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Oliver Munday

Fears about how robots might transform our lives have been a staple of science fiction for decades. In the 1940s, when widespread interaction between humans and artificial intelligence still seemed a distant prospect, Isaac Asimov posited his famous Three Laws of Robotics, which were intended to keep robots from hurting us. The first-"a robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm"-followed from the understanding that robots would affect humans via direct interaction, for good and for ill. Think of classic sci-fi depictions: C-3PO and R2-D2 working with the Rebel Alliance to thwart the Empire in Star Wars, say, or HAL 9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey and Ava from Ex Machina plotting to murder their ostensible masters. But these imaginings were not focused on AI's broader and potentially more significant social effects-the ways AI could affect how we humans interact with one another.

Radical innovations have previously transformed the way humans live together, of course. The advent of cities sometime between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago meant a less nomadic existence and a higher population density. We adapted both individually and collectively (for instance, we may have evolved resistance to infections made more likely by these new circumstances). More recently, the invention of technologies including the printing press, the telephone, and the internet revolutionized how we store and communicate information.

As consequential as these innovations were, however, they did not change the fundamental aspects of human behavior that comprise what I call the "social suite": a crucial set of capacities we have evolved over hundreds of thousands of years, including love, friendship, cooperation, and teaching. The basic contours of these traits remain remarkably consistent throughout the world, regardless of whether a population is urban or rural, and whether or not it uses modern technology.

But adding artificial intelligence to our midst could be much more disruptive. Especially as machines are made to look and act like us and to insinuate themselves deeply into our lives, they may change how loving or friendly or kind we are-not just in our direct interactions with the machines in question, but in our interactions with one another.

Consider some experiments from my lab at Yale, where my colleagues and I have been exploring how such effects might play out. In one, we directed small groups of people to work with humanoid robots to lay railroad tracks in a virtual world. Each group consisted of three people and a little blue-and-white robot sitting around a square table, working on tablets. The robot was programmed to make occasional errors-and to acknowledge them: "Sorry, guys, I made the mistake this round," it declared perkily. "I know it may be hard to believe, but robots make mistakes too."

As it turned out, this clumsy, confessional robot helped the groups perform better -by improving communication among the humans. They became more relaxed and conversational, consoling group members who stumbled and laughing together more often. Compared with the control groups, whose robot made only bland statements, the groups with a confessional robot were better able to collaborate.

In another, virtual experiment, we divided 4,000 human subjects into groups of about 20, and assigned each individual "friends" within the group; these friendships formed a social network. The groups were then assigned a task: Each person had to choose one of three colors, but no individual's color could match that of his or her assigned friends within the social network. Unknown to the subjects, some groups contained a few bots that were programmed to occasionally make mistakes. Humans who were directly connected to these bots grew more flexible, and tended to avoid getting stuck in a solution that might work for a given individual but not for the group as a whole. What's more, the resulting flexibility spread throughout the network, reaching even people who were not directly connected to the bots. As a consequence, groups with mistake-prone bots consistently outperformed groups containing bots that did not make mistakes. The bots helped the humans to help themselves.

Both of these studies demonstrate that in what I call "hybrid systems"-where people and robots interact socially-the right kind of AI can improve the way humans relate to one another. Other findings reinforce this. For instance, the political scientist Kevin Munger directed specific kinds of bots to intervene after people sent racist invective to other people online. He showed that, under certain circumstances, a bot that simply reminded the perpetrators that their target was a human being, one whose feelings might get hurt, could cause that person's use of racist speech to decline for more than a month.

