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The article will share about how many stages of Malay's wedding culture.

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Weddings of the Malay community are generally festive, grand and celebratory affairs with many guests. Ceremonies may be held over several days in traditional Malay weddings.The marriage is solemnised during the Most bridal couples choose to wear traditional Malay attire on their wedding day. Clothes made of The reception after the Although there are no hard-and-fast rules about what should and should not be done during Malay weddings, there are certain expectations as to how the bridal couple and guests should behave. For example, the bridal couple are traditionally not allowed to talk too much or even laugh during the , 2 May 1983, 4. (From NewspaperSG), 26 November 1990, 14. (From NewspaperSG), 1 March 1991, 25. (From NewspaperSG) (Kuala Lumpur: E1 Publication Sdn Bhd, 2009), 15-16. (California: Greenwood Press, 2009), 119. (Call no. YRSING 305.80095957 KOH)," wordpress.com (blog), 20 December 2015. ," Citrus Media Pte. Ltd, last updated 8 September 2019.," Citrus Media Pte. Ltd, last updated 8 September 2019.," Registry of Muslim Marriages (Singapore), last updated 10 May 2019., 24 March 1988, 5. (From NewspaperSG), 26 March 1986, 5. (From NewspaperSG), 29 July 1987, 37. (From NewspaperSG), 12 February 1986, 20. (From NewspaperSG), 14 May 1991, 7. (From NewspaperSG) akad nikah (solemnisation ceremony). The highlight of the wedding is the bersanding (sitting-in-state ceremony), which is followed by a feast for family and friends.
songket - a hand-woven fabric embroidered with golden threads - are a popular choice. A mak andam is often engaged to serve as the bride's beautician and consultant for the day. She ensures that the bride looks beautiful and that traditional rites such as the sending of the sirih lat-lat (betel leaves arrangement) are carried out. The bersanding ceremony typically consists of a feast, accompanied by band performances or guests singing karaoke.In the past, guests would bring dishes to the feast, and friends and relatives would also arrive a few days early to help with decorations or provide other forms of assistance. Today, most couples engage professional caterers and hired help.

Traditionally, the wedding reception is held at the courtyard of the family home. Nowadays, the wedding reception usually takes place at the bersanding, and guests are expected to dress their best. Most Malay guests turn up in traditional Malay attire. Female guests are expected to dress modestly, and off-shoulder or sleeveless clothes are avoided. 38

Jaime Koh & Stephanie Ho

void decks of Housing and Development Board (HDB) flats or at the housing estate's communal areas such as community centres. The void deck is, however, the preferred choice as it is representative of the "home" of the couple and their families. It is also more cost-effective to host the celebration at the void deck instead of commercial venues, especially when the guest list is long. The void deck is usually lavishly decorated for the wedding.

Guests do not have to remain for the entire duration of the reception.
³² Before they leave, they would usually present a gift of money to the couple. In appreciation of their attendance, guests are traditionally given a bunga telur (literally translated as "flower egg"). ³³ The bunga telur, which is a symbol of fertility, is a hard-boiled egg placed on a base of glutinous rice in a cup made of sticks or wiry paper flower. Today, many couples have replaced the
bunga telur with chocolates, sweets or cakes. 34

Traditional wedding items
Despite changes to wedding rituals and ceremonies over time, most Malay weddings still retain some traditional features. A traditional symbol of Malay weddings is the bunga manggar, which symbolises prosperity and expresses the hope that the couple will have many children. When it is tied to a road sign, lamp post or placed at a bus-stop, the bunga manggar serves as a directional landmark to help guests locate the wedding reception. ³⁵

Other items commonly seen at Malay weddings are the sirih dara and bunga mayang. These are floral arrangements symbolising the chastity of the bride, and are usually gifts from the groom to the bride's family.

The pulut pahar, which represents fertility, is found on the pelamin. This plant-like structure is made of hard-boiled eggs. After the reception, half of it is given to the mak andam and the other half returned to the bride's family. sirih lat-lat is delivered to the groom's house to inform him that the bride is ready to receive him and his entourage.

