for the war. China is built to fail. China doesn't become a colony but instead sign ¨Treaty of Nanjing¨ Which is an unequal treaty, that says they can keep the country but they order to britain and prioritize them over their own welfare and hand over Hong Kong and British men had higher rights compared to chinese persons and is extra territorial.
Taiping Rebellion- Hong Xiuquan
After being exposed to christianity and believe he is jesus´ little brother and believes he is the new savoir and many follow behind him. He claims that foreigners and qing are the reason to china's defeat and that he rallies millions to his cause and being upset to everything that is happening in china. They always want land, everyone wants land.
He religiously overcomes their problems and begin to march toward beijing and are defeated and over 19th century issues are ignored. 20 Million had died here. many revolts occur and a million peasants but after years they fail to make any real progress and the qing modernize their military.
The Self Strengthening Movement- After the rebellion and believes he dodged a bullet and is glad he survived in power. This policy is industrialization to an extent but agriculture has brought many different concepts and is willing to seperate power a little more and very little, but some land reform occurs. ¨Chinese learning at the Base, Western Learning for use¨ Chinese keep their identity but take some important information from the industrial west but not take all information from them. a slow step to industrialize from the outside and china does not become a modern state due to not including manufacturing. Everyone is farming still because whatever, a nod to industrialize but not massive changes. This contradiction cant stay long and in the end does not evolve china. Another note is his mother undermining him and comes to control the throne and tried to prevent modernization. She took industrialization money and used it for a marble boat, and nullifies many aspects.
Boxer Rebellion- The pullmination about the challenge of the west and the norther force of china group and resistant american and europe that promoted change and targets christians because they allied with the west and once again a group moves to beijing where european families live and take hold in. Europe threatens to bring military change, and the lady in charge decides that boxers will run out the european beijing and families send their families and beijing is barricaded and she denies their involvement. China get influenced by all these countries in europe, russia and japan. Cixi lives a few more years but her throne is replaced by a four year old.

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This conflict causes from outside involvement of putting drugs into the chinese economy from Britain, which lead to china being over powered and becoming basically a port for Britain. This showed how china resists modern technology and prefers their traditional economy.

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A growing sect of christianity in china begins and gets many followers to remove the mongols and the empire controlling china because they believe they are the root cause of china's defeat. After 5 years this dissipated after 20 million people died for this cause and gave up on changing china, once again showing china resistance to change and wanting to stay where they are to prevent being over whelmed.

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A step into change by china to include more modern technologies and develop the creation of a handful of products but mostly lacked factories and true industrialization. This got under mined and rolled back by Cixi and china yet again resisted changing and european influence.

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A group of traditionalist chinese trained to take china back from this european influence and killed many christians and europeans in the country in a move to go back to their original values. Many were killed and cixi refused to stop them until european military came to help save beijing and defeat the boxers. China had to give in to change, no matter how much they had resisted it previously.

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Many recreations have changed or altered the story and ideas of frankenstein, and its important to know it opens with notes of an antarctic explorers letter with many modern human emotions from the romantic era. symbolizes the pain of an traumatic birth and failure of a parent . Percy shelley is the influence of the insentual ideas and he caused lots of difficulty in his family and its also cool his heart didn't burn.  writing this as a teenager had many hideous and awaken thrilling horrors of society and the romantic era as the possibilities of technology grew. He is obsessed with recreating life and leaves his creation to live its own life and the victor regrets him and kills many of victor's family and leaves to antarctica which is where the letters of walton begin. many ideas of overstepping, isolation and pride are very represented and tragic death of ambition and superhuman effort from waltons experience of wanting to be like victor and wants them to further themselves and walton reaches for safety and mary shelley's writing.
There is also a religious aspect.

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Ottoman Empire and Russia (Eastern Europe and Beyond)

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Ottoman Empire and Russia (Eastern Europe and Beyond)

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Gunpowder Empire- with the rise of three new empires had three commonalities, Modern weapons with gunpowder, Formerly Nomadic (Such as the steppes of asia), and are Muslim. Three empires such as the indian mughals, persian Safavids,  and the Ottoman which are the longest empire. previously in the early modern era they are very strong and have a strong hold in most of the eastern world. they don't become invalid but with the rise of the global power they eclipse these empires, hence being know as the sick men of europe but are declining in impact and influence. How did the Ottoman Empire react to advances in industrialization? Are they willing to Modernize? Japan, the west, britain and others are rapidly growing with countries like china are not.

Russian Background:
Post classically russia came into power around a city of kiev and the moguls last in russia taking power over them. The moguls didn't like russia or its culture and live near the black sea, the tell northern nobles to just pay taxes and we wont bother you. This empowered russia because the mongols don't care so lots of local control begins. in the 1380 the moguls are removed and a russian dynasty of the romanovs.  Absolutism begins which are contemporary and align with europe at the time with peter and katherine the greats. They want to create a power similar to how europe in starting to and both want to bring a scientific revolution and growing arts. Russia tries to catch up to the rest of the world and setting the stage for modernization.

Modern Era Russia, How did Russia respond to advances? Russia expands as the ottomans contract, they gain more lands and with peter the great and defeats Sweden and begins expanding. Russia gains a great turning point when russia loses a war against the ottoman the british and the french about territory and russia expands. europe jumped in to prevent russia from getting too strong and getting control over their lands. The excuse was the access of the middle east. This is where the problems of war are found and transforms military medication. the ottoman doesn't win but they dont lose anything so.. it greatly effects russia and the tsar is upset over not getting the land and is confused, but realizes that the loss was from lacking industrialization. In a similar dilemma to china. Alexander the second he begins the emancipation manifesto when lincoln bring the emancipation proclamation with american economy, hes enlightened by driven for power and factor workers and the ability to chose and have choice for persons. It frees up industrial workers and brings the idea of moving for work similar to american. Problems aren't solved but it is a step in the right direction and the pursuit of industrialization. In the middle of each countries response, not head over heels like britain but in involved unlike china.
The ottomans and china do the least to industrialize. Russia is resource rich for industry and heavy industry for any industrialization of this time. a new working class emerges that can work for the country and factories. This is government led, no middle class just the government and the field workers. They lack a middle class but need fast changes to bring themselves to be competitive in the modern era. If europe is textiles the russians is the trans siberian rail road across the country to cover the land that they've taken in. Steel is a big source here as well as other metal work and jumps into the heavy industry. It works but half the businesses in russia was foreign to bring in money, it was more important to industrialize then to have it all, they all become a massive debtor nation trying to modernize but lacked cash, but becomes the fourth largest steel producer, second in petroleum oil production. Many are still in poverty and aren't v thrilled and overall get really far really fast for their delayed start. Reforms are in russia as well such as banking systems, literacy growth, the government sponsored schooling, law codes and rights similar to the tanzimat codes, other changed are local controls that are massive changes but are trying to not be as behind and try to keep pace with the rest of the world. Russia responds differently while being in between the rest of the world.

