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It’s common knowledge that when our brain dies, we also die. Brain cells need blood to survive, or they will die off in around six minutes. However, the scientists from Yale School of Medicine reported, that they managed to bring the sum of 32 pig brains back to life, after four hours of being slaughtered.

In order to achieve that, they hooked up the organs to a system called BrainEx, which infused them with a blood substitute, therefore, a cell recovery. Brains connected to the system maintained the internal structure and rebooted some brain cell functions. Though no signs of consciousness were discovered, they found that electrical activity between brain cells restarted.

Lead researcher Prof Nenad Sestan stated that death is gradual and some processes can be postponed, preserved or even reversed. He began his journey on an animal’s brain to learn how it works. Now he’s planning on carrying out further studies on the subject, but is reluctant to say what his next steps are.

The interest in brain studies increases, and it will not be surprising to see Frankenstein headlines in the 2020s.

infuse - fill, soak

reluctant - unwilling and hesitant

reboot - to start something again or do something again, in a way that is new and interesting

hook up - to connect

substitute - replacement

preserved - kept in its original state

Adrianna Szewczyk

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An article “Wild ideas in science : there’s an off-switch for ageing” is about a professor from San Diego - Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte who discovered a controversial experimental technique that appears to reverse ageing. His working on mice, which are given an ‘magic elixir’ just days away from death. Due to that they appear more active and healthier and their wrinkles are disappearing. His work is still at an early stage but many others groups claim they have found the ‘switch’ that can reset ageing. There’s also another opinion on this topic - Dr Harris claims that “molecular stress has master control points that could be targeted and regulated”. Her team is explaining that this “magic elixir” is not stopping the ageing, but it will keep us healthier for longer as we age.

vocabulary list :

albeit - though

prematurely - before the due time, ahead of time

inevitably - certain to happen

rejuvenated - given new energy and vigour, revitalised

joints - a structure of a body where two parts of the skeleton are fitted together

retina - back of the eyeball that contains cells sensitive to light (siatkówka)

radical - change or action relating to or affecting the fundamental nature of something

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Wild ideas in science: There’s an off-switch for ageing

The ageing is caused by gradual failing of the complex maintenance system of cells. Doctor Lorna Harries from unveristy of Exter thinks that it is because of the stresses accumulated in the cells and by changing some points we can manipulate the cells live Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte, a professor at the Salk Institute in San Diego is working on a controversial experiment It is conducted on prematurely aging mice. Then they were given an “elixir” that could stop aging and make mice more active and  undo signs of aging. It is actually a technique called epigenetic  reprogramming and it is about stripping away key molecular tags. It is like cleaning all the things in the cells and bringing them back to factory setting. However it can have many complications for example mice developed tumorous and died. It is causing imbalance and can confuse the organism. Doctor Lorna explains that switching the switch is hard and everything has its effects in complex biology. She found genes in mitochondira of human cells However it is not about making  us live longer but help with reverse ageing in specific tissues.

Inevitably – something that will happen no matter what

We will all die, it is inevitable

Rejunavate – make look younger

Hey, I bought a rejunavating face mask for our grandma last week

Maintenance – keeping, making work

We need water to maintain our life functions

Implication -involvment

Switch- change

There is a switch in our flight

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The article talks about San Diego- the first place where people are reversing the effects of old age on mice. Days before the death, they are given the „elixir” and soon start to look younger: more active, healthier, thicker fur and fewer wrinkles. The technique that they use is wiping cells „back to factory settings”. Unfortunately mice are dying cause of quickly developed tumours.

Dr Lorna Harries said that cellular ageing is due to accumulated cellular stresses over a lifetime. Moreover there are „master control points” that regulate molecular stress response. These „swichtes” might have consequences when using that Harries and her team are still workoing on.

Stopping or reversing agening is truly unbelivable- although it is going to have many consequenses. However scientists are in some way simpler goal- to keep us healthier for longer as we age. First therapies are likely to reverse age ing in specific tissues, such as retina or joints.

Prematurely- before the usual/normal time

Rejuvenated- someone look or feel young and energetic again

Gradual- progressing slowly

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Most of the Universe is missing.

Astronomers have calculated that there must be five times as much invisible ‘dark matter’ as ordinary stuff in the cosmos. So, they tried to detect the elusive stuff.