But adding AI to our social environment can also make us behave less productively and less ethically. In yet another experiment, this one designed to explore how AI might affect the "tragedy of the commons"-the notion that individuals' self-centered actions may collectively damage their common interests-we gave several thousand subjects money to use over multiple rounds of an online game. In each round, subjects were told that they could either keep their money or donate some or all of it to their neighbors. If they made a donation, we would match it, doubling the money their neighbors received. Early in the game, two-thirds of players acted altruistically. After all, they realized that being generous to their neighbors in one round might prompt their neighbors to be generous to them in the next one, establishing a norm of reciprocity. From a selfish and short-term point of view, however, the best outcome would be to keep your own money and receive money from your neighbors. In this experiment, we found that by adding just a few bots (posing as human players) that behaved in a selfish, free-riding way, we could drive the group to behave similarly. Eventually, the human players ceased cooperating altogether. The bots thus converted a group of generous people into selfish jerks.

Let's pause to contemplate the implications of this finding. Cooperation is a key feature of our species, essential for social life. And trust and generosity are crucial in differentiating successful groups from unsuccessful ones. If everyone pitches in and sacrifices in order to help the group, everyone should benefit. When this behavior breaks down, however, the very notion of a public good disappears, and everyone suffers. The fact that AI might meaningfully reduce our ability to work together is extremely concerning.

Already, we are encountering real-world examples of how AI can corrupt human relations outside the laboratory. A study examining 5.7 million Twitter users in the run-up to the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that trolling and malicious Russian accounts-including ones operated by bots-were regularly retweeted in a similar manner to other, unmalicious accounts, influencing conservative users particularly strongly. By taking advantage of humans' cooperative nature and our interest in teaching one another-both features of the social suite-the bots affected even humans with whom they did not interact directly, helping to polarize the country's electorate.

Other social effects of simple types of AI play out around us daily. Parents, watching their children bark rude commands at digital assistants such as Alexa or Siri, have begun to worry that this rudeness will leach into the way kids treat people, or that kids' relationships with artificially intelligent machines will interfere with, or even preempt, human relationships. Children who grow up relating to AI in lieu of people might not acquire "the equipment for empathic connection," Sherry Turkle, the MIT expert on technology and society, told The Atlantic's Alexis C. Madrigal not long ago, after he'd bought a toy robot for his son.

As digital assistants become ubiquitous, we are becoming accustomed to talking to them as though they were sentient; writing in these pages last year, Judith Shulevitz described how some of us are starting to treat them as confidants, or even as friends and therapists. Shulevitz herself says she confesses things to Google Assistant that she wouldn't tell her husband. If we grow more comfortable talking intimately to our devices, what happens to our human marriages and friendships? Thanks to commercial imperatives, designers and programmers typically create devices whose responses make us feel better-but may not help us be self-reflective or contemplate painful truths. As AI permeates our lives, we must confront the possibility that it will stunt our emotions and inhibit deep human connections, leaving our relationships with one another less reciprocal, or shallower, or more narcissistic.

All of this could end up transforming human society in unintended ways that we need to reckon with as a polity. Do we want machines to affect whether and how children are kind? Do we want machines to affect how adults have sex?

Edmon de Haro

Kathleen Richardson, an anthropologist at De Montfort University in the U.K., worries a lot about the latter question. As the director of the Campaign Against Sex Robots-and, yes, sex robots are enough of an incipient phenomenon that a campaign against them isn't entirely premature-she warns that they will be dehumanizing and could lead users to retreat from real intimacy. We might even progress from treating robots as instruments for sexual gratification to treating other people that way. Other observers have suggested that robots could radically improve sex between humans. In his 2007 book, Love and Sex With Robots, the iconoclastic chess master turned businessman David Levy considers the positive implications of "romantically attractive and sexually desirable robots." He suggests that some people will come to prefer robot mates to human ones (a prediction borne out by the Japanese man who "married" an artificially intelligent hologram last year). Sex robots won't be susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases or unwanted pregnancies. And they could provide opportunities for shame-free experimentation and practice-thus helping humans become "virtuoso lovers." For these and other reasons, Levy believes that sex with robots will come to be seen as ethical, and perhaps in some cases expected.