The wedding ceremony begins with the groom going to the bride's home, usually accompanied by a kompang or hadrah (Malay drum) band, bunga manggar (palm blossoms made from tinsel paper) carriers, friends and relatives. The
kompang band members usually sing verses from the Quran, seeking blessings for the couple. The kompang band lends an air of festivity to the occasion and creates an atmosphere of gaiety.

When the groom arrives at the bride's home, her friends and relatives will try to prevent him from reaching the bride. The groom will then give a present of money to bribe his way to his bride. Sometimes, the groom has to pay the mak andam to remove the fan she is holding in front of the bride's face.

The highlight of the wedding is the bersanding, when the bridal couple, in their wedding finery, sit on thrones placed on the pelamin (dias). They are treated as king and queen for the day. During the ceremony, friends, relatives and guests offer their blessings and congratulations, and sprinkle yellow rice and flower petals - both items are symbols of fertility - on the bridal couple.

After the ceremony, the bride and groom will eat together in the makan berdamai or makan bersama ceremony.In the past, this ceremony used to be held in the bridal suite in the presence of senior family members, during which the bride serves her husband food for the first time. Today, the bridal couple usually feast together with their guests.

When the wedding is held over several days, the couple may choose to have a second bersanding ceremony - the bertandang - held at the groom's home a few days later. In Singapore, this process has been simplified and the couple usually proceed to the groom's home for the
bertandang after the bersanding on the same day.
Some couples have chosen to simplify matters, opting to have only the solemnisation ceremony and a simple lunch reception. This may be an effort to reduce costs or to ensure that the wedding is more aligned to Islamic beliefs.

Proposal and engagement
A marriage is traditionally initiated by merisik, a process in which a senior and respected member of the groom's family visits the prospective bride's family to learn about her background, and whether she is agreeable to the marriage. He is usually accompanied by a small entourage bearing gifts. If the bride is found to be acceptable, a proposal would be made, traditionally in the form of poetic Malay verses.

Today, merisik may not be conducted, as most couples already know each other well before marriage is considered.Alternatively, the meeting may just be a formality for the in-laws to get to know each other, and to set a date for the engagement.

Once the proposal is accepted - this may take up to a week - the engagement date is determined. During bertunang (engagement ceremony), gifts are exchanged between the couple, and the amount of mas kahwin (dowry) agreed upon.The engagement period may last between six months and three years.

Solemnisation
The akad nikah is an important ceremony usually held at the bride's house on the eve of the wedding. The ceremony may also be held at the mosque or at the Registry of Muslim Marriages.

The ceremony is officiated by an imam (religious leader) or a kadhi (also spelt kadi; a religious official). In the past, the bride would wait in a separate room and only emerge to sign the marriage certificate. Now, the kadhi would ask for the bride's consent to marriage before proceeding with the solemnisation ceremony.

During the ceremony, the kadhi recites verses from the Quran and speaks to the groom about his duties and responsibilities to his wife. Following this, the kadhi solemnises the marriage by making certain pronouncements, and the groom is then required to make the relevant declaration correctly and clearly to all present. After this declaration, the bride and groom sign the marriage contract.The contract is sealed with the mas kahwin, which can be in cash or kind. The mas kahwin symbolises the beginning of a husband's responsibility towards his wife in fulfilling her everyday needs.

The akad nikah is often followed by the berinai ceremony during which the bride's and groom's fingers and nails are stained with henna. Traditionally, there are three berinai ceremonies: berinai curi (curi means "steal" in Malay), berinai kechil ("small") and berinai besar ("big"). Berinai curi is conducted for the bride by her bridesmaids, The other two ceremonies involve both the bride and groom. Berinai kecil is held before
akad nikah, while berinai besar takes place after.

