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I prefer citizen because I think that it’s the most useful of all the Idea’s badges.

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Internet of Things  is here to change the world we know. Smart cars, smart homes, smart cities, everything around us can be turned into a smart device with the help of Internet of Things. IoT sure does bring the coolness factor to technology. Now, if you are starting to wonder what is IoT, you’ve stumbled onto the right page, this blog will get you going with the basics of Internet of Things.

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Even things, objects will be connected and this will make them more intelligent objects, capable of doing what they have done for us up to now but in a more intelligent, more human, more effective way.

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Robobo its a robot that works with the mobile phone and do different moves, that you order to him with a laptop and a programme that its called scratch.

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Intel IoT -- What Does The Internet of Things Mean?

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For more information on how Intel accelerates the Internet of Things, visit: http://www.intel.com/iot. Fun, animated video answers: What does the Internet of Things mean? The Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolution of mobile, home, and embedded devices that are connected to the internet, integrating computing capabilities and using data analytics to extract valuable information.

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As someone who works for an Internet of Things software company, this is a question that I’m asked frequently. Whether it’s a friend, family member, or stranger, when the conversation turns to what I do and I say “I work at a fast-growing IoT company”, I inevitably find that I need to first explain what IoT is.

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Top 10  IoT(Internet Of Things) Projects Of All Time | 2018

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This on-demand webinar takes a deep dive into the challenges facing manufacturing today and how the Industrial Internet of Things is transforming the competitive landscape. As the world becomes increasingly connected, digitalization is a key differentiator that will enable companies to remain competitive. Using IIoT data from billions of intelligent devices generating massive volumes of data, digitalization promises lower costs, improved production quality, flexibility, efficiency, shorter response time to market demands, and also opens up new business opportunities.

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The Internet of Things  is rapidly disrupting markets and transforming business strategies. Our free book, IoT Solutions for Dummies, offers key insights into what organizations need to consider as they begin to undertake IoT deployments.

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Internet of Things (IoT) Solutions & Services

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Cisco internet of things products & solutions allow you to connect your IoT devices, secure IoT connectivity, extract & compute with IoT data management.

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The Internet of Things presents – #LikeABosch

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THIS IS AN EXAMPLE
BY ITZEL,XIANA,MADDY AND DAVIIIID

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Robotiko è un blog sui robot, la robotica, i droni, l'intelligenza artificiale, il coding e la robotica educativa

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The best Internet of Things startups in the UK, including FloLive, SAM Labs, Den, Playbrush, DevicePilot, Senseye, OpenSensors, and OpenTRV

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Lidar is a surveying method that measures distance to a target by illuminating the target with pulsed laser light

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DEFINITION

The Internet of Things or the Internet of Things will allow us to change our habits in the next few years, it is one of those things, together with robotics, augmented reality and virtual reality. In an increasingly connected world, the Internet of Things will allow the complete digitalization and networking of our lives.

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The Internet of things can also help your health. It can be used for things such as body implants, blood pressure and heart rate monitors, body sensors and pills

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all robots use the 3 step cycle of sense plan act.

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search and rescue robots - Google Search

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The LIDAR helps in natural disasters.

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Something like this?

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By the year 2020, over 26 billion things – cars, coffee machines, even cows – will be connected to the internet.

They’re calling this next upgrade to the web ‘The Internet of Things’.

Noemi and Cadence

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The Internet of Things can be used with different things in your house. For example, doorbells, bulbs security cams, pet feeders and cleaning robots .

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On Wednesday 13th March we visited Cisco. Which plays a big part in connecting devices for the IoT

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Countless things - objects, devices,  appliances - embedded with sensors, can connect & communicate their internal &  external states via the internet.

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Transport
Cars
Automated vehicles
Bicycle pedals
Driving monitors
Navigation devices

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kathryn, carla,lisa and annabelle

according to cisco 500 billion devices will be connected by 2030

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kathryn, carla,lisa and annabelle

according to cisco 500 billion devices will be connected by 2030

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How can companies best take advantage of the internet of things (IoT)?

That's likely to become an increasingly common question as more enterprises deploy an array of sensors and connect a variety of products -- in hopes of gathering huge volumes of useful data.
Read also: What is the IoT? Everything you need to know
Consulting firm Deloitte recently presented five "vectors of progress" that will help drive the adoption of IoT and maybe assist organizations in more successfully leveraging related technologies. Each vector addresses an important challenge of IoT adoption, and the firm notes that the progress vectors are not all applicable to every industry or application of IoT.

