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CRP mainly works as a marker of inflammation, that binds to damaged cell membranes and promotes  evacuation of debris by facilitating phagocytosis viaits opsonizing activity; additionally it activates complement cascades, stimulates cytokine production, and contributes to tissue repair by interacting with various immune cells in the peripheral tissue environment

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CRP mainly works as a marker of inflammation, that binds to damaged cell membranes and promotes  evacuation of debris by facilitating phagocytosis viaits opsonizing activity; additionally it activates complement cascades, stimulates cytokine production, and contributes to tissue repair by interacting with various immune cells in the peripheral tissue environment

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opsonization binding to dead cells marking them for clearance by immune cells. Crp helps activate the complement system, enhancing immune response against pathogens.

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Evidence has shown that CRP is not only a marker of infection and inflammation but that CRP also has a protective role against bacterial infections, principally through the activation of complement and subsequent opsonization of pathogens.

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CRP in immune cells bind to dead cells, apoptotic bodies and pathogens, this mark them for clearance by phagocytes.

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CRP in immune cells bind to dead cells, apoptotic bodies and pathogens, this mark them for clearance by phagocytes.

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CRP modulates inflammation response by stimulating or inhibited cytokines production

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CRP binds to pathogens and damaged cells in peripheral tissues. It marks them for phagocytosis by immune cells (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils). Also its helps in clearing infections and preventing further tissue damage.

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Peripheral Effects of CRP

1. Endothelial dysfunction: CRP can impair endothelial function, leading to reduced vasodilation and increased blood pressure.

2. Increased vascular permeability: CRP can increase vascular permeability, allowing fluid and inflammatory cells to leak into tissues, leading to edema and inflammation.

3. Enhanced inflammatory response: CRP can amplify the inflammatory response by binding to Fc receptors on immune cells, leading to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

4. Tissue damage: CRP can contribute to tissue damage by promoting the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

5. Impaired wound healing: Elevated CRP levels can impede wound healing by reducing collagen synthesis, impairing tissue remodeling, and increasing the risk of infection.

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1. Pro-inflammatory effects: CRP promotes inflammation by inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

2. Tissue damage: CRP contributes to tissue damage by activating inflammatory cells and promoting the release of destructive enzymes.

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The C reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant produced by the liver and has an increased serum concentration in a variety of inflammatory conditions. The assessment of circulating levels of high sensitive CRP (hsCRP) proved to be useful in differentiating between simple steatosis and NASH.

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📌 CRP Mechanism of Action (A1 English – Scientific & Simple)

1️⃣ Liver Production: IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β activate the liver to make CRP.

2️⃣ Opsonization: CRP attaches to bacteria, viruses, and damaged cells. This helps macrophages and neutrophils to find and destroy them.

3️⃣ Complement System Activation: CRP activates the classical complement pathway (C1q),helping the immune system to remove infections and reduce inflammation.

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C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation, infection, or tissue damage. It enhances immunity by activating the complement system and promoting phagocytosis. CRP is a key biomarker for systemic inflammation, cardiovascular risk, and disease severity. It also aids in tissue repair by clearing apoptotic cells. Clinically, CRP is used to monitor infections, guide treatment, and assess disease progression, making it an essential marker in diagnosing and managing various health conditions.

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Platelet activation

Tissue repair

Opsonisation by binding to pathogens and marking them for destruction

Endothelial functions by increasing expression of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1

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CRP binds to damaged tissue, to nuclear antigens and to certain pathogenic organisms in a calcium-dependent manner. The function of CRP is felt to be related to its role in the innate immune system. Similar to immunoglobulin (Ig)G, it activates complement, binds to Fc receptors and acts as an opsonin for various pathogens. Interaction of CRP with Fc receptors leads to the generation of proinflammatory cytokines that enhance the inflammatory response. Unlike IgG, which specifically recognizes distinct antigenic epitopes, CRP recognizes altered self and foreign molecules based on pattern recognition. Thus, CRP is though to act as a surveillance molecule for altered self and certain pathogens. This recognition provides early defense and leads to a proinflammatory signal and activation of the humoural, adaptive immune system.