Evaluate the way in which non western nations respond to the advances in western europe.

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1. what was the ottoman government like in the 19th century?
They had a strong centralized government ruled by a Sultan that had the most control and a great position of power, many small positions could be inherited but commonly became earned as well. This government had lots of social mobility but some positions were like glorified slaves to higher powers and were completely at his disposition.

2. Who was muhammad Ali and how did his actions help egypt instead of the ottoman?
After Napoleon's french world tour Muhammad gained power in egypt and tried to industrialize the country on a economic, governmental and cultural level and helped bring egypt into the modernizing world, unlike the ottomans. His power took away from the ottomans control in a three way civil war between them and the turks.

3. What were the tanzimat reforms? what SPEC Changes occurred?
The Tanzimat era lead by these reforms brought further freedoms to the ottoman empire, such as modernizing military, governmental systems, decriminalization of existing :/, modern factories, and creating secular law that overid the religious ruling of the empire.Good ideas but are undone and not used.

4.  What was the ottoman approach to industrialization? In what areas did they industrialize, was this led by the gov or civilians?
The ottomans may have had more factories and utilize modern weaponry but they retained the same labour practices that prevented a complete modernization. the reforms and actions take my the ottomans were lead primarily by governments of other countries and later its own which lead to the lack of complete industrialization. Some industrialization but not overwhelmingly good, similar to china not capitalizing on industrialization.

5. How would you describe the ottoman empire at the end of the 19th century?
The empire was trying to modernize and become stronger in power but lack the materials and social hierarchy to do so and began to lose grip on its empire and success.

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Egypt, Greece, Bulgaria, Syria, Serbia, Romania

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Victor and Walton reflect each other, revealing about another character since they are surface the same but with a core difference.

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The Meiji Restoration, How did japan respond to western growth and expansion?, fun fact its very different.
Context: Recorded history for japan doesnt begin until 650/700 but in the post classical era japan gets first reconized named after the royal heian family. There is a lot of chinese diffusion into japan due to their close distance and that leads to similarity in writing of japan and china. Lot of inter-asian connection. Reaching to 1200 japan goes into feudalism similar to europe and the emperor looses power and is given to the nobles or dayimo and the political power of a shogun. A shogun is a military leader with control and the only real central power but entering the early modern era this contiued unlike in europe where it faded out. the main event of this era in the 1620s is when the shogun isolates the country and keeps the culture within and forms a sort of echo chamber out of concern of corrupting western influence a big focus for japan to keep their culture and religion while some conversion and riots occurred in southern japan. they do occasionally allow the trade of dutch and believe in calvinism which the japanese believed in this value and dutch brought whatever was the revelation in the world. overall much more constricting than china.

Encounters with the west, mostly with the arrival of the united states trying to become a world power. Matthew perry appears in japan and is denied and he points to his industrial technology than far advances japan. he calls japan to let them trade or else they will destroy japanese trading regions, and they do not seek to be a second episode of the opium war.
There are three american hopes with want for coaling stations, strategic locations but america just wanted this provided for little benefit for japan as well as priority trade that mostly benefited america but let japan take advantage of this later. SO yet another unequal treaty, the treaty of kanagawa. In return japan could keep their government and keep themselves steady unlike the disruption in china. Japan in decentralized and the emperor should sign and approve this signing and the shogun shouldn't have approved this because he should be the one in power and this leads to a civil war. This internal political division questioned shogun power even with treaties, and civil uprising. America stepped in and backed the emperor and try to claim that they rehabilitated japan and backs the emperor who then is restored to his power as the Meiji (enlightened one). The shogun was out and many of Japanese structure has been removed and they debate taking a limiting Chinese path or two foot jump like america. They see the similar situations in different countries and think they should not model the Chinese and ottoman decisions. They gain new developed and consistent imperial powers.

Japan choses to compete and try to modernize and leads to many characteristics of reform.
Strong governmental involvement, opened schools for fast track development they know they cannot fully recreate their education system no matter thee study they need to be educated and quickly industrialize.
Former persons of power abroad to other countries to study which removes the difficulty of finding a solution for them, but also educated them in their delay in information and highlights their lack of information.
More experts are brought in to form technical power and are no longer afraid of foreign power. the government opens these factories and are mostly textiles. Once they are stable they are sold to persons of power such as zaibatsu, bringing governmental funds and gives nobles modern power and loyalty. Toyoda was a powerful zaibatsu and when gifted a transportation and became a mini empire.
Very little competition was created with government banks and new currency in order to further control this.
Funded roads and ships between islands and removed restrictions and granted freedom to do with your business. This leads to exploitation of women and children to work but was not rewarded on their own and money was sent back home.
Military was modernized as well with shipyards, arsenals and placed former nobles in this power positions.
A constitution was formed and political modernization comes. While the emperor is still divine shared power begins and is shared.
Social transformation and remove classes of samurai and appointed governmental persons. No more feudalism.
Taxes spread to many economic levels for many different ideas.
Nobles are reorganized in upper class with minor influence.
Modern bureaucracy is more defined and experts are used for the function and flow of japan.
Interest in westernization in most cases with very western ideas and culture leading to a massive educational growth. Western religion wasn't really an interest here and wasn't embraced as much as the others.
S- Interest in westernization (not religion),  Increased education, tion, ended feudalism, Modern bureaucracy, governmental involvement, constitution formation,
P- Small colonization, return of power to emperor, restructuring government
I-  military building and modernization on islands off coast of japan, construction of bridges and access to such islands.
C- breaking power of power positions such as samurai, nobles having minor returned power,
E- Tax on agriculture extended, experts from the western world sent in to help the country's organization,

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Further Notes - Conclusion of the Industrial Revolution

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Further Notes - Conclusion of the Industrial Revolution

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Impacts: Diffuses beyond england and western europe into areas like germany and japan, some movements occur in russia with steel and petroleum, slightly to china with self strengthening movements but only consistent with railroads and a great growth in japan, Overall Diffusion is a large effect.
Social - Social class changes with a brand new working class to be mixed in with the peasants and the nobles. The working class is above these workers and isn't just a term for poor, the working class and factory workers that are payed a debatably low wage. This also manifests in the form of unions in the later 19th century workers are giving rights to unions and group together. Gender expectations get further solidified mainly women caring for the house and the children and having to find a balance for the family. Needs and ideals of expectations get stressed and cause many to get frown upon and do not benefit women. Urbanization and Migration with lots of push and pull factors across these countries based of technology developments, expectations, resources or lack of (potato famine) and difficult changes in families with crowded conditions and one common room as well as unclean waters and waste was in streets and causing sickness and the birth epidemiological studies. Governmental involvement shifts to were they start trying to act upon negative results and realizing urbanization isn't bad just greatly flawed and even the poor have money to spend and enjoy, ¨a rising tide lifts all ships¨, security and education forms from governmental incursion.
Political- The role of the government in more involved with the second half of the industrial revolution. everywhere the government addresses the problems. Reference the last paragraph and establishment. guaranteeing retirements across the different evolving studies. Expansion and war took place in many different countries and touches everything in the world and the entirety of the 19th century and the growth of political rights with the spread of enlightenment part two. By the end of the century mostly men will be voting.
Economic- Global capitalism and the development of vast machines with different power and utilizing the work of dangerous ideas and economic power houses that still exist today.  Ideologies and socialism and marxism begin. Many argue that the government will never help the people even tho that's not always true and often doesn't work and is easily explained with group projects and some do not do better and some do not put in the efforts. New trade patterns also form as well and entirely new states.
Environmental- Coal mining, mining is always bad for the environment as well as pollution and the devastation and preventing further famines and the mini ice ages cease but is greatly negative effects upon the global environment.
Culture- The ideas of enjoying ones self instead of working everyday develops this idea of leisure and that's most accessible by many of the classes and transportations and ideas are brand new with ideas of soccer other sports and creations built of the persons. also Bikes are rights - mrs cone 2020. The creation of suburbs and minor impactions.
Overall a big rail to ride because if you stay on one side you miss out a lot of the changes during the industrial revolution and trying not to tip over to each side.

