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A full-frame camera uses a sensor that's the same size as a single frame of traditional 35mm film, measuring 36 x 24mm.

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Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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Crop factor is the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs. Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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a prime lens is a fixed focal length photographic lens, typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2.

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A zoom lens is a mechanical assembly of lens elements for which the focal length can be varied, as opposed to a fixed focal length (FFL) lens (see prime lens).

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space used or required for one's work, as in an office or home. Computers . a temporary digital storage area that contains related data and software files: You can create and store images in your workspace. a file or directory within this storage area

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set of icons or buttons that are part of a software program's interface or an open window. When it is part of a program's interface, the toolbar typically sits directly under the menu bar.

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both the board on which an artist puts selected colors and also the set of colors themselves

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a user interface element that contains selectable commands and options for a specific program.

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is used to choose settings for each tool (e.g., opacity, fade distance, blending mode).

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refers to the intensity of a color. The higher the saturation of a color, the more vivid it is. The lower the saturation of a color, the closer it is to gray. Lowering the saturation of a photo can have a “muting” or calming effect, while increasing it can increase the feel of the vividness of the scene.

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the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors. An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors – correctly.

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allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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The zoom tool is used for magnifying a selected part of the image. The first option is called Auto-resize window. By default it's disabled.

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The Hand tool is more of a function than an actual tool because you rarely need to click the Hand tool to use it. Simply hold down the spacebar while using any other tool, and the cursor changes into the Hand icon, enabling you to move the image around in its window by dragging.

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The Crop Tool cuts out a defined area deleting or hiding the rest of an image: In the Toolbox, select the Crop Tool, click on the image and draw a rectangle holding mouse's button pressed. When you release the button a bounding box appears. You can move, resize and rotate it.

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the ratio of the width to the height of an image or screen.

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Click Straighten in the control bar and then using the Straighten tool, draw a reference line to straighten the photo. For example, draw a line along the horizon or an edge to straighten the image along it.

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The Paint Bucket tool fills an area, that is similar in color value to the pixels you click. You can fill an area with the foreground color or a pattern. ... A low opacity setting allows pixels under a paint stroke to show through.

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the brush tool is an element of the painting tool that allows you to select a brush shape (square, circle, oval and so on) and also the the thickness in pixels you want to paint on your image with. As you move your cursor over the image it leaves a stroke of color.

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The Lasso tool is useful for drawing freeform segments of a selection border. Select the Lasso tool , and set feathering and anti-aliasing in the options bar. (See Soften the edges of selections.) To add to, subtract from, or intersect with an existing selection, click the corresponding button in the options bar.

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The Magic Wand Tool, known simply as the Magic Wand, is one of the oldest selection tools in Photoshop. Unlike other selection tools that select pixels in an image based on shapes or by detecting object edges, the Magic Wand selects pixels based on tone and color.

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Polygonal Lasso Tool. Similar to the lasso tool, except that instead of holding your mouse button down to draw, left-click on various points to create a selection with a series of straight edges. You can also hold down the Alt key (Windows) or Option key (Mac OS) to draw freehand sections.

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You can use the Quick Selection tool to quickly“paint” a selection using an adjustable round brush tip. As you drag, the selection expands outward and automatically finds and follows defined edges in the image. Select the Quick Selection tool . (If the tool isn't visible, hold down the Magic Wand tool .)

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This tool is used to draw selections based on geometric shapes. Specifically, the marquee tool allows you to draw rectangular and elliptical selections. To form the selection, simply click and drag the mouse. ... An often-desired function is the ability to draw a rectangular or elliptical shape.

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The spot healing brush is the default healing tool in Photoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area. The basic principle is that the texture from the sample area is blended with the color and luminosity surrounding wherever you paint.

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The Healing Brush tool allows you to fix image imperfections such as scratches, blemishes, etc. By sampling the surrounding area or using a predefined pattern you can blend the imperfections into the rest of the image.

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When the patch tool is selected, it initially operates in a lasso selection mode that can be used to define the area to patch from or patch to.

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Photoshop's clone stamp tool allows you to duplicate part of an image. The process involves setting a sampling point in the image which will be used as a reference to create a new cloned area.

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The move tool allows you to move a selection or entire layer by dragging it with your mouse or using your keyboard arrows keys. The move tool is located at the top right of the Photoshop Toolbox. When the move tool is selected, click and drag anywhere in the image.

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Photographers hold back light to lighten an area on the print

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increase the exposure to darken areas on a print

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The Sponge Tool saturates / desaturates image areas: In the Toolbox, select the Sponge Tool.

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The Blur Tool is used to paint a blur effect. Each stroke made using the Blur Tool will lower the contrast between affected pixels, making them appear blurred.

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Choose the Sharpen tool (it's on the same fly-out menu as the Blur tool). On the Options bar, choose a Strength value, and check Sample All Layers and Protect Detail.

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simulates the effect you see when you drag a finger through wet paint. The tool picks up color where the stroke begins and pushes it in the direction you drag.

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in portraits is caused when the flash source is used too close to the lens axis and the pupils of the eye are wide open. ... Failing that, the red eye tool in Photoshop is an easy-to-use tool for removing red eye from photographs that have been taken with a direct flash source.

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The Gradient tool creates a gradual blend between multiple colors. You can choose from preset gradient fills or create your own.

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Layer masks are a fundamental tool in image manipulations. They allow you to selectively modify the opacity (transparency) of the layer they belong to.

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The Adjustment Layers in Photoshop are a group of a super useful, non-destructive image editing tools that add color and tonal adjustments to your image without permanently changing its pixels.

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A lens suitable for taking photographs unusually close to the subject.

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a very wide-angle lens with a field of vision covering up to 180°, the scale being reduced toward the edges.

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The letters stand for High Dynamic Range. But what does that mean? It means that your camera will process photos slightly differently than normal in order to capture greater detail from bright and dark areas in your photo.

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A small illustration or portrait photograph which fades into its background without a definite border.

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The Horizontal Type Tool creates and edits vector-based text in a separate layer.

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In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; in photography, and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light. ... Therefore, the camera light meter assumes an 18% gray level.

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where the camera determines a proper exposure not on the average brightness levels of the whole frame, but just of one specific spot.

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one of four modes found mostly on Canon cameras to help measure a subject's brightness. This enables the photographer to take a correct exposure depending on the lighting conditions at hand.

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the default metering mode on most DSLRs. It works similarly to the above example by dividing the entire frame into multiple “zones”, which are then all analyzed on individual basis for light and dark tones.

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a mode of automatic light metering in a camera that compensates for differences in the brightness of the central and peripheral portions of the image.