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Outside the liver, CRP acts as a local regulator of inflammation and immunity, influencing conditions like cardiovascular disease, obesity, and chronic inflammation.

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Outside the liver, CRP acts as a local regulator of inflammation and immunity, influencing conditions like cardiovascular disease, obesity, and chronic inflammation.

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Function of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Outside the Liver

Vascular endothelial cells (blood vessels)

Adipose tissue (fat cells)

Smooth muscle cells

Macrophages and monocytes

Kidneys and lungs

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Outside the liver, CRP in peripheral blood functions to:1. Bind to pathogens, marking them for destruction2. Activate the complement system to eliminate pathogens3. Regulate endothelial function, influencing blood vessel tone and permeabilityThese functions help to protect the body against infection and inflammation.

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Outside the liver, CRP in peripheral blood functions to:1. Bind to pathogens, marking them for destruction2. Activate the complement system to eliminate pathogens3. Regulate endothelial function, influencing blood vessel tone and permeabilityThese functions help to protect the body against infection and inflammation.

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C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein produced mainly by the liver in response to inflammation, infection, or tissue damage. It plays a key role in the innate immune system and has several functions in the peripheral body:

1. Opsonization & Complement Activation

- CRP binds to phosphocholine on the surface of pathogens and damaged cells.

- This binding tags (opsonizes) these targets for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils.

- CRP activates the classical complement pathway, leading to immune clearance.

2. Inflammation Regulation

- CRP interacts with immune cells, promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α).

- It recruits immune cells to sites of injury or infection.

- In chronic conditions, elevated CRP contributes to persistent inflammation (e.g., cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis).

3. Cardiovascular Effects

- CRP is linked to atherosclerosis by promoting:

- Endothelial dysfunction

- Foam cell formation (via LDL oxidation)

- Plaque instability and thrombosis

4. Role in Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases

- CRP is elevated in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

- It serves as a biomarker of disease activity and treatment response.

5. Infection Response

- CRP levels rise rapidly (within 6–8 hours) during bacterial infections, making it a useful diagnostic marker for sepsis or pneumonia.

- It helps differentiate bacterial infections (high CRP) from viral infections (low CRP).

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Function of C reactive proteins in peripheral body. By sana ullah 

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Function of C reactive proteins in peripheral body. By sana ullah 

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it acts as a marker of inflammation and helps activate the immune system by promoting the clearance of dead cells and pathogens. Elevated CRP levels are often used to assess inflammation or infection in the body.

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C-reactive protein (CRP) functions as a key marker of inflammation in the body, primarily by recognizing damaged cells and pathogens, binding to them, and then activating the complement system to facilitate their removal through phagocytosis; essentially acting as a part of the innate immune response to signal the presence of infection or tissue injury, allowing the body to initiate inflammatory processes to combat the threat.

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It contributes to cardiovascular health by influencing atherosclerosis and serves as a diagnostic marker for infections and chronic diseases.

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C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. In the peripheral body, CRP plays several roles:

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C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation. In the peripheral body, CRP plays several roles:

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*Role in the Immune Response*

1. *Recognition of pathogens*: CRP binds to phosphocholine, a component of bacterial cell walls, helping to recognize and eliminate pathogens.

2. *Activation of complement*: CRP activates the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to eliminate pathogens.

3. *Enhancement of phagocytosis*: CRP helps to facilitate the engulfment and destruction of pathogens by phagocytic cells.

*Role in Inflammation*

1. *Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines*: CRP induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6.

2. *Recruitment of immune cells*: CRP helps to recruit immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, to the site of inflammation.

3. *Increased vascular permeability*: CRP contributes to increased vascular permeability, allowing immune cells and fluids to reach the site of inflammation.

*Role in Tissue Repair*

1. *Clearance of apoptotic cells*: CRP helps to clear apoptotic cells, which is essential for tissue repair and regeneration.

2. *Modulation of fibrosis*: CRP can modulate the development of fibrosis, a condition characterized by excessive scarring.