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Copy of Industrial Revolution Table Puzzle Blanks.docx

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Geneva, Switzerland
Ingolstadt, germany
Chamonix, France
Orkney Islands, Scotland
Archangel, Russia (Northern Most Point)

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In the (book) the author, (name), (verb) (subject/character) (verb) (body reasons) (verb) (thematic idea)
Example
In the book Frankenstein,the author Mary Shelly depicts Victor as the true monster of the story through madness and extremism forming the darker personalities in over dedication.
Active
Subject action object
victor shunned the creature

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Write an essay that explains how and in what ways victor frankenstein changed

2 traits (body)- Max four
Explain how and why he changed, then bring it back.
Remember Hook /Tagy boi
Introduce
Summarize
thesis

Topic sentences Need to specify , flow logically, in order (start with the order of events and information)
he was this way but blah made him blah
leave the quote and reader alone lmao

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We already know the IR, romanticism, Russia/Ottomans, Napoleon
The Congress of Vienna after the defeat if napoleon where he had conquered half of europe lmao, ONly a few countries actually participated and decided how europe works between now and the world wars. Lays down a 100 years of rules and policies with Britain, Austria, prussia, and russia. France participated even tho they are the reason they need it. France didnt vote but were included and pitch their ideas but couldnt make the big decisions. convervitisim becomes the ideal of europe aka the philosophy of the day but the leader of austria. France and napoleon bad, any main power bad and change is bad out of fear and they try to balance all the powers to prevent further revolution and say that we oppose change.
New ideas post napoleonic the era of ISMS
Conservatism- the ideals to keep themselves the same, but isn't very sustainable and enlightenment grows despite this.
Classical Liberalism- Constitutions first and that we need to expand voting to more groups with limited governments to meet a general will
Doesnt give everyone rights and prioritizes the middle class or another group, aka give my group rights and results in universal male suffrage
Nationalism- the most powerful ideology  that expands further in the 20th century, is not patriotism. it is a part of it but it states that a common group gets to govern itself. Identity based. Pushes unification ad major world changes. Decolonization is a process of nationalism. Potent force meaning action.
Socialism and Marxism-
The belief that someone has to help the social work and is rooted in the IR and talks about the unfase conditions and the various negitive aspects because the worker cannot do it themselves. they agree that is going to have to be the government because they are afraid of the revolution. Started to believe the government could help, but the doesn't agree with enlightenment where the government should stay out. Calls for government help which is what governments do. They cant run the risk fo revolution, which it does but doesn't not achieve equality of the worker.
Marxism-  One step futher of socialism,very similar to communism, stating that the government wont do it and will always put owners first, and states that violent revolt is to come, The Communist manifesto believing that the government will always protect the property thinking they cannot do both property and man.
Argues in the working class revolt, or the Dictatorships of the proletariat, over the overthrowing and sharing everything in common to do what is to the best of their ability. Removal of private property thinking it will be international and that all of history is building to this. Advocates atheism and argues that working women are double oppressed, which are both important to 20th century russia.
¨From each according yo his abilities, to each according to his needs.¨

Every revolution fails of this time (1848) and thinks its so incredible and that workers are not in the position to revolt. This is where governments get serious out of fear of what those revolts could've been.
Greece has success but astria prevents this freedom.
Germany Unifies in 1872, and then Italy unifies in 1870.
Non political ideas include CHarles Darwin- evolutionary biology, evolution with biology in a global shock in the cultural and religious groups challenging the bible.
Herbert Spencer applies this to be social darwinism. Some civilizations are strong and will survive and is seen as the reasoning of colonization. THese ideas aren't hated but aren't very inclining
Sigmund Freud questions rationality and the subconscious and modern psychology.
John Stuart Mill utilitarianism, or doing the greatest good for the largest amount of people to help the people.
Medical Revolution including Lister kills germs, Vaccinations, cholera tracing, and development of germ theory. Basic hygiene development.
New Physics with subatomic particles and quantum mechanics with einstein.
Middle class rising and is now running governments, becoming the majority. Ideas of woman staying home emerge and fitting between keeping the home but working to support their family. At the end of the century labour unions begin and gives minor power. Universal men get the right to vote, and women comes soon after in the WW.  New art movements with Realism- showing the world in its good bad and ugly. Depicting the world as it is.
The other movement at the end of the 19th century and is a reaction to realism, Impressionism and depiction without camera and what cannot be achieved with cameras.

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A creative retelling of the many mind of the time, christmas carol retells of the morality and consequences of the ideas of those in power to better themselves before help everyone else. His social comment is to include the morality of a decision before enacting it, and to better another soul before yourself.

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“The Real Reason Charles Dickens Wrote A Christmas Carol”

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A round two of colonization that can be an complexity of another time point. Looking for new colonies.
Britain couldn't colonize inland africa due to high diseases and horses were killed and fighting was limited to swords and this wasn't viable to the weapons of the african tribes. As european guns developed   they took out many africans and lots of fighting. Africa and asian was becoming colonies of europe and other asian powers. Small numbers of britain has a power of control and ruling through natives and higher powers of indian or african societies, and threatening with advanced weaponry to ideal rule indirectly.
Sometimes african adaption and european modernization to fight the european flowers and lead to more control, but these areas lack financial supply.
Shaped a lot of our modern functions.

A return to building empires, we don't control directly but africa's heart, south asia, south eastern asia and australia are remotely controlled by european powers. From depleting mongols and other power its an easy opportunity.
Causes//Motives
Economic- Impulses and tied to the industrial revolution, markets for industrial goods and separating other sources to set in markets to limit economic competition.
Gold rushes in africa america and australia, as well as a diamond rush in africa
Political- Empire building, moving nation states to empires, showing nation power.
Cultural justification- aka racism and concepts of white advancement, and that some societies are to be ran over and submitted. Claims that an industrial revolution is scientific.
Missionaries- David livingston gets one convert of a king that later deconverted when applied, interior africa wasn't big on religious impact to go and spread their beliefs.
Western Nationalism- States exert power and strive to be competitive
Industrial revolution- Tools to empire building including communication tech, telegraph, railroads, photography, military advancements (machine guns), steamships, canals. (Non Rev)- Quinine, and a medical development to help lower the effects of malaria. Not amazing but a edge for their survival, and wouldn't kill the british. From inc an persons.