Businesses are seeing IoT projects stall out or fail outright despite increased investments on these initiatives, the firm said in a recent report. But improvements in areas including information security, data management, and performance could help them to better manage their IoT investments.

The first vector cited by Deloitte is security. New device hardware is helping to overcome the technical challenges of securing IoT, the report said, while machine learning (ML) is helping to secure the networks that connect devices.

Earlier generations of IoT devices in many cases lacked the needed computing and battery power to run traditional security applications and protocols, and this left them open to attacks. Microprocessor manufacturers have begun introducing low-power hardware products that embed security features directly into IoT devices.

The security of IoT networks has also been a challenge because existing security tools were ill-suited for recognizing threats in networks of IoT devices, Deloitte said. But security tools designed for IoT networks are becoming widely available, and some use ML to recognize IoT devices' network activity and behaviors to spot anomalies and potentially compromised devices.

The next vector is platforms. It's getting easier for companies to develop and deploy IoT solutions because of the introduction of software that makes it easier to integrate IoT hardware, networks, and applications.

Software providers are removing the complexity of building products by pre-integrating third-party technologies through vendor partnerships. Over the last two years, the port said, leading IoT platform providers have launched and expanded their partner ecosystems.
Read also: How to build security into your company's IoT plan - TechRepublic
The third vector is low-power, wide-area networks (LPWANs). These are proliferating worldwide, the report said, providing connectivity at low cost and with low-power requirements. That's a key development for a major class of IoT applications that rely on battery-powered sensors and span large geographical areas.

The growth of these LPWANs is helping drive adoption of IoT-based devices for applications such as condition-based monitoring and optimization of capital assets in smart cities, smart utilities, and smart agriculture projects.

Next on the list of vectors is artificial intelligence (AI) technologies such as machine learning and computer vision, which are increasingly being used to analyze IoT-generated data and automate operational decision-making.

Nearly every major IoT platform vendor has now augmented its offerings with AI capabilities, Deloitte said. The insights and self-learning AI can provide enhances the value and utility of IoT in applications such as process optimization, predictive maintenance, dynamic routing and scheduling, and security.

The final vector is analytics on the edge. The analysis of data generated from IoT devices is increasingly occurring at the network edge, physically close to where the data is generated.
Read also: Want easy-to-set-up gadget security? It's not going to be cheap - CNET
Analyzing data at the edge side-steps the latency associated with transmitting data between the sensors that generate it and the cloud-based applications that analyze it, according to the report.

Lower latency makes it possible to generate real-time alerts and insights that can improve operational safety and performance in industrial, enterprise, and smart city settings, among others.
Related stories:

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The five vectors of IoT progress | ZDNet

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How can companies best take advantage of the internet of things (IoT)? That's likely to become an increasingly common question as more enterprises deploy an array of sensors and connect a variety of products -- in hopes of gathering huge volumes of useful data. Read also: What is the IoT?

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for more information on the internet of things you can visit the website of:

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Internet of Things (IOT) Solutions & Systems

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Turn data from connected devices into valuable business insights with HPE's IoT hardware, software and security solutions. Discover how to improve industrial operations, enhance enterprise work spaces and connect devices across wide areas.

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More than 18’000 companies rely on Cisco and the internet of things in the uk

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The life detector improve the work in the prision .

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Project

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Internet of Things (IoT) Projects | 2019 Ideas and Example DIY Projects

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An overview of IoT applications, resources and inspiration for your next project

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Prevision

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The internet landscape is burgeoning. It's not just about computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones anymore. Now a multitude of devices are internet-connected. The list of "smart" devices includes washing machines, robotic vacuum cleaners, door locks, toys, and toasters. The Internet of Things is the umbrella term - and, yes, you can now buy a smart umbrella - for anything that connects to the internet.

What is the Internet of Things, or IoT?

The Internet of Things - IoT, for short - is made up of devices that connect to the internet and share data with each other. IoT devices include not only computers, laptops and smartphones, but also objects that have been equipped with chips to gather and communicate data over a network.

The range of existing and potential Internet of Things devices is enormous. Consumers often use their smartphones to communicate with IoT devices, whether it's a smart speaker or home thermostat. Connected devices offer convenience, like helping you make a grocery list, or savings, like when you turn down the heat at home while you're on vacation.

Here are 10 predictions about the future of IoT.

1. By 2025, it is estimated that there will be more than to 21 billion IoT devices

A quick look back shows where IoT devices are going. Consider: In 2016, there were more than 4.7 billion things connected to the internet, according to IOT Analytics. Fast-forward to 2021? The market will increase to nearly 11.6 billion IoT devices.