*Role in Cardiovascular Disease*

1. *Endothelial dysfunction*: Elevated CRP levels are associated with endothelial dysfunction, a precursor to atherosclerosis.

2. *Atherogenesis*: CRP may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis by promoting the uptake of lipids by macrophages.

In summary, CRP plays a multifaceted role in the peripheral body, contributing to the recognition and elimination of pathogens, the induction of inflammation, tissue repair, and the development of cardiovascular disease.

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Elevated CRP suggests infection, autoimmune diseases (like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus), or chronic conditions (like diabetes or heart disease).

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Peripheral blood C-reactive protein (CRP) is a biomarker used clinically to measure systemic inflammation and is reproducibly increased in a subset of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).

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 It plays a role in modulating the inflammatory response, helping to control excessive inflammation.

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 It plays a role in modulating the inflammatory response, helping to control excessive inflammation.

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C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced by the liver in response to inflammation. It helps by:

1. Marking pathogens and damaged cells for removal by immune cells.

2. Activating the complement system to fight infections.

3. Regulating inflammation and promoting tissue repair.

4. Elevated CRP levels indicate ongoing inflammation or infection and can increase the risk of cardiovascular events.

It’s commonly used as a marker of inflammation in the body.

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C-reactive protein (CRP) in peripheral blood, outside the liver, acts as a mediator of inflammation, promoting immune cell activation, enhancing phagocytosis, and modulating complement pathways to aid in immune responses.

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C-reactive protein (CRP) in peripheral blood, outside the liver, acts as a mediator of inflammation, promoting immune cell activation, enhancing phagocytosis, and modulating complement pathways to aid in immune responses.

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Molecular Basis:

CRP is a pentameric protein composed of five identical subunits. Each subunit has a binding site for phosphocholine.

1. Binding to phosphocholine: CRP binds to phosphocholine through a calcium-dependent interaction, which allows it to recognize and bind to pathogens.

2. Activation of complement system: CRP binds to the complement component C1q, activating the classical complement pathway and leading to the elimination of pathogens.

3. Interaction with Fc receptors: CRP binds to Fc receptors on the surface of immune cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, enhancing their phagocytic activity.

4. Modulation of cytokine activity: CRP can bind to cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, and modulate their activity, which helps to regulate the inflammatory response.

Clinical Significance:

CRP is used as a biomarker for inflammation and infection. Elevated CRP levels are associated with various conditions, including:

- Infections (e.g., pneumonia, sepsis)

- Inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus)

- Cardiovascular disease

- Cancer

In summary, CRP plays a vital role in the immune response, recognizing pathogens, activating the complement system, enhancing phagocytosis, and modulating inflammation. Its molecular basis involves binding to phosphocholine, interacting with complement components, Fc receptors, and cytokines.

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It plays a key role in immune defense by marking pathogens and damaged cells for clearance, activating the complement system, and regulating inflammation.

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C-reactive protein (CRP) functions in the peripheral body as a key marker of inflammation, primarily by binding to damaged cells and pathogens, which then signals the immune system to initiate a response to clear away the infection or damaged tissue through phagocytosis, essentially acting as an opsonin to enhance the body's defense against invaders; its levels rise significantly in the bloodstream when inflammation is present, making it a valuable clinical indicator for detecting infections or injuries.

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C reactive protein function in peripheral body: Its primary function in the peripheral body includes:

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C reactive protein function in peripheral body: Its primary function in the peripheral body includes:

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1. Innate Immune Response – CRP plays a role in the body’s first line of defence by recognising and binding to pathogens and damaged cells.

2. Opsonisation – It binds to the surface of dead or dying cells, as well as some bacteria, marking them for clearance by immune cells such as macrophages.

3. Complement System Activation – CRP can activate the complement pathway, enhancing the body’s ability to destroy pathogens and remove cellular debris.

4. Inflammatory Regulation – It interacts with immune cells to modulate the inflammatory response, either promoting or limiting inflammation depending on the situation.