Humanitarian- making lives better, but more on the selfish sides of their people, not a main power push.
Scientific Exploration- and the mapping of interior africa, which was unknown, and advancement with unknown materials.
Note the ¨White Mans Burden¨ and its sarcasm in justifying land grabs in anyway possible that doesn't matter to those in power.

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Causes/Comparisons of Colonizing and Imperialism 

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Causes/Comparisons of Colonizing and Imperialism 

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Cultural political technology and intellectual movements and leading states.

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1810 is a scientific interest as well as abolitionist ideas creating interest of africa and the internal functions and living. By 1914, only two placed remain free, liberia (carved out state for freed persons ito return to their original space.)  and ethiopia (from the italians) . Some areas keep their governments and economy but aren't completely free.
the Congress of berlin ramps up the african interest point and germany felt left out of their empire, lacking the power to create influence and created this meeting to set rules. Wasn't taken seriously and they agree to the rules to prevent a war that just fuels and empire building. Motive is german feeling out empired.
Decolonization is difficult with large immigration due to their implemented european persons due to their grip on the region such as Kenya and Algeria with a much more violent revolution.
Identify the main ideas of placing but not all of it.

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Kenya was a main social and economic hub for africa, and utilized the indian rupee as its main currency. Lead to easy accsess of surrounding regions such as buganda and uganda to lead to further colonies. A hut tax was utilized to prioritize the euro as a main currency and motivate workers to become cheap labor for the british to establish railroads and easier access from europe as well as to other regions that like kenya were resource rich.
A major response of the native kenyan was the mau mau revolt that lead to the already established military fighting british authority and being temporarily successful before britain responded with harsher conditions and the Hola Massacre, where many kenyans were detained and unpaid as well as being labels as unknowing native savages and a much stronger racist presence in the form of ¨colonial rehabilitation process[es]¨, as well as the chuka massacre where 20 unarmed civilians were killed for being in a african military group and suspected for being involved in previous revolts.

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Economic control similar to china's division of influence and latin american influence from america.
The khedive, muhammad ali, had freed egypt from the ottoman empire after motivation from napoleon. He starts modernization here to bring his country to compete with the british and french. Has reform in education, politics and wants to fully industrialize their cotton manufacturing as they are already producing the best cotton, but not on wide scale because britain doesn't want the competition as they have control over these areas, but instead accept the cotton raw and becomes dependant on british supply the economy and they influence egypt because they dont want to lose the cotton market. They cannot modernize but politics is now including british power.
The Suez canal to the indian ocean decreases travel times intensely and the british don't want to lose this short cut to india. (french over saw the construction) and Queen victoria controls 2/3 and controlling interest to the suez canal. British builds many supportive pieces such as rails roads and electrical generation.

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A fairly new country new to empire building and focusing areas in the congo, which belonged the the king of belgium who commited great crimes and motivated the congress of berlin and took it away from him personal. Rubber is a large resource and motivation as this area has one of the largest reserves of rubber. Great crimes were continued in this region due to the killing and removal of unwilling african hands.

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This region was taken up by the french due to its coastal location and an easy acess point toward the center of africa and other french colonies. The colony became self sustaining without much control from mainland france, but easily benefitted the french opposed towards the native africans that were discriminated and received less in earnings and needs. Main motive for the region was access to other colonies as well as large natural resources that created a stable market place and became one of the hubs for french colonists. Non french persons were held to a lessor standard and could not be place in high positions of power as that could threaten french control, côte d´ivoire wasn't as disturbed as other regions by native but had general dislike from natives but not much resistance occurred until after world war one.

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The British want to connect south africa and egypt and (cecil Roads) constructed it along the side of all the british colonies. Dutch has small control already here controlling the india ocean to have a stopping off place. Known as the Boers. The zulu community was a native farming and animal raising group that was upset and sought for land during a major drought in their regions. and sent the to reservation similar to american reserves with native americans and a resettlement process, and while britain does this they remove the dutch to the great trek where the dutch was forced to these lesser lands. Cecil roads over saw the mineral extraction from these areas of african to diamond and gold veins, with a major economic motive. The Boers push back during the Boer war, which is seen as a warm up for world war 1 that uses modern weaponry, and is european versus european. Winston Churchill is dispatched to cover these weapons writing of how bad these weapons are. After this war the capital in 1900 becomes a formal colony.

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Main factors, Lots of settlers with very difficult decolonization, secondly this is a violent city take over and is warfare from the french with land seizure, kidnapping, destruction of property, much more aggressive than other colonization, and is a much more aggressive decolonization. Direct control and harsh treatment.

