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1) All employees can access to unlimited information with the advanced technology.
2) If employees know all the information they want, they can achieving their superior performance

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(before the class)
-Critical Success Factors for IT Managers

(after the class)
- It consist of four classes :
i)Business Management Issues
IT managers should attract and retain highly skilled people

, practice good people-management skills

and use IT to improve productivity and financial returns.

ii)Strategic and Competitive Issues
IT managers must develop IT strategies supporting the firm’s strategic goals and objectives

and provide leadership in technology applications to attain competitive advantage for the firm

iii)Planning and Implementation Concerns
Managers need to provide effective communication channels so that plans and variances are widely understood

iv) Operational Items
IT managers should provide customer service with high reliability and availability

and deliver service of all kinds on schedule and within planned costs

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In this topic, I have learned that managers must remain fluent in new practices and techniques with the advanced technology. There are also It management challenges which is controls and environmental factors,competitive consideration and people and organizations. In order to cope with this, IT managers must  develop good people management skills and be attuned to these issues. In conclusion, technology have spread   all over the country and these technologies are enabling important transformations that profoundly affect people, organizations, industries, and nations.

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1) Technology can reduce the barrier time and distance in the company's organization  and can make employees easy to access information, give information to the others worker and can also establish vital new relationship with supplier and customers.
2) IT can give bigger impacts in every area of business.
3) Human resource management are important in organizations because it focuses on maximizing and optimizing the performance of employees to achieve the company’s goals or objectives

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(before the class)
-The role of CIO, CTO and CKO

(after the class)
CIO
A chief information officer (CIO) is an executive job title commonly given to the person at an enterprise in charge of information technology (IT) strategy and the computer systems required to support the organization's unique objectives and goals.

The roles of CIO;
-Has to be a skilled and organized manager to be successful
-Serves as the company’s top technology infrastructure manager
-Runs the organization’s internal IT operations

CTO
A chief technology officer (CTO) is an executive-level position in a company or other entity whose occupation is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization .

The roles of CTO;
- Focuses on external customers (buyers).
-Uses technology to enhance the company’s product offerings.
-Aligns the company’s product architecture with business priorities

CKO
Chief knowledge officer (CKO) is a corporate title for the person responsible for overseeing knowledge management within an organization.

The roles of CKO ;
-Maximize the returns on knowledge: people, processes and best practices.
-Develop an environment for learning and the development of new and innovative ideas.
Limit knowledge loss and leakage due to employee loss or section, department or organizational restructuring.

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In this topic , I've learned that information technology are very important to people ,organization and  the company. With IT, people can easily get the information they want and can make business management more easier.Businesses can use technology in manufacturing, improving customer care, transportation, human resource management, business communication, use technology to improve their services or products as a way of gaining competitive advantage .
In addition, people-management skills should consider Maslow Pyramidal Hierarchy includes psychological ,safety,love, esteem and self-actualization. Next , managers must provide effective leadership, have good communication and have trust others employees in order to create great environment. This will make employees more comfortable and can finish their work on time.

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1) IT should be able to meet business goals which is it can be link to customers,suppliers and employees more easily.
2)IT strategic management is a written document that details the multiple factors that affect the organization's investment in and use of technology.

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(before the class)
-The value chain model

(after the class)
Value chain model have :
*Primary Activities:

-Directly related to the production and distribution of a firm’s products or services

*Support  Activities:

-Make the delivery of primary activities possible

-Consist of the organization’s infrastructure, human resources, technology, and procurement

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Information technology is a potent source of competitive advantage and firm are ready to invest in buying new applications and hardware to make their company get the great return of their investment in technology

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IT strategy is important in today’s business environment because information can be share with customer and suppliers without waiting for a long time for the information to reach them and they can make decision quickly.

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(before the class)
-IT strategy formation process

(after the class)
Strategy formulation is the process developing the strategy by an organization in order to achieve their company's goals.
There are 3 business strategy elements :
1. Vision
- The company will make their long-term goals clearly to meet the company objectives.The company need to make their own target in each department on what they want their company to achieve and what is the company aspires to be in order to make the working environment more exciting.