In the article we learn that attempts have been made to find dark matter particles, but with zero success.

As we dig more into the text, we find out that now the dark matter is thought to be placed deep beneath our feet. So far, most attempts to directly detect dark matter have focused on hypothetical particles known as WIMPs.

How do we know where to look for it?

The answer is in the new idea, look for it in ancient rocks. It is thought that WIMPs colliding with the atomic nuclei in certain rock minerals could, create tiny changes to the minerals’ crystal structure.

The plan for now is to dig up rocks from 10 kilometres under the surface. Then by using techniques such as helium-ion beam microscopy to look for the tracks. The first results are expected in 2025.

We learn about  the research from Dr Katherine Freese and  Sebastian Baum who are taking part in it.

If the founding works out, it’ll solve one of the biggest mysteries in science.

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Scientists calculated that there is 5 times more invisible dark matter than ordinary stuff in cosmos. Research took three decades and there was not any success. Now, we know that answer may lie in the deep past, just under our feet. The new theory is based on WIMPs interaction with the atomic nuclei in certain rock minerals. WIMPs are some kind of particles that release energy. They are connected with dark matter case. They probably create tiny changes to the minerals' crystal structure. To check if theory is true, researchers want to dig up rocks from 10 kilometers below the surface of Earth. It is said that dark matter can penetrate that far down. Then they'll obtain samples and we could see if dark matter was under our feet the whole time...

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The story investigates what happens when we die. It is about reviving our brain because as we all know, when our brain stops working, we stop working.

Scientists from Yale School of Medicine have made the biggest milestone in bringing brains back to life. They found out that a blood substitute called BrainEX is able to reboot some brain functions such as producing energy and remove waste. They are saying that the process of cell death can be postponed, preserved or even reversed. They reported that they had revived the brains of 32 pigs right after they have been killed. The found out that electrical activity of brain restarted, sadly there were no signs of consciousness whatsoever. To achieve that they have been asking themselves a lot of questions about death and the whole process of dying.

All in all, we are still far away from being immortal or bringing people back to life, but this is surely a big achievement and further research can be developed from it.

Jakub Świerk

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When your brain dies, you die. Without a blood supply, your brain cells start dying off .

Yale School of Medicine researchers have revived the brains of 32 pigs. Brains, it seemed, could be brought back to life. The dead organs were infused with a bood subtitute called BrainEx,which allows cells to recover after oxygen deprivation, and helped maintain the brain's structure and restart partial brain functions. They also found out that electrical activity between brain cells had started up again.

This is the biggest commotion about brain reanimation since Mary Shelley. According to Prof Nenad Sestan the process of cell death is a gradual, stepwise process, some of those processes can be either postponed, preserved or even reversed. Sestan started off trying to revive animal brain cells as a means to understand brain networks which has raised far-reaching scientific and ethical questions.

How do we define death? Are current guidelines on brain death in need of revision? Should we even be conducting research that raises the smallest possibility of creating consciousness? The Swiss scientist says his team is considering its next set of experiments, but it would be premature to reveal details "even in abstract terms".

Laura & Weronika

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Death is widely known as terrifying and irreversible end of life. We've learnt that we need to live fully as long as we can because no one is immortal. Despite that, people still try to find a way to become immortal. However, we've never been any close to achieving such goal, we were only able to increase our longevity but we weren't able to become eternal.

This never-ending race for immortality has remained the same until the grand milestone was finally achieved by scientists from Yale School of Medicine. They managed to revive dead pig brain cells 4 hours after they were slaughtered. This would not be possible without special blood substitue called BrainEx. Its extraordinary ability to recover cells after oxygen deprivation enabled them to reboot basic brain functions such as the ability to produce energy and remove waste. Although their main discovery was proving finding that electrical activity between brain cells restarted. Unfortunately, it wasn't functioning as well as it used to and pigs weren't conscious but the chemicals were still fed into their brains.

This mind blowing discovery is our first step towards achieving immortality. If we follow that path it's possible that in the nearest future we'll be able to outlive every organism on Earth.

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This article is about an amazing invention. As you know, when your brain dies, you die but scientists from Yale School of Medicine wanted to take a closer look at this topic. They found out that a blood substitute called BrainEx is really groundbreaking because e.g. after death, it can cause the brain to regain some functions such as the ability to produce energy and remove waste. One of the researchers whose name is Nenad Sestan said that the process of cell death can be even postponed. He started his research from reviving animal brain cells but after that he raised far-reaching scientific and ethical questions. Sestan also said that his research group is conducting a set of experiments but they do now want to reveal them yet.