1. Joan Boyle, " King, Queen for a Day," Straits Times2. Muhammad Ariff Ahmad, " Small Steps to Big Day," Straits Times3. Yohanna Abdullah, " More Malays Opting for No-Frills Wedding," Straits Times4. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture (Singapore: Asiapac Books, 2003), 42. (Call no. RSING 305.89928 GAT); Syed Mahadzir Syed Ibrahim, Adat Resam Dan Makanan Masyarakat Melayu 5. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture, 43-44; Jaime Koh and Stephanie Ho, Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia6. Syed Ibrahim, Adat Resam7. PROJECTKMSUTM, " Traditional Malay Weddings - Spying Custom (Adat Merisik)8. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture, 45; Koh and Ho, Culture and Customs, 119; Syed Ibrahim, 9. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture10. PROJECTKMSUTM, " Traditional Malay Weddings11. " Learning to Appreciate Malay Weddings and Their Traditions12. " Traditional Malay Weddings - The Wedding Contract Ceremony (Akad Nikah)13. Boyle, " King, Queen for a Day14. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture, 48-50; Koh and Ho, Culture and Customs, 119; Haron A. Rahman and Aini Mohd, " 'Sitting in State'," Straits Times, 1 September 1983, 4. (From NewspaperSG); " Maskawin & Marriage Expenses15. Muhammad Ariff Ahmad, " When the Bride's Fingers are Stained with Henna," Straits Times16. " The Songket Is a Symbol of Malay Life," Straits Times17. Haron Abdul Rahman, " What Mak Andam Does on the Wedding Day," Straits Times18. Koh and Ho, Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia, Understanding Islam and Malay-Muslim Culture and Practices - Singapore," C itrus Media Pte. Ltd, last updated 9 September 2019 ; Ariff Ahmad, "
Small Steps to Big Day19. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture, 51; " A Matter of Tradition," Straits Times, 28 February 1990, 25; Ariff Ahmad, " Small Steps to Big Day20. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture, 52; Koh and Ho, Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia, 118-119. 21. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture, 53; Koh and Ho, Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia, 119. 22. Haron Abdul Rahman, " The Big Day and Its Rites," Straits Times23. Ariff Ahmad, " Small Steps to Big Day24. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture, 51, 53; Koh and Ho, Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia, 119. 25. Koh and Ho, Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia, 119. 26. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture27. Koh and Ho, Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia, 119 ; Abdul Rahman, " The Big Day and Its Rites28. Citrus Media Pte. Ltd, " Learning to Appreciate Malay Weddings and Their Traditions29. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture, 53; Koh and Ho, Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia, 119 ; Citrus Media Pte. Ltd, " Learning to Appreciate Malay Weddings and Their Traditions30. Citrus Media Pte. Ltd, " Learning to Appreciate Malay Weddings and Their Traditions31. Citrus Media Pte. Ltd, " Learning to Appreciate Malay Weddings and Their Traditions32. Koh and Ho, Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia, 119. 33. " Malay Customs and Practices," Straits Times34. " Malay Customs and Practices35. " What Is Bunga Mangga?" New Paper, 19 March 1990, 3. (From NewspaperSG); Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture36. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture37. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture38. Asiapac Editorial, Gateway to Malay Culture, 55; " It's Even Sums for Chinese & Odd for Indians," New Paper, 21 March 2008, 92; " 'I Do' and Do's and Don'ts," Straits Times Further resources
Asrina Tanuri and Nadya Suradi, " Malay-Muslim Weddings: Keeping Up with the Times," BiblioAsia (Jul-Sep 2021).

Some Aspects of Malay Customs and Practices = Beberapa Aspek Adat Dan Amalan Melayu (Singapore: Majlis Pusat Pertubuhan-Pertubuhan Budaya Melayu Singapura, 1990). (Call no. RSING 306.08999205957 SOM)

The information in this article is valid as at 7 November 2014 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic.

