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As the boys live on the island for a long period of time, they lose their innocence to the point that it seems non-existent. The theme loss of innocence shows that with time the boys lose their innocence since they have been away from civilization and now their evil/savage sides are coming out. At the beginning of the novel the reader believes that they are completely innocent since they are kids and have not been exposed to any thing dark in their lives. At the beginning of the novel they start chanting "Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in" (Golding 69) and at this point it is clear to the reader that the boys have turned into blood thirsty savages because they are enjoying their act of killing and they even get some boys to act like pigs and chase and hurt each other. Golding showed that without their innocence and their pure young hearts, their evil takes over. Without the natural innocence of a kid they will become overwhelmed with evil and that's exactly what Golding wanted to show in the novel.

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The theme civilization vs savagery in the novel represents good vs evil and shows Golding's description of good and evil through out the novel. As the boys spend more time away from civilizations and it's guidelines, they become more savage. All of the savage acts that the boys do are also considered evil. These savage acts show that without civilization there is no good and people will act with their naturally sinful hearts. When a character performs a civilized act or says something relating to civilization this shows a sign of good and that the characters are still holding on to their sanity. Piggy is the only one who has held on to civilization and did not give in to the evil of the island. "Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man's heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy." (Golding 202), this quote signifies the fact that once Piggy had died all innocence of the boys on the island had completely disappeared since Piggy was the only one who remained civilized through the whole novel. Golding expressed the theme of civilization vs savagery through the characters to show that without civilization the inner savagery and pure evil will be unleashed.

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One of the themes in the novel is original sin. Original sin is a religious belief which is namely the sin of disobedience in consuming the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. This theme is perfect proof that Golding wanted to show good and evil are both something that everyone has, just some have different amounts of these traits. Everyone is sinful in a way, but the only way to be less evil is by the guidelines of humanity. When there's no longer society and its rules,  bad things start to happen and the evil within breaks loose, which is exactly what the boys on the island went through. A good example of when this happens to a character is when Jack's evil resurfaced and took over his mind and body. "He snatched his knife out of the sheath and slammed it into a tree trunk. Next time there would be no mercy" (Golding 31), this quote shows that Jack is taken over by evil and shows no sign of having good any longer.

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The fire is a symbol of destruction and represents the evil throughout the novel. When Jack and his tribe break off from Ralph's group they steal the fire and use it for cooking pigs. The fire brings out the evil in the boys because they become savages over it and they see it as a source of power and authority. Near the end of the novel Jacks tribe uses the fire to hunt after Ralph and the whole forest begins to burn down, he saw a shelter burst into flames and the fire flapped at his right shoulder." (Golding 200) this shows that the boys are unable to control power and instead of using it for good they use it for evil because they are hunting Ralph. The fire is a symbol for evil in the novel because when Jack's tribe uses it for selfish savage reasons it beings out the evil within them.

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The fire represents being rescued which shows the good throughout the novel. Ralph's first instinct was to create a signal fire and he is constantly stating his main goal, "’There’s another thing. We can help them to find us. If a ship comes near the island they may not notice us. We must make smoke on top of the mountain. We must make a fire" (Golding 38). Ralph is focused on getting rescued and he knows that the only way is if they have a signal fire. This shows that the fire represents good because it's a connection with civilization and Ralph uses it in a morally correct way.

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Hunting the pigs symbolizes the savagery and evil on the island and within the boys. "Here, struck down by the heat, the sow fell and the hunters hurled themselves at her. This dreadful eruption from an unknown world made her frantic; she squealed and bucked and the air was full of sweat and noise and blood and terror" (Golding 135), this quote shows that these young boys are no longer civilized and are brutally murdering pigs without any hesitation or feeling the smallest bit of remorse. After the first kill they became obsessed and overwhelmed by the power of killing. They were so overwhelmed by evil that killing pigs became a sport instead of a survival tactic, it eventually got so out of control that they started hurting and actually killing each other.

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Simon searches for a place for meditation and once he found a clearing in the vegetation he made sure that he was alone and meditates in a religious way. When Simon returns to the others he is mistaken as the beast and then killed. Just like Jesus, he is killed in a sacrificial way after trying to bring his message to the others. Overall, Simon is the only character that actually shows true good and does not fall victim to the evil savagery side of the island like everyone else. "I’ll give the conch to the next person to speak" (Golding 33), this quote fro Simon shows that he is following the rules that they have created in order to maintain peace and order. Simon is shown to stay civilized because he sticks with his true good self and does not give into the disordered evil side of the island.

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In the novel Simon represents the true good side of the nature of humankind. Simon is a morally good person because he knows what is right and wrong and he stays civilized unlike most of the boys, he also represents Jesus as well which shows the reader that he is truly a good person.

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Although Ralph represents a lot of the good in the novel, he too can't avoid the evil within. Ralph gets caught up in the mass murder of Simon and for a moment he is surrounded by the thrill of violence and mass hysteria. Although Ralph stays good throughout the novel he can't be seen as innocent or pure good because he is no better compared to the other boys since he also took part in the brutal murdering of Simon.

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Ralph has the most concern for the littluns since they are younger and can't take care of themselves as well as the older kids. "What about the littluns? Someone's got to look after them." (Golding 101) this quote shows the compassion he has for the littluns and that his main concern is the littluns over anything else. When Piggy is trying to recount the names of the littluns Jack says, 'shut up Fatty.' and then Ralph stands up for Piggy. This shows that he cares for others and is able to stand up for not only himself but for others too.

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Ralph represents the in between of good and evil because he is good since he is concerned about the lives of others but once he takes the role as leader the evil side starts to show.

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When Jack's true savagery started to fully show is when he become obsessed with hunting. "Me and my hunters, we're living along the beach by a flat rock. We hunt and feast and have fun." (Golding 140), Jack decides to start his own tribe because he is selfish and doesn't want to listen to Ralph. The quote shows that Jack has no care for getting off the island and only wants to have fun and hunt.

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"See? See? That's what you'll get! I meant that!" (Golding 181), this quote was said by Jack after the death of Piggy. This shows the evil in the novel because it demonstrates how Jack is acting in a cruel and savage way. Jack has no sympathy towards Piggy and shows the least bit of care the fact that he has been murdered right in front of him. At this point he has completely turned evil and is consumed by power

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Jack's evil side starts to show when he treats Piggy horribly. "The conch doesn't count on top of the mountain, so shut up" (Golding 42), this quote shows that Jack is selfish and rude (especially towards Piggy. He doesn't care about what he says and clearly just doesn't care about others besides himself.

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At the beginning of the novel Jack seemed to represent good but as time went on he progressively got more obsessed with hunting which brought out the evil savage side of him.