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China is dived under areas of influence of the western powers telling the chinese what to do from diplomatic, social, economic and political aspects. Not a colony but a sphere of influence.
Though most questioned the progression of western evolvement and japan was seen as a good model for this to the west but began their own empire building which was not ideal for the other eastern countries. Attacking religion and pushing out eastern values shook the societies and transition has to be done from within. Many thought the west did not include enough spirituality and soulful aspects, and modern society was built of the ¨cult of money¨.
The Dutch supported in the Spice Islands, or Indonesia, with control beginning of the 1600s and the only ones that traded with japan. further in the lose power of the trade systems and have control over Indonesia until world war 2.
They began very standoff and distant but while the other countries begin to empirebuild they involve into the area, and surprisingly adopt the regional culture with more indigenous clothings instead of forcing the peoples. Politically end up in power, but religion, living and other culture wasn't forced.
The French had an area know as French Indochina including Vietnam, cambodia and loubs which all have violent revolts later.
The french gain full control over the area and are suppressive of the original persons. The grip on these colonies later begins world involvement. Religion isn't fully embraced but did create a sizeable population.
The British in India, or South Asia, Previously under the Moguls they led the westerns set up costal trade cities, which set them up for the cities gaining political control.  The British East India company begins to run the country, a economic trade value gets political control. The Moguls dont want to face war and just accept the strange company indirectly ruling the country. The economic value is what matters and other aspects are uninvolved and they go along with the company. BEI expands further in, but culture and religion is kept as it is. ¨We are not missionaries, we are businessmen.¨. Sepoys begin a revolution to the western imperialism and is most iconic, and comparable to the Boxers.
The BEI created a military force to maintain power that was half locals (Sepoys) and british mercenaries. The Sepoy got higher education, better housing, and let in the the elite aspects of society. [In the 19th century a rumor begins that the ammunition is packed in animal fat, the sepoy are mostly hindu which see this as polluting and against their perception in religion, This is not true but the decide the company has crossed a line.]
Both sides commit bad acts to a point that the official british army enters, and the BEI loses control and independence is in sight, it is lost when British makes them a full colony. Queen victoria is the empress of India and it is a crown jewel of the British Empire.  ¨Introducing British Culture¨
Direct control begins. The former Moguls want access to this government and the British let them serve if they take a test, that is only available in London. These people claim themselves as the Indian National Congress, or the INC. THe INC says they're kinda okay with being a colony but want more of those benefits, and britain says they'll be fine, and frustration increases. The British become one step behind. Lots of new government begins.
Independent region: Siam , or Modern Thailand was a buffer region preventing the europeans from fighting. The leader took advantage of this and conversed with western powers to modernize without threat of the Europeans.
The USA, practicing in ¨Manifesting Destiny¨, and empire building claiming for land, and claiming North America as the Influencing power and had economic control of the region. American companies controlled the interest as of the Monroe Doctrine. Alaska from Russia, and the Louisiana Purchase. The Spanish-American War leading to Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.  A college board reference, in the northern US the Ghost Dance, or the Lakota Tribe preformed this dance formed over many different tribes to relieve the American increasing and was a defined resistance, which then it became banned by the american people. The Lakota refused due to the reservation system away from original land. Cultural Control over powered them and two conflicts began, Leading to the death of Sitting Bull and many Lakota tribes men had died. The dance didnt stop but had become a less public practice.
Australia, discovered in the 1700s by James Cook, and it is a very far away land, but America had become independent and their georgia colony, prisoner holding colony was lost. Due to increasing of prisons they send them to Australia. Not as much an empire building it becomes a forced migration attempt. If someone was sent to australia the family was forever separated.  Separated disease began similar to the early inner africa. Records were lost, but many couldn't make money and becomes a rough uncontrolled colony, until gold is discovered.  The previously unwanted region became a luring area creating a new gold rush, just like in america and south africa.  Moving from prisoner colony to settler colony.
The gold rush becomes a beginning to Australian Nationalism.

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Good:
Safety and less dangerous routes and traversing through the country was achieved
Unification through Britains ¨One Law¨ system that all groups had abided by, which previous was unobtainable, and the worst punishment of the Indian law were replaced and less damaging punishments began to be put in place.
Grand emplacements of roads and travels were put in-place connecting the furthest areas of India since most of india's transport was seasonal due to rains or droughts.
The enforcement of english also brought a linga franca to the region as many practiced different languages.

Bad:
Large amounts of discrimination towards the native Indians, women and religious minorities had increased due to British involvement leading to less success in government, and social class of natives compared the the British that prioritized themselves and took less care to the lives of Indians.
Freedom of press and publications of native anti-British writers and companies were very limited and unfavorable publications were taken down and organizes became under threat.
Economic levels became clear and many that didnt full involve in the British system became limited in ability to purchase and sustain their families.

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D1- Germany Consuming Europe
D2- Both England and Germany, but mostly germany predicted to cause more damage
D3-Germany, likely to agitate the workings of Russia
D4-Austria declaring war upon russia
D5- Russia continues to support the serbs
D6- Germany blames austria, then invades belgium and declares war upon france
D7- Germany questions france, france stands with russia and begins to mobilize
D8- Germany once again, britain joins standing with russia
D9- Serbian nationalist terrorist groups form
D10- The Black Hand continues to grow and wont hesitate towards any opposing powers
D11-Austria-Hungary blames serbia for being oppressed.
D12- Serbia wont suppress themselves and germany is upset about that and fights them
D13- Serbia says no again and wont fight with them
D14-  Serbia removes austrian propaganda
D15- France does want to fight bc its stupid
D16- Peace is sought but germany says naw
D17- Germany thought they were cool and dies

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WW started with many different viewpoints after it began with all european powers keeping distance from each other, Splendid Isolation, US thought of this was a family feud and european situations so far west and east powers stay out.
Colonies seen this as ¨The fall of the Eagles¨, a reap what you sow situation.
British saw as the war to end all wars to set up a new balance of powers.
USA thought keep the world safe for democracy.
Causation:
Militarism, very advanced built up militaries with an arms race within european countries. This technology takes time to roll out you have to quickly mobilize so you're not weeks behind and snowballing events. Based on production britain and france would win.
Alliances, Europe divides into two camps, Russia France and Britain (France and Britain are in a enemy of my enemy is my friend situation, British and Russia are cousins)
The other group being Germany, Austria (germanic holy roman empire) and Italy (just wanting to find a place, but switches sides.)
Later these groups evolve to Britain Russia France USA Italy and Japan against Germany Austria Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.
The central powers ceant win a two front war fighting against French and Russia, one or the other is possible as they have more men that france and more advancements than Russia (who has intense man power). The germans believe that russia will be slow to the war so they can fight france before russia.
Imperialism, Rising conflicts from empire building from carving out the whole world only leaving europe left
Nationalism, The colonies are expected to come to the need of the mother country and the Nationalism of becoming your own country as many places try to claim their own power sparking the war.
The Power Led, Balkans of Europe want independence during the Balkan Crisis. It was well known that war was coming from this area and was waiting for a large battle with the arms intensity here.