2. Cybercriminals will continue to use IoT devices to facilitate DDoS attacks

In 2016, the world was introduced to the first "Internet of Things" malware - a strain of malicious software that can infect connected devices such as DVRs, security cameras, and more. The Mirai malware accessed the devices using default password and usernames.

What happened next? The malware turned the affected devices into a botnet to facilitate a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack, which aims to overwhelm websites with internet traffic. The attack ended up flooding one of the largest website hosting companies in the world, bringing a variety of major, well-known websites and services to a halt for hours.

This particular strain of malware is called "open source," which means the code is available for anyone to modify.

3. More cities will become "smart"

Consumers won't be the only ones using IoT devices. Cities and companies will increasingly adopt smart technologies to save time and money.

That means cities will be able to automate, remotely manage, and collect data through things like visitor kiosks, video camera surveillance systems, bike rental stations, and taxis.

4. Artificial intelligence will continue to become a bigger thing

Smart home hubs, thermostats, lighting systems, and even coffee makers collect data on your habits and patterns of usage. When you set up voice-controlled devices, you allow them to record what you say to them and store those recordings in the cloud. In most cases, the data is collected to help facilitate what is called machine learning.

Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence that helps computers "learn" without someone having to program them. The computers are programmed in a way that focuses on data that they receive. This new data can then help the machine "learn" what your preferences are and adjust itself accordingly. For instance, when a video website suggests a movie you might like, it's likely learned your preferences based on your past choices.

5. Routers will continue to become more secure and smarter

Because most consumer IoT devices reside in the home and can't have security software installed on them, they can be vulnerable to attacks. Why? A lot of manufacturers work to get their IoT products to market quickly, so security may be an afterthought. This is where the home router plays a very important role. The router is essentially the entry point of the internet into your home.

While many of your connected devices cannot be protected, the router has the ability to provide protection at the entry point. A conventional router provides some security, such as password protection, firewalls, and the ability to configure them to only allow certain devices on your network.

Router makers will likely continue to seek new ways to boost security.

6. 5G Networks will continue to fuel IoT growth

Major wireless carriers will continue to roll out 5G networks in 2019. 5G - fifth-generation cellular wireless - promises greater speed and the ability connect more smart devices at the same time.

Faster networks mean the data accumulated by your smart devices will be gathered, analyzed and managed to a higher degree. That will fuel innovation at companies that make IoT devices and boost consumer demand for new products.

7. Cars will get even smarter

The arrival of 5G will shift the auto industry into a higher gear. The development of driverless cars - as well as the connected vehicles already on the road - will benefit from data moving faster.

You might not think of your car as an Internet of Things device. But new cars will increasingly analyze your data and connect with other IoT devices - including other high-tech vehicles on four wheels.

8. 5G's arrival will also open the door to new privacy and security concerns

In time, more 5G IoT devices will connect directly to the 5G network than via a Wi-Fi router. This trend will make those devices more vulnerable to direct attack, according to a recent Symantec blog post.

For home users, it will become more difficult to monitor all IoT devices, because they will bypass a central router.

On a broader scale, the increased reliance on cloud-based storage will give attackers new targets to attempt to breach.

9. IoT-based DDoS attacks will take on more dangerous forms

Botnet-powered distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks have used infected IoT devices to bring down websites. IoT devices can be used to direct other attacks, according to a Symantec blog post.

For instance, there may be future attempts to weaponize IoT devices. A possible example would be a nation shutting down home thermostats in an enemy state during a harsh winter.

10. Security and privacy concerns will drive legislation and regulatory activity

The increase in IoT devices is just one reason security and privacy concerns are rising.

In mid-2018, the European Union implemented the General Data Protection Regulation. GDPR has led to similar security and privacy initiatives in several nations around the world. In the United States, California recently passed a tougher privacy law.

What does this mean for you? Such efforts could give you more control over your data.

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The Future of IoT: 10 Predictions about the Internet of Things | Norton

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The internet landscape is burgeoning. It's not just about computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones anymore. Now a multitude of devices are internet-connected. The list of "smart" devices includes washing machines, robotic vacuum cleaners, door locks, toys, and toasters.

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IoT is expected to be great in the future, but it is now that we are predicted problems with security, privacy and common standards

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The internet of things is about connecting the internet with everyday things we do to make them easier .

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Group 11

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kathryn.carla,lisa,annabelle- connected machines and devices in factories give the potential for a fourth industrial revolution, and scientists and experts think that more than half of new buisnesses will run on the IoT by 2020.