2. Strategy
- Strategy formation process is an integral part of strategic management, as it helps in framing effective strategies for the organization, to survive and grow in the dynamic business environment.
A clearly stated vision such as make the specified time period when the company should achieve their goals will provide the organizations with a guide to carry out their plan systematically.The organization must put benchmarks to check strategy effectiveness,
and provides architectural bridge between mission and vision.

3. Mission
- An organization's strategic mission offers a long-range perspective of what organization should strive for going forward.Elements of strong strategic mission should include special abilities the organization holds in the marketplace,review to identify for themes and ideas

of an organization and identify core values.

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Organization must aware of the strategy management in order to adapt and remodel their plans to achieve maximum succession. IT strategy can unify other strategic thrusts and become the firm’s business strategy.

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What I know about Information System Planning is critical in developing and executing successful strategic plans in huge firms at global level. It is observed in current business situation that the markets are very uncertain which pushes companies to adopt effective, pro-active strategies in order to gain competitive advantage. The strategy formula is oriented through company's operation and objectives based on a cautious analysis of the involving company. Objectives of information system planning are desired future positions and destinations the organizations intend to reach in order to fulfill its mission. Its policies are a general guideline that directs and constraints decision making within an organization.

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(before the class)
IT planning model

(after the class)
The three types of IT planning model are:

1-   Strategic planning – determining the major objective of the organization.

2-   Tactical – concern primarily with the implementation of strategic plans by mid-level management.

3-    Operational planning – which focuses on planning required to accomplish the responsibilities of a specific managers job, section, or department.

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Information system is to turn raw data into useful information that can be used for decision making in an organization.Information system planning are important in organization to make to deal with changing information needs of the organization. All levels of managers can take various decisions when strategy are plan very well.

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-Various types of voice & data communication network

1. Voice network
-Interactive - Bidirectional networks that provide on-demand communication.
-There are many types of voice network which are:
*Circuit switched networks - one that establishes a circuit (or channel) between nodes and terminals before the users may communicate, as if the nodes were physically connected with an electrical circuit.

*Telephone signals

*Analog & digital signals

*Multiplexing – subdividing physical media (copper wire) into 2 or more separate bands. Examples is Incoming and outgoing voice signals and can be transmitted independently.

*Digitizing Voice Signals – data more accurate

*Digital Telephone

2. Data Communication Networks
-There are many types of data communication networks:

*Packet Switched Networks - a network communications method that groups all transmitted data, irrespective of content, type, or structure into suitably-sized blocks, called packets in a shared network.

*Local Area Networking

*OSI - Model
*Internetworking Technology
*Physical layer technologies
*Digital Cable
*Wireless Systems

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Advances in semiconductor technology have enabled enormous advances in telecommunications systems.Trends in semiconductor technology such as diminishing device size, increasing density of devices on chips, faster switching speeds, expanded function per chip

,increased reliability and rapidly declining unit cost have me in made a change in organization to use technology communication wisely. The employees can use the technology to share and collection information without wasting time to go from a department to another department just to collect the data they need because they just can use the technology to do it.

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Current trends in hardware and software include the increasing use of reduced instruction-set computing, migration to the UNIX operating system, the development of large software libraries, microprocessor-based smart terminals that allow remote validation of data, speech synthesis and recognition, application generators, fourth-generation languages, computer-aided software engineering, object-oriented technologies, and artificial intelligence.The computer industry and its products continue to undergo dynamic change. Software development continues to lag behind hardware, and its high cost is offsetting the savings provided by hardware.

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1. There are three types of Electronic Computing Industry  :
- Semiconductor industry

- Computer industry

*Hardware supplier

* Software business

-Telecommunication industry

2.The computer and telecommunications industries employ millions of people worldwide

3. Changes in technology are rapidly changing the faces of these industries and effecting managers, employees, and customers

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(before the class)
Regulatory Body of Malaysia telecommunication services

(after the class)
Telecommunication is the exchange of information over significant distances by electronic means and refers to all types of voice, data and video transmission.