Long before most of us encounter AI dilemmas this intimate, we will wrestle with more quotidian challenges. The age of driverless cars, after all, is upon us. These vehicles promise to substantially reduce the fatigue and distraction that bedevil human drivers, thereby preventing accidents. But what other effects might they have on people? Driving is a very modern kind of social interaction, requiring high levels of cooperation and social coordination. I worry that driverless cars, by depriving us of an occasion to exercise these abilities, could contribute to their atrophy.

Nicholas Carr: Is Google making us stupid?

Not only will these vehicles be programmed to take over driving duties and hence to usurp from humans the power to make moral judgments (for example, about which pedestrian to hit when a collision is inevitable), they will also affect humans with whom they've had no direct contact. For instance, drivers who have steered awhile alongside an autonomous vehicle traveling at a steady, invariant speed might be lulled into driving less attentively, thereby increasing their likelihood of accidents once they've moved to a part of the highway occupied only by human drivers. Alternatively, experience may reveal that driving alongside autonomous vehicles traveling in perfect accordance with traffic laws actually improves human performance.

Either way, we would be reckless to unleash new forms of AI without first taking such social spillovers-or externalities, as they're often called-into account. We must apply the same effort and ingenuity that we apply to the hardware and software that make self-driving cars possible to managing AI's potential ripple effects on those outside the car. After all, we mandate brake lights on the back of your car not just, or even primarily, for your benefit, but for the sake of the people behind you.

In 1985, some four decades after Isaac Asimov introduced his laws of robotics, he added another to his list: A robot should never do anything that could harm humanity. But he struggled with how to assess such harm. "A human being is a concrete object," he later wrote. "Injury to a person can be estimated and judged. Humanity is an abstraction."
Henry A. Kissinger: AI could mean the end of human history
Focusing specifically on social spillovers can help. Spillovers in other arenas lead to rules, laws, and demands for democratic oversight. Whether we're talking about a corporation polluting the water supply or an individual spreading secondhand smoke in an office building, as soon as some people's actions start affecting other people, society may intervene. Because the effects of AI on human-to-human interaction stand to be intense and far-reaching, and the advances rapid and broad, we must investigate systematically what second-order effects might emerge, and discuss how to regulate them on behalf of the common good.

Already, a diverse group of researchers and practitioners-computer scientists, engineers, zoologists, and social scientists, among others-is coming together to develop the field of "machine behavior," in hopes of putting our understanding of AI on a sounder theoretical and technical foundation. This field does not see robots merely as human-made objects, but as a new class of social actors.

The inquiry is urgent. In the not-distant future, AI-endowed machines may, by virtue of either programming or independent learning (a capacity we will have given them), come to exhibit forms of intelligence and behavior that seem strange compared with our own. We will need to quickly differentiate the behaviors that are merely bizarre from the ones that truly threaten us. The aspects of AI that should concern us most are the ones that affect the core aspects of human social life-the traits that have enabled our species' survival over the millennia.

The Enlightenment philosopher Thomas Hobbes argued that humans needed a collective agreement to keep us from being disorganized and cruel. He was wrong. Long before we formed governments, evolution equipped humans with a social suite that allowed us to live together peacefully and effectively. In the pre-AI world, the genetically inherited capacities for love, friendship, cooperation, and teaching have continued to help us to live communally.

Unfortunately, humans do not have the time to evolve comparable innate capacities to live with robots. We must therefore take steps to ensure that they can live nondestructively with us. As AI insinuates itself more fully into our lives, we may yet require a new social contract-one with machines rather than with other humans.
This article appears in the April 2019 print edition with the headline "How AI Will Rewire Us."

We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to letters@theatlantic.com.

Nicholas A. Christakis, a physician and sociologist, is the Sterling Professor of Social and Natural Science at Yale. He is the author of Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society.

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Fears about how robots might transform our lives have been a staple of science fiction for decades. In the 1940s, when widespread interaction between humans and artificial intelligence still seemed a distant prospect, Isaac Asimov posited his famous Three Laws of Robotics, which were intended to keep robots from hurting us.

