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Xylography is the art of engraving on wood where the printing parts remain at the same height of the surface, while the non- printing parts are removed with gouges. For deleting the white areas is used a chisel.

Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. The part of the stone that is not covered by a grease substance can be etched by an acid or an Arabic gum.

Etching is a printmaking technique that uses chemical action to produce incised lines in a metal printing plate which then hold the applied ink and form the image.

Chisel is one of the most important element in Xylography.  It is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge of blade on its end, for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal by hand, struck with a mallet, or mechanical power. The handle and blade of some types of chisel are made of metal or of wood with a sharp edge in it. Chisel is used to leave the white areas of the printing.

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Printing Techniques

Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the immisciblity of oil and water. The printing is from a stone or a metal plate with a smooth surface. Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth, level lithographic limestone plate. The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic, etching the portions of the stone that were not protected by the grease-based image. When the stone was subsequently moistened, these etched areas retained water; an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water, sticking only to the original drawing. The ink would finally be transferred to a blank papersheet, producing a printed page.

Xylographic was a printing technique that involves carving text in relief upon a wooden block, which is then inked and applied to paper.

Etching is the practice of incising a design onto a hard, usually flat surface by cutting grooves into it with a burin.

Gum arabic is a natural gum consisting of the hardened sap of various species of the acacia tree. Gum arabic is a key ingredient in traditional lithography. In lithography, gum by itself may be used to etch very light tones.

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Gum arabic is a natural gum consisting of the hardened sap of various species of the acacia tree. It is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. It is edible, and used primarily in the food industry. Gum arabic is a key ingredient in traditional lithography and is used in printing, paint production, glue, cosmetics and various industrial application.

The main differences between the xylography, lithography and etching printmaking techniques concern the surface used in the singular processes aside of the tools and engraving techniques utilized: unlike etching, which is based on a metal plate (initially copper, but now days zinc), or lithography which material used is the limestone, the xylography is based on wood and the carving process is done manually by hand unlike the first two which undergo a corroding process due to the use of and acid mixture or substance.

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The general meaning of *variety* describes the differences between two or more things.
We have *variety* in a picture when we can find different lines, colors,shapes etc..
An example of variety is evident in the Monet’s “Impression of a moment”, In fact Variety is provided by variations in the sizes and position of the flags and people.

Gouge: a chisel with a concave blade, used in carpentry, sculpture, surgery and xylography.

Lithography: Depends on the repellent properties of oil and water. There is no carving - an image is drawn with oil or fat on the stone, once the draw is finished the stone is treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic, then ink is used to make print.
Etching: Carving the draw with acid into a metal plate and then using ink to make prints.
Xylography:  an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood, The areas to show 'white' are cut away with a knife or chisel, leaving the characters or image to show in 'black' at the original surface level. The surface is covered with ink by rolling over the surface with an ink-covered roller (brayer), leaving ink upon the flat surface but not in the non-printing areas.

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Xylography is a printing technique based on the carve of an image into the surface of woodblock with the printing parts remaining level with the surface while the non printing parts are removed. The surface is covered with ink by rolling over the surface  with ink covered roller.

Etching  is a printmaking technique that used an acid to removed or cut a metal parts

main difference between etching and xylography:in the etching we used a metal printing whilr in the xylography we used a wood block. And another difference in the etching: we used acid while in the xylography no.

Lithography is a method based on immiscibility of oil and water. We need limestone and with a pencil drawing with a mixture of acid and gum arabic than we put acid on the limestone surface. At the end we transferred the ink to a blank paper sheet.

In this printing technique an important element is the color. The color in art is light reflected from a surface,and with him we can create emphasis,harmony,emotions or movement.

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Xylography: is a technique in printmaking appeared in europe in the 14th century. it consists in carving an image into the surface of a block of wood

Lithography:  was invented  in 1796, it is a method that used an image drawn with old or max into the surface of a smooth. Finished the drawn, the stone is treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic

Etching: is a technique that uses chemical action to produce incides lines in a metal printing plate which then hold the applied ink and form the image. It was used for decorating metal from the 14 th century, and used for printmaking from the 16 th century

The chisel is a tool used to remove pieces of material that have the shape of splinters. It is used to remove small parts of wood and in general in stone processing. There are 3 types of chisel that differ in form and type of sharpening (it is used in carpentry, building and mechanics. The chisel is a important element in Xylography and it is used to cut the areas to show 'white'.

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Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

Lithographic limestone is hard limestone that is sufficiently fine-grained, homogeneous and defect free to be used for lithography.
Geologists use the term lithographic texture to refer to a grain size under 1/250 mm

It was formerly much used in lithography for engraving and reproduction of colored plates.
It was treated with a mixture of gum arabic and acid, etching the portion of the stone which were not protected by the grease-based image.

