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a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.

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a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries.

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the most common form of plague in humans, characterized by fever, delirium, and the formation of buboes.

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Great Schism. the division or conflict in the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417, when there were rival popes at Avignon and Rome. also called Schism of the West. the separation of the Eastern Church from the Western Church, traditionally dated 1054. also called Schism of the East.

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theme system. A new military system created during the Heraclian Dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, in which land was granted to farmers who, in return, would provide the empire with loyal soldiers. Similar to the feudal system of medieval western Europe.

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a combustible compound emitted by a flame-throwing weapon and used to set light to enemy ships. It was first used by the Greeks besieged in Constantinople (673–78). It ignited on contact with water, and was probably based on naphtha and quicklime.

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Code of Justinian. Code of Justinian, Latin Codex Justinianus, formally Corpus Juris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”), the collections of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from 529 to 565 ce. Strictly speaking, the works did not constitute a new legal code.

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the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad.

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Primary Meanings of Constantinople. 1. n. the largest city and former capital of Turkey; rebuilt on the site of ancient Byzantium by Constantine I in the fourth century; renamed Constantinople by Constantine who made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire; now the seat of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

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It went along the northern borders of China, India, and Persia and ended up in Eastern Europe near today's Turkey and the Mediterranean Sea. The Silk Road was important because it helped to generate trade and commerce between a number of different kingdoms and empires.

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the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

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Hit-and-run tactics is a tactical doctrine where the purpose of the combat involved is not to seize control of territory; instead, flexible noncommittal attacks are used to inflict damage on a target and immediately exit the area to avoid the enemy's defense and/or retaliation.

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Mongolian emperor whose empire stretched from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean (1162-1227) Synonyms: Jenghiz Khan, JinghisKhan, Temujin Example of: emperor. the male ruler of an empire.

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a group of close-knit and interrelated families (especially associated with families in the Scottish Highlands).

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The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or the steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome.

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a native or inhabitant of Mongolia; a Mongolian.

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is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as cattle, camels, goats, yaks, llamas, reindeers, horses and sheep.

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a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

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an explosive consisting of a powdered mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. The earliest known propellant explosive, gunpowder has now largely been superseded by high explosives, although it is still used for quarry blasting and in fuses and fireworks.

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Movable type was never widely used in China because whole-block printing was less expensive, but when movable type reached Europe in the 15th century, it revolutionized the communication of ideas. Movable type was first created by Bi Sheng (990-1051), who used baked clay, which was very fragile.

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a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong.

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a struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam.

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Sharia (/ʃəˈriːə/), Sharia law, or Islamic law (Arabic: شريعة‎ [ʃaˈriːʕa]) is a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith.

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the Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic. The Koran consists of 114 units of varying lengths, known as suras ; the first sura is said as part of the ritual prayer. These touch upon all aspects of human existence, including matters of doctrine, social organization, and legislation.

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the Arab prophet who, according to Islam, was the last messenger of Allah (570-632) 2. n. leader of Black Muslims who campaigned for independence for Black Americans (1897-1975) Full Definitions of Muhammad.

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the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.

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a large building, typically of the medieval period, fortified against attack with thick walls, battlements, towers, and in many cases a moat.

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1.

(in the Middle Ages) a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor

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Manorial System. The manorial system, or seignorialsystem, was an economic and social system of medieval Europe. All legal and economic power belonged to the lord of the manor, who was supported economically from his land and from contributions from the peasant population under his authority.

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an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

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widespread respect and admiration felt for someone or something on the basis of a perception of their achievements or quality.

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a person of noble rank or birth.

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the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection

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any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe in the 8th–11th centuries.

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the Bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.

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the period of European history from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West (5th century) to the fall of Constantinople (1453), or, more narrowly, from c. 1100 to 1453.