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Gli ascoltabili - Piattaforma di podcast originali e gratuiti

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Piattaforma di podcast originali e gratuiti

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La vita di donne e uomini comuni al cospetto dei grandi eventi che hanno fatto la storia. Tra realtà, finzione verosimile, una serie di racconti appassionanti e inconsueti, in cui ordinario e straordinario si mescolano.

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Listen to La mia storia on Spotify. La vita di donne e uomini comuni al cospetto dei grandi eventi che hanno fatto la storia. Tra realtà, finzione verosimile, una serie di racconti appassionanti e inconsueti, in cui ordinario e straordinario si mescolano.

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A podcast from Microsoft and Gimlet Creative about making the future happen.

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Episodes

Episode 6: Work in the Future

In the final episode of this season of .future, we explore how our jobs continue to evolve in the modern workplace. Many of us still spend 40 plus hours in a physical office, but the internet and new digital communication tools are changing how we collaborate and communicate.

This story brings you voices that explore work philosophies of the past, job practices of the present, and the digital office spaces of the future.

Read episode transcript.

Episode 5: Design for All

Inclusive design is a widely-used concept in the design world. The idea is that when you create products, you actively choose to design that product for everyone.

This is particularly important for technology companies like Microsoft. As more and more of our lives become digital, we rely on tech for our livelihoods, our social lives, keeping in touch with our families... everything.

But unlike in the physical world, where buildings with stairs instead of elevators might pre-date our current understanding of inclusivity, new technology has no excuse. And that's the choice we're talking about today. The choice to widen your world, and design from a perspective that allows everyone to participate.

Read episode transcript.

Episode 4: Minecraft: Beyond Just Building

With over 122 million copies sold, Minecraft is one of the most popular computer games of all time. Minecraft's game play is designed to be completely open-ended. Now, people are using the game itself as a tool to change the world around them.

This episode brings you stories of how people around the world have used Minecraft to reinvent themselves, help others heal, say goodbye to a loved one, and empower their communities.
Read episode transcript.
Episode 3: Gaming the System

Last year, the gaming industry made roughly $90 billion in sales worldwide. That's more than double what movies made at the box office last year.

And here's why that comparison to Hollywood is relevant. Because, like with films, the most popular video games are HUGE. They have great graphics, popular characters and the franchises keep getting repeated over and over again. Unfortunately, blockbuster games and movies can be as thin on diversity as they are on plot.

In this episode, we're talking about the 'Moonlights' and 'Napoleon Dynamites' - the indie games that are breaking out, changing paradigms and making a case for independence in gaming.

Read episode transcript.

Episode 2: My Data, My Health, My Self

We're constantly collecting data about our health with brand new tools and methods. But how does this new data affect us individually and globally?

From a mindful cyborg to the creator of a smart tampon, we meet those who are collecting and analyzing health data with brand new technology. This episode explores how data may be the key in solving health problems all around the world.

Read episode transcript.

Episode 1: Securing a Digital Battlefield

In this episode, we examine a new battlefield: The cloud. The information we store in the cloud makes it especially vulnerable to attack. So, what it takes to create a safeguard against bad actors? We explore how a digital Geneva Convention could be the solution.

Read episode transcript.

Series Trailer

A new series from Microsoft Story Labs and Gimlet Creative.

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A podcast from Microsoft and Gimlet Creative about making the future happen.

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Episode 6: Work in the Future In the final episode of this season of .future, we explore how our jobs continue to evolve in the modern workplace. Many of us still spend 40 plus hours in a physical office, but the internet and new digital communication tools are changing how we collaborate and communicate.

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Uno strumento in più per la comunicazione d'impresa

Le aziende, tra i più sensibili e attenti interpreti dei trend e dei cambiamenti nei modi di comunicare, si stanno sempre più interessando ai podcast come strumento di comunicazione. Presenti nei social network, investono sempre di più nel mondo digitale, dove il pubblico spende più tempo e attenzione alla ricerca di contenuti, intrattenimento, relazioni.