A regulatory body is a public organization or government agency that is set up to exercise a regulatory function. This involves imposing requirements, conditions or restrictions, setting the standard for activities, and enforcing in these areas or obtaining compliance. The primary goal for a regulatory body is to protect the public, such as the providing and enforcing on adequate standards for health and safety in an organization.

Examples of one Regulatory Body of Malaysia in telecommunication services is Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC).

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-Elements of info-structure
The term information infrastructure refers to the communications networks and associated software that support interaction among people and organizations. The Internet is the phenomenon that has driven the debate to date. The term Information Infrastructure is useful as a collective term for present networks (i.e. the Internet) and likely future facilities.

-Cyber law
Cyber law is any law relating to protecting the internet and other online communication technologies.
An organization needs cyber law because of several  factors such as:
•Integrity and security of information

•Security of government data

•Intellectual property rights

•Privacy and confidentially of information

•Legal status of online transactions

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(before the class)
Prioritizing E-Business Applications

(after the class)
*Transitioning to a Web-based business strategy requires many new systems and processes

*Rigorous analysis is imperative because e-business applications are both strategically and tactically important

-Costs and benefits are extremely difficult to determine initially

-Requires hardware and infrastructure improvements concurrently, increasing risk.

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Applications portfolios and related databases are large, important assets for modern firms.They are even more important in today's business climate. Senior executives must participate in portfolio management because these assets represent enormous value to ongoing operations.

Successful portfolio management is a critical success factor for IT managers. To use the process effectively, managers must be knowledgeable of fundamental application attributes like strategic or tactical value, technical quality,needed or requested enhancements, investments required and investments returns.

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Application Program Resources
The firm’s information system includes hardware, OS, databases, network, and support programs.
Computer hardware is virtually useless without computer software. Software is the programs that are needed to accomplish the input, processing, output, storage, and control activities of information systems.

Computer software is typically classified into two major types of programs: system software and application software.
Application software are programs that direct the performance of a particular use, or application, of computers to meet the information processing needs of end users.

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Challenges of Application   Development
- The security of application often neglected by the programmers
- some of the application might have slow performance
-the cost to build the application quite high .

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(before the class)
Steps in the Application Project Management Process

(after the class)
-There are several step to manage the application project process which is :
1.Business case development

2.Phase review process

3.Managing the review process

4.Resource allocation and control

5.Risk analysis

6.Risk reduction strategies

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Application development is a difficult management task.

Application management systems build on the firm’s established management processes. IT application development is seen as a value add to the firm’s strategic plan.

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-An Internet global communication accessed through the Web.
-An intranet is a network where employees can create content, communicate, collaborate, get stuff done, and develop the company culture.
-An extranet is like an intranet, but also provides controlled access to authorized customers, vendors, partners, or others outside the company.
-Internet, Intranet and extranet can  be beneficial to businesses in any industry.

-Once integrated into a business model, these portals can make day to day activities more efficient, more streamlined, better connected, and more productive.

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(before the class)
E-business environment
(after the class)
*E-business refers to a broader definition of Electronic Commerce, not just the buying and selling of goods and services, but also servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions within an organization
*IT manager needs to know how to:

-Establish successful intranets & launch e-business applications

-Adapt to various changes in business structure, operations, policy, infrastructure, personnel, etc.

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-Networked application systems are one of the most important developments in IT history

-Managers must select and implement systems that work in their specific environments and be capable of managing the resulting profound changes that ensue

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What is customer requirement?