5. Clinical Marker of Inflammation – High levels of CRP in the peripheral blood indicate systemic inflammation and are used in diagnosing infections, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular conditions.

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Hydrocortisone bind glucocorticoid receptor to modulate gene expression and limiting immune responses

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Bind to glucocorticoid receptor then modulate gene expression to supress inflammatory proteins and hence reducing immune system activity.

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Bind to glucocorticoid receptor then modulate gene expression to supress inflammatory proteins and hence reducing immune system activity.

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Inflixamab is an monoclonal antibody used to enhance the function of the immune system 

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Inflixamab is an monoclonal antibody used to enhance the function of the immune system 

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Here are the possible side effects

painful or difficult urination

pale skin

pounding in the ears

runny or stuffy nose

slow or fast heartbeat

sneezing

sore throat

sores, ulcers, or white spots on the lips or in the mouth

stomach pain

tender, swollen glands in the neck

tightness in the chest

trouble breathing

trouble swallowing

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Infliximab injection is used to reduce the symptoms of moderate-to-severely active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in adults and children who have been previously treated with other medicines but did not work well.

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Infliximab injection is used to reduce the symptoms of moderate-to-severely active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in adults and children who have been previously treated with other medicines but did not work well.

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Infliximab injection is used alone or together with other medicines (eg, methotrexate) to reduce the symptoms and prevent the progression of moderate-to-severely active rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and active ankylosing spondylitis.

Infliximab injection is also used to treat chronic severe (extensive or disabling) plaque psoriasis, which is a skin disease with red patches and white scales that do not go away. It is used in patients who cannot be treated with other medicines.

Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody that works to enhance and improve the immune system.

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It can cause blurry vision, bladder pain, body aches, chest pain, coughs, difficult, burning, or painful urination, difficulty breathing, dizziness, dryness or soreness of the throat, ear congestion, fever, frequent urge to urinate, headache, hoarseness, hives, itching, or rash, loss of voice, lower back or side pain, painful or difficult urination

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Lupuslike syndrome, psororasis, itching, hives, heart attack, stroke 

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Lupuslike syndrome, psororasis, itching, hives, heart attack, stroke 

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Infliximab can cause common side effects like infusion reactions, respiratory infections, headache, fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rash. Serious side effects may include increased risk of infections, malignancies, hepatitis B reactivation, neurological problems, blood disorders, allergic reactions, and heart problems. Rare but serious side effects include progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and hepatotoxicity.

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Serious adverse events with infliximab include incresead susceptibility for infectious diseases, such as TB, invasive fungal infections, reactivation of hepatitis B virus, worsening of hepatitis C and more.

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Overproduction of TNF-α by inflixamab can cause inflammation, which can damage tissues, bones, and cartilage, and also cause cell death.

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Overproduction of TNF-α by inflixamab can cause inflammation, which can damage tissues, bones, and cartilage, and also cause cell death.

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Side effects included; elevated liver , TB reactivation, slightly increases risk of skin cancer and can worsen pre existing heart failure 

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Side effects included; elevated liver , TB reactivation, slightly increases risk of skin cancer and can worsen pre existing heart failure 

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Side effects of Inflixamab include: Suppression of the immune system and increasing infections risk

It also kills immune cells

Risk of cancer. Reduce wound healing

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 Infliximab suppresses the immune system, it can increase the risk of infections, including respiratory infections, tuberculosis, and fungal infections.

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 Infliximab suppresses the immune system, it can increase the risk of infections, including respiratory infections, tuberculosis, and fungal infections.

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Ainflaxamab, a monoclonal antibody targeting TNF-α, inhibits inflammation by reducing cytokine production. Side effects include infections, infusion reactions, and potential immune suppression in chronic inflammation.

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Ainflaxamab, a monoclonal antibody targeting TNF-α, inhibits inflammation by reducing cytokine production. Side effects include infections, infusion reactions, and potential immune suppression in chronic inflammation.

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Immunosuppression_: Infliximab's inhibition of TNF-α can lead to immunosuppression, increasing the risk of infections.