The Spark, The Black Hand was increasing their power and attacked the austrians to force a move. The Black Hand kills the Archduke, Franz Ferdinand, a royal prince that wont be in power. While going through a new city the Black hand Gavrilo Princip kills The prince and sophie, the wife.
The first assassin misses and is capture, but continue to parade and reach an intersection and shoots both of them.
Austria wants to go after serbia with extreme demands in 48 hours. A huge gamble is taken as russia stands close to protect serbia. Austria convinces germany who issues the Blank Check where germany will defend them. Germany frankly does care about the situation but sees this as an aggressive moment to empire build within their own country.
Germany is so excited to go to war to expand and they develop the ¨Schlieffen Plan¨ On attack france within 60 days. designed to eliminate france by avoiding the main border and paris has to fall in 60 days by going through belgium. Belgium says they aren't a road but gets stepped on. If Paris is not taken in 60 days the war is lost. The first try takes 35 days only to claim belgium and russia is immediately at germany.
Note the Guns of August.
The war is over but germany refuses to note this.
Following with the plan belgium fought back and took a 30 day fight and tries britain into the war due to belgium's overrunning which is concerning as britain rules the seas and has a large connection.
Large drafting in france germany and austria, where as britain has recruitment.
Many believed the war would be over quickly and russia mobilized as quickly as possible before america joins. Germany cant win with the previous notions let alone british in the west.
After the plan fails attrition begins with the germans that drains german sources.
The western front includes the battle of the the Marne where they meet the french. French soldiers would take taxi and other transportation to the german front. Not a war of movement with hundreds of trench. Trenches gradually develop more covering with areas to eat and sleep.
Assignments were 4-6 months and may were rotated in and out, working and living lead to shellshock and trench foot from constant attacks as decaying conditions. High casualty and low success.
Note Hitler was against trench fighting when he got into power.
Trench Warfare physically alters the land with landmines and flame throwers.
Note- shellshock is PTSD before the term was coined
Eastern Front is much less trench warfare and is greatly traditional.
Battle of Gallipoli within the ottoman empire is where the british increase pressure in the east to force more troops in the ottoman empire so there's less in france. The Anzac afre new zealand troops invading the peninsula distracting the ottomans. They had lost but wanted to continue to bother the ottomans and start an uprising in the ottoman empire as they are controlling the israeli region and cause an arab uprising that aren't ottoman people. This leads to the ottoman having to internally focus.
The british confirm the independence of the state who have been under ottoman control forever, but the british divide the territory diverting the ottomans.
Russia is quickly involved and the Tsar goes to the front line to avoid domestic problems at home.
A possible third font in the colonies leading to colonist fighting for the country after fighting for their independence among other battles and decolonization. German colonies and island fight but much less.
The finial front is at sea. The British have the best naval efficiency in the world with the new dreadnaught, and the germans created submarines that unnotified sunk ships. Which is a war crime the german dont care about. This action angers the western powers for many reasons including commercial and passive persons.
Civilians were brought down by U Boats and the western used bockages in germany food supplies in Total War. A passenger ship that sunk in this was the Lusitania, with warning that any boat could be sunk, on the claim of possible war materials which was true from the neutral american suppliers.
America was based on a isolationist culture as europe burns down after lots of anger from the sinking of the Lusitania. The pushing point is the Zimmerman Note from German to Mexico intercepted by the british and decoded.
German notes to continue to sink ships even tho the america could join in the war and german will supply them if they fight with america and reclaim texas and other states. America declares war and sends man to fight with healthier fresh troops. America fights in the same conditions but aren't as fatigued.
Women form a large role with the slack they pick up at home and women came into the public sphere  and do the jobs of men while they are at war farming, food supply, buying bonds, supplying war materials and heavy machinery,
Lots of military support as nurses and drivers. Russian women fought in this war. Women also served as spies and when men rotates back in and would listen in on gossip and provided thousands of dispacts to the germany.
New Industrial Technology includes Tanks that can protect men from land mines, barbed wire and other traps.
U-Boats,
Airplanes that had bent blades that were not protected and did low level bombings without radios.
Zeppelins were large helium filled bombers that were easily destroyed.
Grenade launchers lead to distanced fighting and safer demolition
Flame throwers,
Poison Gas,
Machine Gun,

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Modernist- decay and growing and alienation of individualism, mostly male
Tone- Capitalist antagonistic towards old ideals
Male Authors  cynical combative bleak angry frustrated with female authors that are determined authentic.
Disillusioned-disappointed in someone or something that discovers the negative parts of the world

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Copy of Interwar TWIST Analysis Day 2 Poems

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Quatrain- grouping of 4 lines, alternating rhyme
Tercet- three lined often all rhyme or mirror another tercet
Couplet- two consecutive lines that have a complete thought or idea
Stanzas are often marked by an idea

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Collapse of the central powers-
When the US arrives more men and enthusiasm enters in and the central powers are having inner troubles.
Bad harvests in bulgaria and for two winters have bad weathers and ability to feed troops lowers, internally weakening them.
The Ottomans have to redirect their attention to the palestine people revolt sponsored by the british. The Palestine wont receive their own land, but makes the ottomen abandon the war.
Austrian empire falls apart and refuses to continue fighting with all the european countries and german become alone in the war.
Germany's hope is the in 1917 Russia has two revolutions to remove themselves from the war to attend domestic problems. The treaty of Brest-Litovsk where land is lost, and a basic treat of surrender.
basically the war goes on another year with russia leaving the war.

Total War- where battlefront and homefront battles occurred.
battles were nott fought here but materials and production was focused on war. Luxuries were closed.  Care for children and elderly became a large problem.
Personal issues and the community was forced to drop and redirect, but later became a more tense social aspect of the war.
Inflation over took lots of the homefront as food supply and blocking of neutral countries brought more down. Food became ever increased and may items were not taxed and brought a heavier class difference for europe. Russia moved many out of their houses and consumed or burnt all left over resources. Growing images and footage became available and brought new light to the war. 2M houses were burned. As war expanded so did the home fronts and more countries brought more suffering and unfair treatment of the inner persons as care giving and death took more and more lives. Many civilians revolted on the inside and fought against their country as the battlefront keep going.
1919 Treaty of Versailles vastly limited German and their ability to produce war related materials. The middle east was taken as mandates.
German scuttles most of their navy, German tries the manage the surrender to better their situation, just to lose lots of their workings. A very systematic approach.
The 1918 Flu pandemic affected those who returned home to their home countries and exponentially kills the people in a 2 1/2 year pandemic.
At Nov (11), 11 at the 11 hour German declares the war over, this is veterans day. The ruler leaves German and had to cobble some government to handle peace. Wiener is the new government made to handle to solve the war.
Roughly 6 million soldiers died on the from and 12 million brought back serious injury with possibly over 20 million with  PTSD.
Hidden in WWI is the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman empire. The ottomans and modernly turkey denies its happening, but 2133190 christian Armenians went to 387,800 from 1914 to 1922 with forced marches and shootings.
The power meet in Paris for the treaty of Versailles. Mostly ran by the USA, France, UK, and Italy (which is mostly left out). This is notable in WWII where they cant flip to the other side again. These three groups all have different goals,
France wants money to repair their entire country and want harsh treatment against German including materials and reparations as well as crushing their military. The British don't mind as much in want is owed, but agrees. The US wants peace without victors and don't want german to feel destroyed. The 14 points are formed and wants every to get along naively. main notes:
Return territory,
Break up serbia, poland, austria-hungary and the Ottomans,
Decolonization, and mostly
A League of Nations.
France agrees the the league of nations if german has to paid. German calls in the Dictated treaty. Wilson starts the league of nations, but doesnt even join.
Its predicted the this treaty will lead to a new war soon. It wasn't planned to last.
League of nations without Russia american or german.
France gets an industrial area back, german colonies are lost, military and naval was vastly removed in germany. Limited their service to 1 year. German is forced to pay to, but the amount is not negotiated.
Article 231, The War Guilt Cause: German had to take full responsibility for the war.
This pushed germany over the edge and upset the people and is exploited by Hitler in WWII.
Impacts;Issues
Governments become more controlling with censorship, fear of spies etc.
Women's suffrage
Calls for decolonization
Physical destruction
German outrage
League of Nations
Long worker hours;rebuilding efforts
Flu pandemic
Bolshevik Revolution
Shortages, Rationing
Collapse of governments in russia, germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman.
Armenian Genocide.
The US benefits from all of this in the Roaring 20s but europe cant escape through this for years with no release.