•Customers requirements is the relationship between the organization and the customer. Requirements are those characteristics that determine whether or not the customer is happy.  Customer requirement in business are important because it will helps organization to improve service and product, get more information, and describe things that may not be realistic.
• Every company must know what,how, when and where their customers want since E-business never sleeps and  so information is always needed because the customer needs information as soon as it becomes relevant. For example, price of the products

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(before the class)
POLICY,HUMAN & CHANGE MANAGEMENT ISSUES RELATED TO E-BUSINESS
(after the class)
•       Policy Issues Related To E-Business being raised by e-business, with special attention to the dislocations it causes and the effort to make e-business policies that reflect societal values.  The rapidity of change brought about by e-business has drawn attention to these needs, especially since policy evolves more slowly than technology, and much more slowly than business itself, which has strong incentives

•       Installation of a new system always causes change-management issues, but e-business systems can involve total cultural revolution.  Effective leadership is necessary so that staff see the changes in a positive light.  Managers of employees who have been used to hoarding information must encourage those employees to share data with external business partners. This strategy also encourages employees to "think out of the box" about new ways in which technologies can be exploited to improve the business. They need to be taught that in the competitive, ever-changing e-business world, change must become a way of life

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-Electronic business or e-business is the use of ICT to improve business (from the use of email to facilitate administrative procedures in buying and selling through the Internet).
- Benefits of E-business are :

•       Cut costs and transaction times.

•       Promote, market and sell around the world and around the clock through a website.

•       Improve customer support, communication and relationship management.

•       Compete globally with your website against businesses of all sizes without setting up offices in other countries.

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IT resource management is very important in an organization.
Resource management is the efficient and effective development of an organization's resources when they are needed. Such resources may include financial resources, inventory, human skills, production resources, or information technology (IT) and natural resources.

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(before the class)
Service Level Agreement (SLA)
(after the class)
-A written agreement between an IT Service provider and the IT Customer(s), defining the key service targets and responsibilities of both parties. The emphasis must be on agreement and SLAs should not be used as a way of holding one side or the other to ransom.

- A standard tool to establish and define customer service levels which is it can helps:
◦SLAs help to reduce conflicts between users and suppliers and establish user expectations

◦With outsourcing, IT has been forced to create SLAs in order to compete to keep operations internal

◦Creating these agreements requires negotiation and discussion

- SLA negotiations are an iterative process

◦Requirements evolve as discussions become focused

◦New technology can offer benefits to the parties

-The end product of SLA discussions is a written document

◦Costs

◦Services

◦Other contingencies (uptime, throughput)

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-Problem, Change, and Recovery Management are critical to managing computing facilities effectively

-These disciplines support execution of SLAs

-Thoughtful, conscientious individuals can work together to minimize the effects of the difficulties inherent in complex environments

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Advantages of IT Profit Centers:

1. Easy to understand and explain

2. Promote business management

3. Provide benchmarks and comparisons

4. Establish financial rigor

5. Enable outside sale of services

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What is network and why it is important to organization.
- Network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one another to allow the sharing of data. An excellent example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions of people all over the world
- Network  is important to organization because it is really valuable way to expand knowledge, learn from the success of others, get new clients and tell others about your business. A strong and active business network has advantages that can make your business grow and flourish

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(before the class)
Special Considerations for E-Business Systems

(after the class)
-E-business strategies originate from and are justified at the firm’s highest levels and are strategic in nature; they are less amenable to ROI calculations at lower levels in the firm

*what matters most is that costs are identified, controlled, and justified in some manner

*who does the work or who owns the assets is far less important

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-IT resources are widely dispersed, making accounting processes difficult

-Accounting for IT resources helps managers with planning, controlling, communicating, and assessing performance

*Chargeback methods are very important to IT managers

*IT accounting systems are not an end in and of themselves but a means

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(before the class)
IT Managers’ Responsibilities

(after the class)
- An IT Manager is responsible for implementing and maintaining an organization's technology infrastructure. Businesses rely on a central information processing system to support efficient data management and communications.
- The IT manager monitors the organization's operational requirements, researches strategies and technology solutions, and builds the most cost-effective and efficient system to achieve those goals.

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-Business controls, asset protection, and security are fundamental to business operations

-Managers must know what their assets are and each asset’s estimated value

-Assets must be classified and protected in accordance with their relative worth