2. Autoantibody production: Infliximab can induce the production of autoantibodies, leading to autoimmune reactions.

3. Cytokine imbalance: Infliximab's disruption of the cytokine balance can lead to an increased risk of malignancies.

4. Neurotransmitter modulation: Infliximab can modulate neurotransmitter activity, leading to neurological problems.

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Infusion reactions:

These can occur during or shortly after infusion and may include fever, chills, flushing, itching, hives, chest pain, and low blood pressure.

Increased infection risk:

Infliximab weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections like colds, flu, and more serious bacterial infections.

Skin reactions:

Rash, itching, hives, and in severe cases, blistering skin reactions can occur.

Gastrointestinal issues:

Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and stomach upset are common side effects.

Headaches and muscle aches:

Some patients experience headaches, joint pain, and muscle aches.

Cancer risk:

Although rare, infliximab has a boxed warning regarding the potential for developing certain cancers, particularly lymphoma.

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Hydrocortisone can cause the formation of small, dialated blood vessels near the surface of the skin 

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Hydrocortisone can cause the formation of small, dialated blood vessels near the surface of the skin 

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Increased risk of Infection

Neurological problems

Risk of heart failure

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Therapeutic Effects; It Reduces inflammation and immune response. It also Relieves pain and swelling in joints (arthritis). It sometimes Heals intestinal ulcers. It Improves skin conditions.

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Therapeutic Effects; It Reduces inflammation and immune response. It also Relieves pain and swelling in joints (arthritis). It sometimes Heals intestinal ulcers. It Improves skin conditions.

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Heart failure, liver toxity, lupus like syndrome, neurological disorder

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Infliximab (brand names: Remicade, Inflectra, Renflexis) is a monoclonal antibody that targets tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and is used to treat autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, and ankylosing spondylitis.

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Coughing, stomach pain, headache, sinus infection, sore throat, indigestion, heartburn, muscle stiffness

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The most common complications of infliximab?

Serious infections: There is an increased risk of severe infections, including tuberculosis, bacterial sepsis, and invasive fungal infections. ...

Malignancy: Lymphoma and other malignancies, some fatal, were documented in children and adolescents treated with TNF blockers, including infliximab

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allergic reactions like skin rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips, or tongue

breathing problems

changes in vision

chest pain

fever or chills, usually related to the infusion

joint pain

pain, tingling, numbness in the hands or feet

redness, blistering, peeling or loosening of the skin, including inside the mouth

seizures

signs of infection - fever or chills, cough, sore throat, flu-like symptoms, pain or difficulty passing urine

signs and symptoms of liver injury like dark yellow or brown urine; general ill feeling; light-colored stools; loss of appetite; nausea; right upper belly pain; unusually weak or tired; yellowing of the eyes or skin

signs and symptoms of a stroke like changes in vision; confusion; trouble speaking or understanding; severe headaches; sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg; trouble walking; dizziness; loss of balance or coordination

swelling of the ankles, feet, or hands

swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, or groin areas

unusual bleeding or bruising

unusually weak or tired

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Infliximab can cause common side effects, serious side effects, and infusion reactions. 

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Infliximab can cause common side effects, serious side effects, and infusion reactions. 

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Common side effects

Headache

Coughing

Stomach pain

Respiratory infections, like sinus infections or sore throat

Belching

Heartburn

Indigestion

Muscle stiffness

Redness of the face, neck, arms, and sometimes upper chest

Serious side effects

Allergic reactions, including delayed reactions

Lupus-like syndrome

Psoriasis

Cancers, including lymphoma and skin cancer

Heart attack

Stroke

Changes in blood pressure

Heart rhythm problems

Infusion reactions

chest pain, fever, chills, itching, hives, rash, dizziness, fainting, lightheadedness, and joint pain.

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Hydrocortisone can increase the risk of infections, particularly in people with compromised immune system.  

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Hydrocortisone can increase the risk of infections, particularly in people with compromised immune system.  