È da un po' di tempo che si fa un gran parlare di storytelling nella comunicazione d'impresa. Eppure raccontare storie è la modalità più antica di comunicazione; allora perché è diventata così attuale? E soprattutto: come si concilia lo storytelling - che richiede disponibilità e immersione da parte del fruitore - con la fugacità della fruizione di contenuti tipica dell'era degli smartphone? La risposta c'è e coinvolg tutti i professionisti della comunicazione che supportano le aziende nella loro necessità di attivare relazioni e legami con il pubblico di riferimento: i podcast.
Per questo motivo assistiamo a una corsa a comprendere come fare un podcast di successo.

Un nuovo modo di intercettare il pubblico: che cosa sono i podcast

"Come diventare un podcaster" è il nuovo trend topic tra i giovani che solo fino a pochi mesi fa ambivano a diventare youtuber, il creatore di contenuti video, un influencer, insomma.

A questo punto vale la pena spiegare qual è il significato della parola "podcast". Si tratta di contenuti audio che mescolano voce, musica, effetti sonori, per raccontare storie correlate a qualsiasi argomento e generalmente sono liberamente scaricabili da piattaforme dedicate come Itunes, Spreaker, Spotify. Si distinguono in contenuti di intrattenimento, di informazione, per il miglioramento personale, per approfondire tematiche complesse, per far luce sul futuro della tecnologia, per attivare dialoghi e dibattiti.

Chiunque può realizzare un podcast e metterlo in rete. L'esplosione di questa modalità di comunicazione ci riporta un po' alla diffusione delle radio libere alla fine degli anni '70, dove chiunque poteva trasmettere con un microfono e un giradischi sulle frequenze in FM. Oggi con un kit audio di poche centinaia di euro, un giovane armato di passione, iniziativa e tenacia e soprattutto contenuti, può mettersi all'opera.

Podcast italiani: a quando il boom?

Il fenomeno dei podcast all'estero è già esploso da diversi anni. Negli Stati Uniti i podcast di fiction sono molto seguiti e sono diventati riferimento per tutti gli altri media, anche più "nobili" come il cinema. È recentissimo il caso di Homecoming, serie di podcast di fiction del 2016, che ha ispirato la produzione di una serie tv con Julia Roberts, che troviamo sulla piattaforma Amazon Prime Video.

Il podcast insomma fa tendenza e influenza le altre modalità espressive.

Perché tutto questo entusiasmo? La parola d'ordine quando diamo significato al podcast è "libertà". Di espressione, di modalità, linguaggio, ma soprattutto di fruizione. Se il video richiede totale concentrazione con i due principali sensi coinvolti, la vista e l'udito, il podcast ce ne richiede solo uno, l'udito appunto, permettendoci di fare tante altre cose nel frattempo che ascoltiamo un contenuto.

Inoltre c'è un'altra parola chiave capace di spiegare il fenomeno: on demand. Siamo sempre più abituati a scegliere i contenuti che ci interessano e a fruirne quando lo desideriamo. Lo facciamo con i film, con i libri, con i programmi televisivi. Tanto che tutte le televisioni stanno trasformandola loro organizzazione nel nome di questa nuova modalità.

In Italia il podcast sta vivendo una fase di grande spolvero. Tutte le trasmissioni radiofonichetradizionali hanno una versione in podcast scaricabile dal web, per intercettare pubblici nuovi enon legati alla fruizione in radiofrequenza, numerosi produttori indipendenti arricchiscono l'offerta con contenuti di natura diversa, persino le università stanno considerando questa forma di comunicazione come materia di studio (Il nostro Giacomo Zito de Gliascoltabili.it tiene un corso presso il biennio specialistico della NABA di Milano). Il terreno è pertanto fertile e nei prossimi mesi assisteremo a una rapida diffusione di questa modalità espressiva.