Lena Klinkiewicz

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Computers are based on our brain’s neural networks and developed with huge amount of data. Now, they are able to beat us at chess and Go, by calculating and analyzing every your move. Moreover, they can achieve the highest rank in the computer game StarCraft II. However, they don’t understand cause and effect. All they have is some amount of data, so they are not able to link word such as ‘chair’ or ‘vehicle’ to real physical objects. Before we can say that we understand how world works, we need to have a lot of experience. Researchers showed that our brain can’t filter our visual distractions until age 17. Some AIs can classify emotions, by scanning and finding the similarity images to faces, but they are not able to empathies, feel this or understand how this behavior affects us. Computer’s algorithms are programmed to learn and do everything just in one way, mostly doing little more than data classification or predictions. They won’t discover new objects by themselves, because they are not programmed to do these things. There is a big possibility, that in close future they will be updated and most of their disadvantages disappear.

Clusters(grupka, grono)- there you can discover huge clusters of information.

Ever-charging(stale zmieniający się) – AI is ever-charging system

Filter our(odfiltrować) – to study well, we need to filter out all distractions

Descend(pochodzić) – He is descended from an old family

Foreseeable(mozliwy do przewidzenia) – Future can’t be foreseeable

Narrowly(ledwo) – Narrowly I passed this exam without studying

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AI is now one of the most popular topics. It’s something that a lot of people consider to be the future of humanity. That’s why a lot of scientists and robotics engineers try to improve their ways of training robots. AI systems like Google’s DeepMind or IBM are even able to beat us at chess! However, it is said that they will never be able to act and think like humans do. People are prebuilt to learn and due to 3.8 billion years of evolution, they’ve managed to come up with appropriate reactions to certain situations. AI systems don’t have such experience. Of course, they can follow patterns that they were taught, but it’s not enough. For example, changing scenarios is what exceeds their capabilities. Robots also don’t understand cause and effect, comprehension of reality the way humans do is not possible for them. They only have what they were given during the programming phase – a static pool of data. Even though AIs might come closer to us as the time passes by, there will likely always be a gap between, and although robots may dominate the digital universe, humankind will remain in charge of the real world.

Vocabulary:

AI (Artificial Intelligence) – ability of a computer/robot which is controlled by computer to do things that are characteristic for people

robotics engineer – someone who specializes in building machines that replicate human actions

exceed capabilities – beyond abilities, surpass potential

appropriate – suitable, fitting,

comprehension – understanding

humankind –  humanity, mankind, people

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The Labelled Release experiment, which was primarily conducted by Gilbert Levin, was designed to show that there is life on Mars. Microorganisms release carbon dioxide when they consume food. The gas actually escaped from the liquid nutrients in the samples. Scientists were unsure about the results, so they decided to move the rock and took a soil sample from underneath, but the result was the same. It was suggested that hydrogen peroxide in the atmosphere was responsible for the release of gases, but after Levin examined the data collected by Mariner 9, it was found that the chemical was not present. Gilbert stands by his statement about his experiment finding life on Mars. Levin wants to repeat the experiment to discover life, but the space agency is not currently interested in doing so. Instead, Gilbert is part of the HABIT experiment, which investigates whether small puddles of water form on Mars at dawn. Additionally, the rover is also looking for substances to show the presence of past or present life. Once this experiment is successful, it is likely that the space agency could then change its mind about Levin's experiment and could help move the project forward.

VOCABULARY AND SENTENCES

Microorganisms - An organism that can be seen only through a microscope.

Sentence: With a microscope, the scientist analyzed the microorganism on the slide to study that bacteria.

Carbon dioxide - A colorless gas with a faint, pungent odor and a sour taste.

Sentence: Terrestrial plants have a gaseous interchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide which is necessary for respiration and feeding.

Puddles - a very small pool of usually dirty or muddy water.

Sentence: He would drink water from muddy puddles to survive.

Rover - A type of space probe, having the ability to move across the surface of the body on which it has landed.

Sentence: The US rover on Mars has seen a UFO.

Space agency -  A government agency engaged in activities related to outer space and space exploration.