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Infliximab can cause side effects, especially when inflammation is high. These include:

1. Infusion reactions (fever, chills, rash).

2. Increased risk of infections (TB, fungal, bacterial).

3. Autoimmune responses (lupus-like symptoms, blood disorders).

4. Worsening heart failure and hypotension.

5. Slightly increased cancer risk (lymphoma, skin cancer).

6. Liver issues (hepatotoxicity).

7. Potential worsening of IBD.

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Hives, rash, or swelling of the feet

Wheezing, difficulty breathing, or chest pain

Drop in blood pressure

Fatigue

Infections

Fever or sore throat

Blood in stool, black or tarry stools, or bloody or cloudy urine

Infections like anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia

Liver problems itchy skin, yellowing of the skin or eyes, dark-brown urine, pain in the upper right part of the stomach, and loss of appetite.

Other side effects

Headaches, Dizziness, Flushing, Stomach pain, Indigestion, and Feeling sick.

You should contact your doctor immediately if you experience any of these side effects.

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Mechanism of action

The short-term effects of corticosteroids are decreased vasodilation and permeability of capillaries, as well as decreased leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation.¹⁰ Corticosteroids binding to the glucocorticoid receptor mediates changes in gene expression that lead to multiple downstream effects over hours to days.¹⁰

Glucocorticoids inhibit neutrophil apoptosis and demargination; they inhibit phospholipase A2, which decreases the formation of arachidonic acid derivatives; they inhibit NF-Kappa B and other inflammatory transcription factors; they promote anti-inflammatory genes like interleukin-10.¹⁰

Lower doses of corticosteroids provide an anti-inflammatory effect, while higher doses are immunosuppressive.¹⁰ High doses of glucocorticoids for an extended period bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor, raising sodium levels and decreasing potassium levels.¹⁰

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Hydrocortisone reduces inflammation by binding glucocorticoid receptors, modulating gene expression, inhibiting NF-κB, and suppressing cytokine production.

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Hydrocortisone reduces inflammation by binding glucocorticoid receptors, modulating gene expression, inhibiting NF-κB, and suppressing cytokine production.

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Hydrocortisone functions by binding to glucocorticoid receptors which result in gene expression changes.  It inhibits inflamatory transcription factors such as phospholipase A2 and NF kappa B. 

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Hydrocortisone functions by binding to glucocorticoid receptors which result in gene expression changes.  It inhibits inflamatory transcription factors such as phospholipase A2 and NF kappa B. 

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Hydrocortisone helped to modulate the immune response and suppress pro-inflammatory signals

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Hydrocortisone helps reduce pain and itching associated with inflammation. It causes blood vessels to constrict, reducing blood flow to the affected area

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Hydrocortisone helps reduce pain and itching associated with inflammation. It causes blood vessels to constrict, reducing blood flow to the affected area

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Functions , effects and method of action of hydrocortisone 

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Functions , effects and method of action of hydrocortisone 

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Hydrocortisone is a synthetic version of the hormone cortisol, which is produced naturally by the adrenal gland.

Function

Hydrocortisone has several functions:

1. Anti-inflammatory: Reduces inflammation and swelling by suppressing the immune system's response.

2. Immunosuppressive: Decreases the activity of the immune system, which can help alleviate conditions like allergies, asthma, and autoimmune disorders.

3. Vasoconstrictive: Narrows blood vessels, reducing blood flow to affected areas and alleviating symptoms like redness and itching.

Effects

The EFFECTS of hydrocortisone depend on the specific condition being treated:

1. Skin conditions: Relieves inflammation, itching, and redness associated with eczema, dermatitis, and psoriasis.

2. Allergic reactions: Reduces symptoms like hives, itching, and swelling.

3. Respiratory issues: Helps alleviate asthma symptoms, such as wheezing and shortness of breath.

4. Gastrointestinal issues: May be used to treat conditions like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

How it WORKS ?

Hydrocortisone works by:

1. Binding to glucocorticoid receptors: Hydrocortisone binds to specific receptors in cells, triggering a response that reduces inflammation and immune activity.

2. Suppressing inflammatory genes: Hydrocortisone decreases the production of pro-inflammatory genes, leading to reduced inflammation and immune response.