Il podcast, potente strumento per la comunicazione d'impresa

Dimostrato quanto il contenuto audio, al contrario di quello video, si presti con agilità ad assecondare lo stile di vita contemporaneo, nel quale il tempo diventa la variabile preziosa, vediamo come il significato del podcast possa diventare funzionale agli obiettivi di comunicazione delle aziende verso il proprio pubblico. Ascoltare un podcast mentre si fa sport, si sistema la casa o più semplicemente ci si sposta con l'auto, è molto più comodo e libera tempo per ciò che ci appassiona, migliorandoal contempo la nostra qualità di vita. Il podcast inoltre richiede una connessione internet davvero esigua e permette l'ascolto anche se disconnessi, attraverso lo strumento del feed RSS o dell' abbonamento al servizio, grazie al quale il podcast viene scaricato automaticamente nel proprio device.

Ecco perché questo strumento è entrato nella sfera di attenzione di sempre più aziende che hanno come obiettivo attivare dialoghi con la propria comunità di riferimento.

Il podcast si innesta nella strategia con la quale le aziende costruiscono la propria reputazione giorno dopo giorno affrontando con mente aperta ogni aspetto del proprio business, dalla sostenibilità all'impatto sociale, dalla responsabilità d'impresa alla qualità del prodotto-servizio.

All'estero gli esempi sono innumerevoli. Si va dai podcast di Gatorade che vertono su come trasformare le sconfitte in vittorie, al podcast di Microsoft sul futuro e come rendere i sogni realtà. Sino ai podcast di Colgate che durano il tempo di una... spazzolata di denti!

In genere si tratta di contenuti ispirativi, che ruotano attorno al mondo dei valori di impresa, una modalità di storytelling che permette di guardare al futuro insieme, consepevoli che tutti siamo parte di un sistema connesso, che non esistono prodotti e consumatori, ma una sola comunità.

In Italia lo storytelling di impresa si sta diffondendo attraverso progetti di natura giornalistica, come blog sul web e magazine on line. (Es. Pirelli.com, Morningfuture di Adecco Group, Palco di Intesa San Paolo, ecc.). E alcune imprese hanno iniziato con serie di podcast su macro temi attinenti al loro business, come Eni per cui Gliascoltabili.it produce una serie sulle varie forme dell' energia.

Dove ascoltare i podcast creati dalle aziende?

Più i contenuti diventano intrattenitivi e coinvolgenti, più trovano spazio nei canali più diffusi come Spotify, Itunes, Spreaker, Soundcloud, sono ripresi dai media, consigliati dai siti, diffusi attraverso i social network. Ma c'è un nuovo scenario davanti al quale possiamo solo avanzare ipotesi: quello degli smart speaker.

Si tratta degli altoparlanti dotati di intelligenza artificiale con i quali possiamo interagire a voce impartendo comandi tra i più disparati come: "fammi ascoltare musica, impostami la sveglia", o, appunto, "fammi ascoltare un podcast".

Alcuni dei principali produttori come Amazon Alexa e Google Home sono già sotto scorta di questi nuovi oggetti del desiderio, considerato che gli ordinativi del Natale 2018 hanno superato ogni previsione. Nei primi mesi del 2019 entra sul mercato il dispositivo della Apple Homepod, completando così lo scenario dei competitor che si annunciano super agguerriti in fatto di contenuti dedicati e sponsorizzati. Insomma, ci si appresta ad ospitare in casa anche questo oggetto, dotato di microfoni per intercettare ogni nostra necessità e a restituirci informazioni preziose. Assisteremo a una nuova rivoluzione delle abitudini di fruizione dei media attraverso il web, mediata questa volta da dei veri e propri fornitori di informazioni? Lo scopriremo presto, magari aiutati da uno dei numerosi podcast sul futuro della tecnologia!

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Il significato dei podcast per le aziende - il blog de Gli Ascoltabili

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Le aziende, tra i più sensibili e attenti interpreti dei trend e dei cambiamenti nei modi di comunicare, si stanno sempre più interessando ai podcast come strumento di comunicazione. Presenti nei social network, investono sempre di più nel mondo digitale, dove il pubblico spende più tempo e attenzione alla ricerca di contenuti, intrattenimento, relazioni.