All rights reserved. National Library Board Singapore, 2020

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Weddings of the Malay community are generally festive, grand and celebratory affairs with many guests. Ceremonies may be held over several days in traditional Malay weddings. The marriage is solemnised during the akad nikah (solemnisation ceremony). The highlight of the wedding is the bersanding (sitting-in-state ceremony), which is followed by a feast for family and friends.

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Example of the wedding ceremony.

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Additional slides that will help to understand the Malay's wedding culture.

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The article will share about how many stages of Chinese's wedding culture.

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The average Chinese wedding reception is very different from those held in the West. Characterized by a series of risqué games, a lavish banquet, and plenty of baijiu (strong rice liquor), the Chinese way of celebrating recent nuptials is colourful, boisterous, and above all, fun.

The bride and groom traditionally marry in a registry office or function room earlier in the day, by which time the reception guests will have started to gather in the banquet hall of the hotel or mansion where the festivities are to take place. Often the bride and groom have their photos taken before the reception, but many couples save it for another day and move straight on to the celebration.

Once everyone is gathered in the banquet hall (which will be adorned with red decorations for good luck, and 囍 or "double happiness" symbols) the master of ceremonies will make an opening speech introducing the couple as man and wife, and welcoming the guests. Unlike most Western weddings where a modest crowd is the norm, Chinese receptions often number into the hundreds of guests. It's expected that people will bring their whole families, making for a cordial, often lively atmosphere.

The banquet consists of eight dishes, as eight is the luckiest number in Chinese numerology. The feast usually starts with shark fin soup as a symbol of wealth. Next comes roasted suckling pig, signifying virginity. Lobster claws are served for their lucky red color, while squab pigeon stands for peace and tenderness. The Chinese word for sea cucumber sounds like the word for "good heart", while fish sounds like "plentiful" - both are served to wish good luck and love to the couple. The food is usually so abundant that guests are given doggy bags to take home, a sign of the generosity of the host.

After the banquet come the wedding games, which are usually racy in nature and involve good-natured embarrassment for the bride and groom. Popular games include the couple popping balloons between their bodies, and locating each other in a group using only touch.

All in all, the Chinese wedding reception is a lively event filled with tasty food, colourful decorations, and bawdy games.

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What Happens at a Chinese Wedding Reception

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The average Chinese wedding reception is very different from those held in the West. Characterized by a series of risqué games, a lavish banquet, and plenty of baijiu (strong rice liquor), the Chinese way of celebrating recent nuptials is colourful, boisterous, and above all, fun.

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The article will share about how many stages of 's wedding culture.

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Example of the wedding ceremony.

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Example of the wedding ceremony.

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Chinese Weddings Sarah Tkach And Sofia Kistler

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Chinese Wedding Customs (三書六禮 - Three Letters & Six Etiquettes)

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The article will share about how many stages of 's wedding culture.

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Marriage and family - Iban East / Southeast Asia

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Example of the wedding ceremony.

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The article will share about how many stages of Indian's wedding culture.

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Weddings in India are always high energy, colourful affairs. From the dazzling decorations to the varieties in food, every aspect of the wedding is geared to provide a spectacle of joy and celebration for the guests. Indian wedding dressesalso reflect the atmosphere of cheer and enjoyment and are one of the most interesting aspects of the ceremony. From exceptional clothing worn by the bride to the regal garment of the groom, from the stylish trends donned by the bridesmaids to the vibrant ethnic dresses of the guests, a fashion lover will find plenty to examine and appreciate at an Indian wedding. Of course, India is a country of many cultures, regions and religions and each have a unique style of conducting a wedding which includes distinctive ceremonial clothes and traditional garb.

On the other hand, in urban centres couples and their families are increasingly turning towards more glamorous and modern themes for the dcor which also influences the kind of wedding clothes worn. Thus, there are a plethora of Indian wedding dressesto choose for men as well as women. What sets Indian wedding outfitsapart from other ethnic party dresses is that they display a harmonious blend of tradition and glamour. They are designed to be extremely beautiful and attractive to match the wedding atmosphere. But, at the same time they also retain elements of tradition so as to be appropriate for the ceremony.

