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A Grain Boundary is a general planar defect that separates regions of different crystalline orientation (i.e. grains) within a poly crystalline solid. The atoms in the grain boundary will not be in perfect crystalline arrangement. Grain boundaries are usually the result of uneven growth when the solid is crystallising.

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A dislocation which may be regarded as the result of inserting an extra plane of atoms, terminating along the line of the dislocation

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a dislocation in the lattice structure of a crystal in which the atoms are arranged in a helical pattern that is normal to the direction of the stress.

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Describe what the following Dislocation defects are, how they are produced, and the likely material properties they are likely to cause

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Describe what the following Dislocation defects are, how they are produced, and the likely material properties they are likely to cause

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Substitutional point defect (large and small)

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Substitutional point defect (large and small)

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A substitutional impurity atom is an atom of a different type than the bulk atoms, which has replaced one of the bulk atoms in the lattice

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Interstitials defects are a variety of crystallographic defects where atoms assume a normally unoccupied site in the crystal structure. Ininterstitial defects three or more atoms may share one lattice site, thereby increasing its total energy.

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In crystallography, a vacancy is a type of point defect in a crystal. Crystals inherently possess imperfections, sometimes referred to as crystalline defects. A defect in which an atom is missing from one of the lattice sites is known as a "vacancy" defect.

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Describe and explain 4 types of Point defect:

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Describe and explain 4 types of Point defect:

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What macroscopic effects might take place at a grain boundary?

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What macroscopic effects might take place at a grain boundary?

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Hydrogen diffusion through a 2D heterogeneous poly crystalline micro structure is simulated.
Each grain boundary is assigned one of two different diffusivities, while the grains have the same diffusivity.
The grain-boundary networks clustering and connectivity are statistically characterised.
Correlation between the effective diffusivity and the geometrical parameters of grain-boundary networks is demonstrated.

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the interface between two grains, or crystallises, in a poly crystalline material. Grain boundaries are defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material.

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Within each grain, the individual atoms form a crystalline lattice. Each atom will have a certain number of close neighbours with which it shares loose bonds. (The number of neighbouring atoms depends upon the structure of the lattice.) When stress is applied to the metal, the atoms will start to spread apart. The atomic bonds stretch, and the attractive forces between the atoms will oppose the applied stress, like millions of tiny springs. If the metal has not yielded, the inter atomic forces will pull the metal back into its original shape when the stress is removed.

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These crystals form the grains in the solid metal. Each grain is a distinct crystal with its own orientation. The areas between the grains are known as grain boundaries. Within each grain, the individual atoms form a crystalline lattice.

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As atoms of a pure metal cool, they start to form crystalline lattice structures

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Design and produce a padlet page (with as many links as you see fit) in order to produce a teaching tool on the topic "Grain structure and slip planes". Use the assignment sheet attached as a guide. Use diagrams to add clarity and any youtube videos or other resources you think are relevant. Add your page to this padlet before next lesson.

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Crystal structure Lattices padlet activity