3. Stabilizing cell membranes: Hydrocortisone helps maintain cell membrane integrity, reducing the release of inflammatory chemicals.

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The short-term effects of corticosteroids are decreased vasodilation and permeability of capillaries, as well as decreased leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation.

Corticosteroids binding to the glucocorticoid receptor mediates changes in gene expression that lead to multiple downstream effects over hours to days.

Glucocorticoids inhibit neutrophil apoptosis and demargination; they inhibit phospholipase A2, which decreases the formation of arachidonic acid derivatives; they inhibit NF-Kappa B and other inflammatory transcription factors; they promote anti-inflammatory genes like interleukin-10.

Lower doses of corticosteroids provide an anti-inflammatory effect, while higher doses are immunosuppressive.

High doses of glucocorticoids for an extended period bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor, raising sodium levels and decreasing potassium levels.

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Hydrocortisone inhibits the activity of certain enzymes and molecules  that trigger inflammation, swelling, pain, and redness.

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Hydrocortisone inhibits the activity of certain enzymes and molecules  that trigger inflammation, swelling, pain, and redness.

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Inhibits histamine release reducing allergic reactions and itching

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Glucocorticoid receptor binding:

Hydrocortisone enters cells and binds to specific glucocorticoid receptors, triggering changes in gene expression.

Anti-inflammatory effects:

By modulating gene expression, hydrocortisone reduces the production of inflammatory molecules like prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are responsible for swelling and pain.

Immune suppression:

It also suppresses the activation and proliferation of immune cells like T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, further limiting inflammation.

Vascular effects:

Hydrocortisone can decrease capillary permeability and reduce leukocyte migration to inflamed sites, minimizing swelling.

Metabolic effects:

At high doses, hydrocortisone can influence metabolism by affecting blood sugar levels and proteinprotein.

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Hydrocortisone decrease the breakdown of catecholamine, increase the calcium levels in myocardial cells and unregulated adrenergic receptors.

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Hydrocortisone decrease the breakdown of catecholamine, increase the calcium levels in myocardial cells and unregulated adrenergic receptors.

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Effects of hydrocortisol as an anti inflammatory agent 

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Effects of hydrocortisol as an anti inflammatory agent 

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Mechanism of Action: inhibits accumulation of inflammatory cells at inflammation sites, phagocytosis, lysosomal enzyme release and synthesis, and release of mediators of inflammation. Therapeutic Effect: Prevents or suppresses cell-mediated immune reactions.

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Pharmaceutical Use: Some hydrocarbon-based compounds (e.g., certain lipids, alkanes like squalane) are used in medicine, including drug formulations for anti-inflammatory medications

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Pharmaceutical Use: Some hydrocarbon-based compounds (e.g., certain lipids, alkanes like squalane) are used in medicine, including drug formulations for anti-inflammatory medications

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Hydrocortisone is a steroid that is used a replacement for people with cortisol deffect to relieve or reduce pain and inflammation 

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Hydrocortisone is a steroid that is used a replacement for people with cortisol deffect to relieve or reduce pain and inflammation 

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It reduces the activity of white blood cells and immune signaling molecules (cytokines), which helps control excessive immune reactions.

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It works as an anti-inflammatory by suppressing the immune system and reducing the production of substances in the body that cause inflammation.

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It works as an anti-inflammatory by suppressing the immune system and reducing the production of substances in the body that cause inflammation.

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Stabilizes lysosomal membrane thereby preventing release of enzymes responsible for tissue damage. It also decreased vascular permeability reducing swelling and redness

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📌 Biomarkers Involved in Hydrocortisone’s Anti-Inflammatory Action

✅ NF-κB (Nuclear Factor Kappa B): Hydrocortisone blocks NF-κB, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.

✅ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α: These cytokines cause inflammation; hydrocortisone lowers their levels.

✅ Annexin-1: Hydrocortisone activates this anti-inflammatory protein, which stops PLA2 (phospholipase A2) from making prostaglandins.