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During WWI, and lengthens the attrition process.
zemstvos- small social groups that ran the country better tbh
Last Tsar is nicholas II, who is an absolutism leader who would fit in many centuries and sees himself as a divine right of kings and to have ultimate power. Generally tolerated but never truly liked. Oversees industrial revolution but mishandles of revolutions.
On the eve of the war political satisfaction increases and voting was limited and unpurposeful. Growing working class is upset and continues to fight against mistreatment. Social uproar also grows. very small amount of people are truly benefitting from society.
The Russo-Japanese war added much more upset at the leadership of nicholas and lose spectacularly.
1905 revolution, bloody sunday, about the loss of the war, the government, and working conditions. This is a peaceful protest, and the Tsar calls for them to shoot to kill, leading to the revolution of 1905.

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After Bloody Sunday become a russian revolution and a warm up for the later events. Stupid man shuts down the country and may begin to starve and jobs are lost. No jobs no work no food. Shows the old idealism wont work in this modern era.
The October Manifesto, where most of the year nothing is done, concessions begin and a assembly is created, the duma,  and local governments begin to have power. Shorter hours better pay begin. This is very exciting even though its long over due, and become smoke and mirrors. The Duma was ignored though elected, rights weren't ever put through, laws still had to go past him, and works and peasants needs were unmet. He wont limit his power. Local power never materializes. Increases antagonism towards him. Alexandria works with ¨crazy¨ Rasputin, working as a mysterial magic man, and works his way into high society. One day at the palace alexi falls and may cause his laugh, and Rasputin works with the boy and like nothing happened hes healed. She believes that hes the secret to healing him and he begins to control the power. Rasputin manipulates the country for his own needs and adds to the governments doubts. A conspiracy group believes to kill rasputin to free the monarchy and they poison and shoot at him and jumps into a river where his body is found from breaking a rock. The practical reality of russia is falling apart. As WWI begins, russia breaks further, Their large amounts of meet are an infinite supply but they are not prepare and cost for war is extremely high. In 1918 they want to leave the war for Peace land and bread.
The full russian revolution begins in 1917 february, people are once again peaceful protesting on international women's day over the war. Once again not knowing what to do the Tsar calls to kill, but the soldiers side with the people. When this happens he advocates the throne and offers it to his brother. They flee, and no other country given his refuge. Kerensky steps into power. Peace land bread fuck the government. He ignores the people, not getting them out of the war and does very little out of voting rights. The usa and french perspective think this is good and kerensky cater to the other countries. People hear that he doesn't care, and that someone else will. Vladimir Lenin, Founder of Bolshevism, or communism. Not marxist but anarchist. Known intellectual radical and was exiled from russia. Creates new marxism, to benefit him. Intellectually the workers ally.  Living in german, the germans sneak him back to russia to cause difficulty in russia and divert them from the war. Lenin meets with Trotsky who has been leading the workers movement to kick out kerensky, phase 2 begins.
The Bolshevik revolution leads to lenin being in power, The communist control a large part of land, and the ¨Whites¨ are everyone else and usa and england help the whites, then just leave because the people are unaligned. Introduces war communism- total war, nationalized lands, factorized, Cheka secret police, and takes over heavy industry.  Everyone hates this tbh.
After running to the country the previous royal family was assassinated against lenin. Anesthesia is debated to have survived and many people falsely claim to be the lost princess. Historian believe she was a maid of the family along with many others through the years.
Lenin Policy-
-Leaves WWI Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
-Relaxes war communism
-NEP New Economic Policy
where he allows private land, and aims to keep the industry ¨Commanding heights¨, and sets quotas and above that becomes profit. The faster you reach the quota, the faster everything's yours.
Slow grind to Grow.
-USSR with smaller other nations
-Equality of Women
-Untouched religion
--Not Marxist
In 1924 Lenin dies over 9 months. Until 1927 its unknown who will rule, and everyone assumes it will be Trotsky, lenin's right hand man with a military working class plan.
Stalin is rough crude and from the country works under Lenin, no one thinks he'll make it. The communist commit was going to vote.
Stalin was the one responsible for money control to build a bridge or something. Stalin cut deals with everyone to bait them with funds. Trotsky runs to mexico and works with young communist party while stalin kinda hunts him down.
Once an enemy of stalin, always an enemy of stalin.
Stalin Policy-
-5 Year Plans
-5 Year Heavy Industry Quotas, most were not met and were difficult to meet.
- Seeks to compete with the West
-Because of this the great depression doesn't affect them
With this idea he collective farmland
;Collectivization. Working hard got them nothing bleh.
Kulak said they'd just die and lead to a forced famine and starts exporting to the west and creates a ukrainian genocide. This is millions of people killed for not handing in their land.
Creates a cultive personality about him, and only allows selective idealism art. Only one newspaper is allowed, and Stalin controls it all.
Social Policy-
-Increased equality of women, overwhelming women giving them double work and their public rule
-Formal Atheism and shuts down churches
-Worker gernal benefits
-Education growth
-Training
-Economic isolation
Stalin's revealed that his paranoia is against his control, and the purges or Darkness at Noon, begin and millions of millions of people are abducted were killed. Wealthy supporters, thinkers, artist, musicians were killed or chased out of the country. Gulags began and work without pay camps. Most people disappear here. the only ones that survive are those that outlive stalin in 1953. This counties till his death and through WWII.

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Social-
France- Similar Starts with war, Focus on women, Middle class oriented, everyone hates the man in power, More bread
Russia- Starts during war, Focus on women, Working class oriented, everyone hates the Tsar. Give bread,
Political-
France- New government and republic, Not as motivate to avoid war, mixed, previous leader killed by last leader
Russia- Anything else than the current situation, Wanted out of the war, Isolationist, previous leader killed against last leader
Economic-
France- Mixing with countries, Recover economy, heal debt, private factories
Russia- Isolationist, Rebuild then jump ahead and compete, controlled by Lenin
Cultural-
France- Mutual rights, religion exists ig,
Russia- Mutual rights, Religious freedom was taken

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Social
Lenin- freeish speech, women's equality, liked,
Stalin- Busy work, women equality
Political, hated, Genocide of ukrainians
Lenin- Against killing previous leader
Stalin- Hunted down trotsky
Economic
Lenin- Control factories, private land, NEP
Stalin- Quotas and heavy overproduction, collectivism , 5-year plan,
Cultural
Lenin- religion exist
Stalin- its all atheistic