Sentence: A space agency format might bring greater coherence to delivery.

Hydrogen peroxide - A colorless viscous unstable liquid with strong oxidizing properties, used in some disinfectants and bleaches.

Sentence: The development of pesticide resistance in sea lice populations has been demonstrated for hydrogen peroxide and dichlorvos.

Jan Matysiewicz

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A student has proven that the plants have some common “behaviours” as animals. Based on her research – she planted seeds under the blue light - she evidenced that plant organisms cannot only send information to the environment e. g. tomatoes release impulses to their neighbour plant when they are attacked by pathogens, but also these organisms can control and “think” about their actions. After she had left the planted seeds, they grew in the direction where the blue light was most likely to be. The specialist showed that plants can learn and get used to something. After the more penetrating research, she found that within the plant there is some kind of nervous system. The cells exhibit chemical reactions with each other and provide information between them. This process is very similar to that one within the human body, when the nerve impulses are released in the nervous system. In that way the plants show some kind of consciousness. So as the researches have shown we should be careful and watch out due to that plants are smart organisms and the fact that they are among us.

Common - belonging to or shared by two or more individuals or things or by all members of a group

Evidence - be or show evidence of.

Impulse - a wave of excitation transmitted through tissues that results in physiological activity

Pathogen - a specific causative agent (such as a bacterium or virus) of disease

Penetrating - acute; discerning:

Exhibit - to present to view

Consciousness - the quality or state of being aware especially of something within oneself

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The article is above robot will never things like us
Today’s AI systems are superhuman. Computer can developing their systems, by people in the network. Among others computer can identify objects in images .Curiously enough  computer can win in game witch people. Computers systems have many bad points because computer hasn’t feelings. People are learning over many years , taught us that our history. People have been learning for many years how to survive in the earth. Computers has only schemas and function.

They do not understand cause and effect. They cannot properly link words such as “chair” or  “vehicle” to real physical objects, because they never experience reality how we do it.

Over time computers might closer to us. Maybe people’s succeed programed computers to feel feelings, but the gap between us will likely always by there. Computers didn’t interrupt what people, maybe will never acquire  this skills
Dominik

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(keywords: dark matter, research, scientists, WIMPs)

The article is about how astrophysicists after many years of speculating about the dark matter subject started to physically look for it under the earth’s surface.

Can you imagine that there is five times more black matter than any other ordinary stuff in the cosmos and none of us knows what dark matter precisely is? Because of many questions that appeared in scientists’ heads, they decided to do some intense research. They figured out that black matter can be hidden very deep under the ground. It appears about 10 kilometers down where other particles like cosmic rays can't reach and stop closer to the earth's surface.

When scientists manage to obtain the samples, they plan to use a very specific method of research called imaging techniques such as helium-ion beam microscopy to thoroughly analyze the black matter which particles can be 1000 times thinner than a width of a human hair.

Astrophysicists are hoping to get a founding to this huge project. If they receive one the first results will appear by 2025. But if not and they won’t find WIMPs everyone will be constrained to theorize again. Anyway, let’s hope for the best and keep our fingers crossed for solving one of the biggest mysteries of the world.

New words:
Obtain - to obtain means to get something
Imaging technique - the technique used to visually present
something in an easier way
WIMPs - weakly interacting massive particle
timescale - time required to do something
tens - e.g. 10, 20, 30
(tylko pięć było dla mnie nowych)

Lena Skic

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The main purpose of the article ,, Wild ideas in science: Babies without pregnancy” is to present the idea of an artificial womb.

Children born couple weeks before the planned date of birth often die or suffer from many diseases. The construction of artificial womb is a hope to save such a premature child. Scientists from one of the Dutch universities have recently announced that they had received a lot of money to develop prototype of this invention. Already in 2017, scientists from Philadelphia transferred foetal lambs into a so-called biobag and animals developed correctly. Then in 2019 Australian Japanese research team did the same but with younger foetuses and in a different system.

The Dutch group plans to introduce this prototype in five years, while the Australian doctor who worked on it in 2019 says it will take much longer. Previously created artificial womb can’t replace the real one.

The article also presents the artificial womb as a helpful device for people who cannot get pregnant.