✅ CRP (C-reactive protein): Hydrocortisone reduces CRP levels, lowering systemic inflammation.

🎯 Effect: Less redness, swelling, and itching in dermatitis.

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Hydrocortisone suppresses the immune response. It decreases the activity of immune cells like macrophages and T cells, reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines( IL 1, IL 6, TNF-alpha)

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Effects of Systemically Administered Hydrocortisone on the Human Immunome - Scientific Reports

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Scientific Reports - Effects of Systemically Administered Hydrocortisone on the Human Immunome

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Mechanism of action of hydrocortisone as an anti-inflammatory agent

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Mechanism of action of hydrocortisone as an anti-inflammatory agent

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Hydrocortisone acts as an anti-inflammatory agent through a multi-faceted mechanism:

It binds to the glucocorticoid receptor, translocates to the nucleus, and modulates the transcription of inflammatory genes.

It inhibits key enzymes like PLA2 and COX-2, reducing the production of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

It suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine production and immune cell activation, reduces the recruitment of immune cells to inflamed tissues, and induces apoptosis in certain immune cells. These combined actions make hydrocortisone an effective treatment for inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and autoimmune disorders.

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Hydrocortisone activates natural substances in the skin to reduce swelling, redness, and itching

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Reduce inflammation.

It calms down immune response to reduce pain, swelling.

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Hydrocortisone binds to the glucocorticoid receptor leading to downstream effects such as inhibition of phospholipase A2, NF-kappa B, other inflammatory transcription factors, and the promotion of anti-inflammatory genes.

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Effects of hydrocortisone on inflammation 

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Effects of hydrocortisone on inflammation 

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It suppresses the immune system

It reduces inflammation causing enzymes

Also stabilises cell membrane

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It stops production of cytokines which are responsible for anti-inflamation. It inhibits the enzyme production which play role in inflamation response.

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Hydrocortisone act as anti inflammatory by modulating the immune response and suppressing inflammation 

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Hydrocortisone act as anti inflammatory by modulating the immune response and suppressing inflammation 

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Hydrocortisons treats skin by reducing redness , itching and inflammation It calmes the immune system to reduce pain. One of it's side effect is it can cause skin thinness.

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Hydrocortisone works by calming down your body's immune response to reduce pain, itching and swelling (inflammation). It can also be used as hormone replacement for people who do not have enough of the natural stress hormone, cortisol.

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Hydrocortisone works by calming down your body's immune response to reduce pain, itching and swelling (inflammation). It can also be used as hormone replacement for people who do not have enough of the natural stress hormone, cortisol.

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decrease inflammation,slows down overactive immune system,relieves swelling,redness,itching,allergic reactions

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Used as hormone replacement for people who do not have enough of the natural stress hormone, cortisol.

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Used as hormone replacement for people who do not have enough of the natural stress hormone, cortisol.

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Figure 1: Effects of systemically administered hydrocortisone (HC) on circulating peripheral blood cells in humans. | Scientific Reports

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Healthy volunteers had phlebotomy at baseline and after they were administered 50 mg (a,c) or 250 mg (b,d) intravenous HC. (a,b): absolute neutrophil counts, absolute lymphocyte counts, and absolute monocyte counts were determined by complete blood counts. (c,d): Quantitation of CD45+CD3+ T cells, CD45+CD3+CD8-CD4+ T cells, CD45+CD3+CD4-CD8+ T cells, CD45+CD3-CD19+ B cells, and CD45+CD3-CD16+CD56+ NK cells were determined by clinical flow cytometry as described in the Materials and Methods. Each panel depicts data from up to ten individuals treated with either 50 mg or 250 mg HC.Data for a single patient are shown as a single thin line. Think line represents median across patients with error bars indicating 25-th and 75-th quantile. Time points with significant changes in cell counts comparing with baseline are marked with *for p < 0.05, and **for p < 0.01 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).

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Hydrocortisone acts slowly via gene regulation and rapidly via membrane effects to suppress inflammation, immune response, and swelling, making it effective for treating various inflammatory and autoimmune skin conditions.