The differences between the different printing technologies are related to how the printer uses his instruments and surfaces: in the Lithography he uses the acid on the portion of the stone not covered with the grease based image; in the Etching the printer uses acid (on the smooth metal surface) only on the portions of the copper or zinc that were drawn on the acid-resistant ground, exposing specific parts of the metal; in the xylography the printer uses a chisel to carve the block of wood only in the parts that will not be covered by ink, also, using this technique the printer can, with a frame, create different carved blocks for each colour.

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Xylography is a printing artistic technique in printmaking in which an image is carved into the surface of a block of wood

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The main different between Xilography, Lithography and Etching printing techniques is that:
In the Xilography the artist’s drawing is made in a piece of wood, and the untouched areas are then cut away with gouges, leaving the raised image which is then inked, moreover it doesn’t need the use of acid while the other two; Lithography is a technique executed on a smoothly grained slab of zinc, limestone or aluminium plate and it’s based on the use of immiscibility of oil and water. The different between lithography and xilography is the use of a mixture of acid and gum arabic on the portion of the stone not covered with the grease-based image. Also the etching uses acid but only the portions of the plate that were covered with the acid-resistant ground, so only specific part of metal was expose.

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Xylography is a printing artistic technique, which consists in carving an image in a woodblock, so that the printing parts remain at the same height of the surface. The non-printing parts can be removed with gouges, specific tools with U or V blades( V for the slimmer lines). A chisel is used for deleting  the white areas.

Another printing technique is the lithography. It is based on some physical property, for instance on the fact that water and oil can’t be mixed. In fact, with an Arabic gum or an acid, the part of the stone that is not covered by a grease substance can be etched.

Lastly there’s the etching: it is a technique hinged on the use of strong acids to cut the naked parts of a metal( mostly zinc or copper) in order to create a drawing on that metal

One of the most important element during the xylography technique is the chisel: it is a tool with a shape biting edge that is used so to leave the white areas of the printing

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Xylography is a Printing techinique consists in an image carved into the surface of a block of Wood, with the Printing parts remaining level with the surface while the non-printing parts are remore with gouges. The areas white are cut away with a chisel, leaving the characters or image to show in black at the orginal surface level

Lithography (form Ancient greek lithos-stone- graphein-to wirte-) is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. Printing is from a stone or a metal plate with a smooth surface. This method use a mixture of acid and gum arabic for etcing the portions of the stone that are not protect by the grease-based image

Etching is a printmaking technique that uses chemical action to produce incised lines in a metal printing plate, zinc or copper, which then hold the applied ink and form the image. Lines are drawn through the ground exposing metal.
In art value is an important element. Value: shadows from lightness to darkness. Value variation gives a sense of space and depth to an object, emphasizing its three dimensionality. Strong contrast in value can create emphasis. The venere of botticelli is an example of the using value in art

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Xilography is a printing technique, appeared in the 14th century, and consists in the use of a block of wood. In this technique the parts that don’t need to be printed are removed.

Litography is a another printing technique, that based on the immiscibility of oil and water. With this method we are the acid or gum arabic etching the portions of the stone that are not protected by the grease-based image.

Finally we are the etiching. This printing thechnique is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to be cut in the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in the metal.

In art, space is one of the classic seven elements of art. It can be positive or negative, open or closed, shallow or deep, and two-dimensional or three-dimensional. Sometimes space isn't actually within a piece, but the illusion of it is. For example, Van Gogh used the space for create a illusion of movement. There are two ways to create space: 1. Overlapping shapes or forms in front of each oher; 2. Holes and cavities.

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LEONARDO CALLEA
Xylography is a printing technique in which an image is carved into a surface of a block of wood, while the non printings parts are removed with gouges. After the surface is covered with ink, leaving it upon the flat surface, without the no printings parts.

Lithography is a method based on the immiscibily of oil and water. The printing is from a stone with a smooth surface, on it is used an image drawn with oil. When the draw is finished, you must to put a mixture of acid and gum Arabic. When the stone is moistened and the water retained, the ink can be transferred to a blank paper sheet, producing a printed page.

Etching is a printmaking technique that use a chemical action to produce incised lines in a metal printing plate, and after it hold the applied in it to form an image. The material used is zinc, prepared with an acid-resistant ground, and lines are drawn through it. The plate is immersed in the acid producing some bitten lines. After the acid is removed and the ink is applied to these lines.

Color is light reflected from a surface, ita can create emphasis, harmony, emotions, unity and moment. It has three distinct features : Hue related to color, value related to darkness of a color and intensity related to dullness. With their fusion color can confer intensity.