Despite the many benefits, some people believe this is associated with legal concerns and is not safe.
Daria Szewczyk

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Scientists from Yale School of Medicine created the biggest commotion about brain reanimation. The breakthrough was when they revived the brains of 32 pigs. It was then stated that the brain could be restored to function after death. This meant reversible death. The scientists did this by connecting the 'dead' organs to a system that was filled by the blood substitute BrainEx. This helped to maintain the inner part of the brain and restore some brain cell functions to function. Despite this, there was no sign of coordinated signals or consciousness. Researcher and neurologist Nenad Sestan found that the process of cell death is gradual, some processes can be "postponed" or even reversed. Sestan had attempts to revive animal brain cells to understand brain work and neurological diseases. Of course, this was followed by many ethical questions and scientific research. The fact that death can be reversible is a great discovery. If further research is carried out into this, it could be an outstanding invention for mankind.

Weronika Kołakowska

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Mushrooms are built from the edible part - fruiting body - and under the ground they grow a network of fine, branching digestive filaments known as mycelium, which when compacted forms a tough and lightweight material.

This one specific thing is interesting for many material scientists, designers, engineers . Because it can grow on simply every type of waste you can think of and can get any shape wanted. They can even soak up toxic heavy metals and can grow on radioactive waste. That is unbelievable.

Mycelium is now used to make many things such as lightweight plastic and some designers are also thinking of a way to make clothes, shoes, vases, lamps, tables and other products with positive environmental impact from them.

What is unimaginable about mushrooms is that they may grow on Mars. That means that they would be able to make life out there. This would really change the world and if anything happens we would have somewhere else to live.

VOCABULARY

materials scientists - study the structures and chemical properties of various materials to develop new products or enhance existing ones.

no-brainer - something that requires or involves little or no mental effort.

fungi - any of a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

hospitable - friendly and welcoming to visitors or guests.

biotechnology - the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.

an immense - extremely large or great, especially in scale or degree.

JAGNA

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It is possible to revive dead brain cells, at least pig’s brain cells.

With no blood supply your brain starts dying, and if your brain dies, you die as well. However, scientists from Yale School of Medicine found out that brain could be brought back to life. They proved this by reviving the brains of 32 pigs four hours after they been slaughtered. Reaserchers connected dead organs with blood substitute called BrainEx, which recovers cells after oxygen deprivation. Prof Nenad Sestan says that the process of cell death is gradual and it could be postponed, preserved or even reversed. Sestan began trying to revive animal brain cells to understand brain networks and neurological disease. He ended up raising scientifical and ethical questions like: „How do we define death?”. BBC Science Focus found out that he and his research group are planning next set of experiments but it would be premature to reveal the terms, however they are going experiment on the cats.

To sum up, the death process turned out to be gradual and reversible. Moreover, it is might be the begining of discovering the key to longevity.

Vocabulary

to revive – to return to consciousness or life
The article began with information about the scientists who revived pig brains.

to slaughter – the act of killing
The slaughterer(butcher) slaughters the animals.

deprivation – the lack of something which is viewed as necessary

You will die, if your brain is deprived of oxygen.

gradual – proceeding by steps
If you leave your bike in the rain, it will gradually begin to rust.

to postpone – to put away
Unfortunately our flight was postponed due to bad weather conditions.

to preserve – to maintain/to keep
Keeping food in the fridge preserve it from going off.

to reverse – to invert
"Death is reversible."

longevity – lenght of life
To achieve the longevity you have to be very healthy and have luck.

term – deadline
The term for your project is due to monday.

premature – early

Because their flight arrived premature, the early passengers were able to get home a lot quicker than they expected.

Maksymilian Markisz

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The following article is about humankind's closest attempt to cheating death.

As we all know the brain is our most important organ, if it dies, we die. Without blood, your brain cells begin to die and after about 6 minutes you’re gone. But what if there was a way to bring back neurological function to your brain?

In 2020 scientists from Yale School of Medicine managed to successfully revive the brains of 32 pigs 4 hours after their death. This raised huge interest among neuroscientists, as death has been thought to be impossible to oppose for many centuries. The method they used to revive them was very creative. Basically, they linked the dead organs to a system that infused them with BrainEx, which is a blood substitute that helps preserve the brain’s structure and allows the brain cells to produce energy. Marvelously, the scientists noticed that the electrical activity between those cells had restarted. This definitely proves that some post-death processes can be delayed, preserved, and even reversed. So now we have to ask ourselves, what is the true definition of death, and should we keep the research going to possibly create at least some form of consciousness in the future?