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More a road less reason but more complicated and easily could've taken another path. Slow boil.
Italy's sad and mad while germany is dissatisfied. The league of nations is weak without power or military and cannot accurately and efficiently prevented war.
The german Weimar is constantly in trouble as a baby republic that were handed all the responsibilities in german history but they did not have time to create a government with party development.
Problems include:
Corruption
Funneled funds, ignoring the regular person
unhandled social power
prevent communism and revolt
massive reparations (55B)
This leads the the Weimar saying they will not pay anymore and france is like umh WHAT and weimar cant give money out.
If not paid france promises to invade germany Ruhr valley crisis, not an invasion for land but an invasion for resources including coal and iron. payments were paid twice a day with apples costing millions, money become useless, completely ruining the money system.
They cancel the mark system and it is called a peg to level out the economic situation and slows inflation but destroys the middle class.  Not a hard sell the weimar are hated.
The Us helped germany by loaning the money for reparations so many countries can kick start their economy.
France is worried about an aggressive germany and sets the Maginot Line where french and german tensions grow. Belgium gets stomped again.
Failed Peace Efforts:
Locarno Pact and Kellogg-Briand to outlaw war, where if someone violates this you can only go to war. People are missing the real problems.
The Great Depression, does not affect Russia, begins in America.
The idea to outpay the depression, which doesnt work and only world war II gets us out. American banks call in those loans from europeans so the money returns to the country, which spreads the great depression if german has no money neither does france or britain and if britain doesn't have money no one does.
Rise of Fascism-
Form of conservative government with great control over their people with censorship, limited speech, specific social standards.
Creates Ultra-nationalism rides the tide of popular opinion power is gained legally and benefit disenchanted persons and exercise totalitarianism (umbrella term). Stalin is still secluded lmao.
Franco is a warm up for WWII. Hitler tried to illegal take over from a military take over and writes a book call My Struggle about how military takeovers dont work and those leaders are bad ig and spends five years getting power legally. The Communists are coming, in an emergency the assembly could vote a leader in and amass followers and gets power.
has germany recover faster. Hirohito, emperor of japan has totalitarianism ideas of japanese expansion.

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Militarism creates the idea of being a good member of the state.
Italy invades Ethiopia, a colony that defeated italy previously and his son lived in texas. No war yet because no one wants WWII and not taking action yet starts further problems.
Japan invades Manchuria, not on the same page of europe but is greatly economically pushed to be aggressive. when great depression hits the economic relationships fails and they invade to take resources.
Japan invades China in 1937 and commits the Rape of Nanking, a genocide of Chinese people and its peoples after they surrendered.
Germany invades Rhineland in 1936, which is already owned by them tbh but is a DMZ and everyone says Germany no but Hitler does it anyway because no one wants another war. German knows everyone will avoid war rather than stop him. Us neutrality and has no taste to participate in war. Hitler annexes Aeschylus, aka Austria because they used to be the holy roman empire. He pressures him the become the same country. Basically trying to create a German state, know as the Sudetenland, a mountain land of Czechoslovakia  ¨may only intent is german state¨ says hitler unconvincingly. Appeasement policy forms and england and france meets with hitler in the Munich agreement where they appease hitler but giving him the land, Hitler still claims to just one a german state and makes this speech ¨Now we have peace in our time, Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with¨, Hitler stomps them and takes over poland , Poland is the line in the sand, where czech is concerned why they dont matter as much :(
Two front war continues yet again, Pact of steel with italy to ally, and the Non-aggression pact with stalin, meaning Russia gets some of poland for free where Hitler has one front and the war starts in Poland sep 1 1939.

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Once russia's out of the war hitler takes action. Being against attrition and trenches he created the blitzkrieg, air force bombers that obliterate towns and tanks come in during the chaos.

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phony war until 1940,  nothing activity happens while everyone is armed without fighting.
Germans invade belgium to break this pause and in 6 days belgium falls and france is slow to meet this border and swing around and germans enter france, cutting french troops and british troops off preparing to invade dunkirk. British are trapped on the beaches, britain evacuates and many are saved and live to fight another day. Leaves france without supply and squash german troops and 1940 france surrenders fearing extensive costs and march into paris. The war feels over as poland belgium and france fall to hitler. France is split to occupied and puppet government of the nazis. The pacific conflict begins to join as japan's be increasingly aggressive and wants back up from german troops. Hitler is hungry for britain as it is an island with the largest navy, the Blitz caused mass movement of children from the cities and britain succeed and their airforce out preforms and staggers hitler. Lots of americans fought with the british. Britain stand alone and begins technology advancements. The US signs the atlantic charter for plans when we win the war and reflects wilson's 14 points and planning to rebuild the war. In 1941 Hitler choses to violent the non aggression pact and invades russia through poland, and they think they can defeat russia in the winter and the west looks for a way in, entering through african. Italy is just kinda there and hitler sends troops to italy. Britain secured a line in north africa to enter italy and russia joins the allies. the US joins in 1941 and wants to fight japan but stalin makes the US create a two front war. in 1944 Rome is taken and chaos is found with mess starvation and murder and D-Day begins and almost all of france is reclaimed and the march to paris begins and Russia begins to enter through poland. 1944 Paris is liberated and Hitler retreats through europe where the battle of the bulge where the worst winter is fought and hitler's last stand happens against the british french and america. The peace and post war ideas being to form, and thinks about how to correctly end the European war and divide german between the main allies and reconstitute them. The March to german reveals the horrors and the mass unburied graves and genocide, while others the german escaped before the americans arrive causing mass chaos and relocation. Russia arrives the bury the body and in 1945 the european aspect of the War ends.

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Japan literally consumes the pacific ocean and almost captures australia, Pear Harbor brings in america into the war after they previously were already looking for a reason to join and this does fine.
Many are lost and japanese intelligence is wrong and the aircraft carriers were not there, but battleships were taken out.
The Philippines are lost, Bataan british men are put onto a death march.
Battle of Midway looses many of japanese surprise attacks and the Battle of Coral bay prevented the expansion to Australia and the Japanese empire is pushed back down in 1945. Second peace conference of Potsdam were the cold war forms here and

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20 Million death in the USSR alone, massive disruption and confusion.
WWII Has massive human dislocation of homes being lost, destroyed, taken but another family or government.
The US and the USSR emerged as the global superpowers that determine politics and the cold war quickly begins.  Unlike WWI no peace treaty is signed and the allies try not to make the same mistakes and while they wait the USA and USSR try to make the same decisions and the cold war will last until 1989 with many global conflicts. Even tho it was avoided german is split up and wasn't planning to be permanent by cobbling together a new country.  Stalin tries to keep his part and makes it clear that he is keeping his region and will not let himself be invaded again. German division until 1989 and russia keeps eastern german all the way through.
League of Nations 2.0 forms and the UN forms with actual power. Every nation is within the general assembly and the 5 nations hold the highest power, the allies, USA USSR France China and UK.
They have many different councils  establishing rights  and military. German cant join but is planned to joint in later years.
War Crime trials include trails against many nazi scientist where 24 are signed for trials but many escape or die. An attempt in taken in german and japan to hold them accountable.
The Space Race also forms along with whole new weaponry and wondering if these weapons can be put into space and that power would completely tip power. Russia almostly completely wins until 1961 where america actually funds efforts. Everything you understand about the world is uncertain.
Early computer technology is formed and Admiral Grace Hopper forms COBOL with the Colossus.
Decolonization begins where some independence is fast, others much slower and more violent.
Lots of what should've happen for WWI finally happens.
Technology from WWII Is long lasting and may forms of these developments continue through the cold war and even today.