They often come adorned with intricate and dazzling Indian work including regional embroidery and embellishment forms. Indian wedding outfitsare also usually very brightly coloured or at the very least, incorporate some eye-catching hues or tints to create an interesting visual contrast. The stunning varieties of Indian wedding dressescan thus be browsed on the basis of a number of factors, including colour, patterns, designs and silhouettes. The dresses are often one of these three types- saris, lehenga cholis or salwar kameez.

The most elegant and traditional choice are the wedding saris. Saris are an ancient Indian garb, worn by women across India for many centuries. They are eternally stylish and are considered a classic and safe choice for any special occasion. Of course wedding sarisare very different in their look than any other type of sari. Even the simpler varieties such as the plain wedding silk sarispreferred by women in the south are distinguished by the glorious lustre of the fine silk and the subtle but attractive gold thread (zari) designs on the borders and the pallu. Besides silk saris from south India, women also love wearing gorgeous saris from other parts of India such as the beautifully woven Banarasi wedding saris, Chikankari saris from Lucknow, Patola wedding sarisfrom Gujarat and Bandhani wedding saris.

Designer wedding sariscome in a wider variety of materials, including satin, net, tissue, lace, chiffon, georgette and crepe. These are often more modern in their look, incorporating dual tones, modern silhouettes and western inspired designs. These kinds of wedding sarisalso incorporate more modern embellishments such as crystal borders, sequins designs, beads patterns and stone pallu designs.

Women who want to look glamorous and stand out from the crowd often decide to don a wedding lehengawith a daringly cut choli. Wedding lehengadesigns are usually very rich and ornate, created used zardosi, zari, ek taar, cut dana, gota patti, booti and other traditional Indian techniques. The richness of the lehenga is balanced out with a choli with a modern corset like design that emphasizes the figure of the woman. The wedding lehenga silhouette can also vary. The choices include the classic straight cut, traditional circular (ghera) cut, the stylish a-line or the svelte mermaid cut.

Wedding salwar kameezare also immensely popular because of their perfect combination of comfort and style. The most popular variety for wedding is 'anarkali' salwar kameez which comes with a beautiful silhouette that is both trendy and universally flattering. Wedding salwar kameezare made with the finest materials including silk, chiffon, georgette, satin and velvet and come decorated with intricate designs of gold and silver thread work.

To achieve the perfect final look, women have to focus on the styling as well as the dress. Wedding jewellerytends to be quite glitzy and glam in its look and is typically made of gold, silver, gems, stones and crystals. The major trend at the moment is to pick just one piece of stunning jewellery and use that as an accessory. Thus, with an anarkali salwar kameez, women can wear a pair of crystal earrings; with a silk sari, they can wear a pretty gold necklace and with a lehenga choli they can wear a Polki mang tikka or nose-ring. The jewellery chosen should complement the wedding outfitand should not overwhelm it. For instance, with a gold work sari, silver work jewellery will look odd and vice versa. With translucent materials like chiffon and georgette, delicate pearl jewellery is a good choice, while with heavy silk materials, traditional Kundan and Polkijewellery would be a good choice.
Hemant Jain is the founder of Utsav Fashion which is one of the leading shopping destinations for online shoppers. It is an exclusive web store for &sec=article&uinfo=">Indian Ethnic outfits offering an exclusive collection of Indian ethnic clothing right from saris, salwar kameez, lehengas, Indo-western wear to footwear, handbags, jewellery, and accessories.

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Beautiful Indian Wedding Dresses, Indian Wedding Outfits, Indian Wedding Saris

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Read article about Beautiful Indian Wedding Dresses - Indian wedding outfits display a harmonious blend of tradition and glamour. Indian wedding saris are very different in their look than any other type of sari. and more articles about Textile industary at Fibre2Fashion

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find the link to download this presentation on my blog : http://nubiagroup-powerpoint-collection.blogspot.com/

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The table of content works as a guideline to help completing this assignment.

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A little bit of conclusion of all the wedding.