Antoni Grochowski 1B

Vocabulary:

substitute - a replacement

marvelously - amazingly

preserved - kept in good condition, maintained

delayed - make something happen late, post-poned

revive - to regain life

humankind - humans as a whole

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Statement “mushrooms could save the world” is about using them as a building material. Mushrooms grow branching digestive filaments called mycelium which form a tough and lightweight material when they are compacted. It is easy to grow because it only needs water, air and food source. It can be grown using food leftovers, rubbish and industrial waste. This material can replace plastic. In case of manufacturing, using mushroom material is a lot easier than plastic production. Some of them can soak toxic heavy metals. It can be very helpful for the environment. Designers also have an idea of using this material for clothes and house furniture production. Using mycelium can be a breakthrough and have a really positive impact on our world.

Iga Haranicz

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The article is about life in Mars. Gilbert Levin started the experiment called Labelled Release which whose purpose was to find life using liquid nutrients onto Mars soil. First tries didn’t make a result but when somebody gave him idea to that hydrogen peroxide in the atmosphere and surface of Mars was responsible he investigate the data taken but previous spacecraft, and found no trace of chemical. In next 43 years 40 theories and experiments to explain how LR experiment detected life, but Gilbert sad that no one from them can’t stand up scientific scrutiny. Gilbert still believe that his experiment did find a life on mars, but NASA sad that in other experiments connected with Gilbert experiments didn’t detect any molecules in a soil samples, without which life can’t exist. Gilbert sad that the way out of the problem is to start another LR program. Gilbert is part of experiment called HABIT which gives him possibility to re-run the LR experiment. Thanks to experiments like that space agencies change their minds and will start the LR gilbert experiment into the Mars.

Jakub Podbielski

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This year scientists from Yale school revived the brains of 32 pigs hours after they were considered as dead. They have connected those brains to a BrainEx system, which boosts the regeneration of cells that are lacking oxygen. This system also helps to recreate the main functions of brain, that are necessary to live. Researchers discovered, that after using BrainEx there is ongoing electrical activity between cells in brain, although there aren’t any coordinated signals, so also no consciousness.
Prof Nenad Sestan explained, that cell death occuring splits into some stages, and some of those lesser processed are possible to be postponed, preserved or reversed.
Sestan stared this project trying to revive an animal brain cell to investigate the brain networking and it’s neurological aspects, but eventually ended with a promising invention that may mean a lot during future researches.
Sestan contacted the BBC Science Focus, bur refuses to say what are their conclusions or how are the preparations for continuation of research going now. He has only revealed, that period of next investigations probably reaches distant future and it’s now impossible to tell anything more about upcoming experiments.
Regardless of Sestan’s team actions there are a lot of scientists who are willing to dig more in this discovery.

MAJA

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It is well known that when our brain dies, we die. The irreversible loss of vital functions takes place (within a period of 5min). The scientists from Yale School of Medicine worked out the experiment that resuscitate 32 pigs four hours after their death. They infused them with a blood substitute, that should regenerate cells after deficiency of oxygen, so the organs can work, but not as successfully as before. There is lack of awareness and coordinated signals. In April 2019 Prof Nenad Sestan submitted the results of his project, which causes many consequences. BBC Science Focus get in contacted with him. The team of Sestan’s scientists is working on another projects, but it is too soon to disclose them. In the mean time Italian neurosurgeon assure, that he’s ready to proceed first transplant of human head. The summing up sentence is – “Mostly dead is slightly alive”.

Ola Maciąg

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Reversible death

The article starts with basic information about death and how long does it take for your brain to die. The author describes the way, in which scientists managed to reverse death of a pig’s brain, four hours after it’s been slaughtered. The researchers hooked up the dead organs to a technology called BrainEx, which infused them with blood. It resulted in cell recovery after oxygen deprivation and the brain regaining some of its usual functions. Unfortunately the consciousness didn’t come back. Scientists stated off trying to understand brain networks and ended up bringing up a very ethical questions, such as: “How do we define death?”, “Are current guidelines on brain death in need of revision?” or “Should they even be conducting research that raises the smallest possibility of creating consciousness?”. The text also mentions Sergio Canavero - an Italian surgeon, who’s biggest dream is to conduct a first human head transplant.