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kathryn.carla,lisa,annabelle- connected machines and devices in factories give the potential for a fourth industrial revolution, and scientists and experts think that more than half of new buisnesses will run on the IoT by 2020.

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Today: IoT

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One of the most common buzzwords in technology circles right now is "Internet of Things" (IoT). People are talking about it all over the place, from the newspaper to tech blogs - but what, exactly, is the IoT? Well, in laymen terms, it refers to connected devices that can transfer data over a network without requiring any human input. This ability makes IoT devices accessible, convenient, and controllable. I know that it can be tough to wrap your head around any new technology without seeing examples of the use of said technology in action. So here are 15 examples of Internet of Things technology that are in use today.

Examples of Internet of Things Technology in Use 2020

Keeping in mind various requirements, we have handpicked a variety of items ranging from a smart thermostat to a pet feeder to the beautiful ceiling light. Oh yes, there are also some wildcards to keep you on the guessing game. In terms of compatibility, most of these smart home devices support iOS, Android, and of course web so that you can control and customize them regardless of the operating sytem. Plus, they also gel along nicely with popular virtual assistants like Alexa, Google Assistant, and Siri - so long as you know how to speak out the quick voice commands!

1. Nest Thermostat

To kickstart this extensive roundup on the right note, I would like to mention the Nest learning thermostat at the top. Probably, the best part about this smart thermostat is the ability to auto-schedule, so you won't have to do the programming manually. Besides, you can connect it to WiFi so that you will be able to fine-tune the temperature from your smartphone, tablet or laptop. One of my favorite features of this thermostat is that it works with most 24-volt heating and cooling systems such as heat pump, radiant, hot water, and more. Not to mention, it also automatically turns off when you are away to save energy. At $219.95, Nest offering seems to be a reasonable buy given the notable features. But if you find it a tad expensive for your budget, you can check out Honeywell Home RCHT8612WF T5 Plus ($98.99) and Emerson Sensi Wi-Fi Smart Thermostat ($96.97) as they are cheaper yet highly efficient alternatives.

2. VeSync Smart Plug by Etekcity

Sporting a pretty compact form-factor, VeSync smart plug is what you need to power your devices with the utmost ease. For more flexibility, the plug works with both Alexa and Google Assistant. So, it doesn't matter which of the two popular virtual assistants you prefer, you can control it through quick voice commands. Moreover, it's also integrated with IFTTT (If This Then That) service for better remote control. Those looking for a way to reduce power consumption will find this smart plug quite helpful as it keeps a track of power usage for connected devices and also shows which devices consume more energy. Thus, it becomes straightforward to nab power-hungry devices.

3. BERENNIS Smart Light Bulb

Should you want to deck up your beautiful home with smart light bulbs, Berennis' offerings would be worth checking out. They are highly energy-efficient and designed to work with Alexa, Google Assistant, and the versatile IFTTT. So, you can control the bulbs with the desired convenience. Besides, Berennis' official app allows you to control the bulbs individually or as a group - even when you are away from home. Another thing worth noting is that it lets you choose from a whopping 16 million colors and tons of white hues. Therefore, you have more freedom to customize the colors so that your abode would appear fascinating.

4. Gosund Smart Light Switch from TanTan

If there is a need to get a smart light switch you would be hard-pressed to find better alternative than this one. Yeah, you heard it right! At the time of writing this article, this light switch has received impressive 4.3 stars out of 5 from more than 6.5k ratings on Amazon. Beyond ratings, it's integrated with both Google Assistant and Amazon Alexa so that you can make the most of voice commands to control lights. That's not all, it also features timer and countdown to help you turn off the switches automatically at the scheduled time. And at $50.97 for 4 packs, they are among the cheapest smart light switches in the market.

5. Smart Power Strip from HEYVALUE

For the folks hunting for an efficient power strip, this offering from Heyvalue appears to be the right way to go. Featuring 4 AC outlets and 4 USB ports, it provides you the needed flexibility to take control of your home appliances including water dispenser, light, electric pot, TV, and more. Depending on your needs, you can also schedule home appliances to turn off/on at a specific time. As they work with both Google Assistant and Alexa, controlling them shouldn't be a big deal. Better still, Heyvalue's power strip also offers a reliable safeguard against multiple threats like surge and overload.

6. Sense Energy Monitor

If you have decided to reign in the unnecessary power usage, give serious consideration to Sense energy monitor as it can go a long way in cutting down the electricity usage. The smart energy monitor provides an in-depth insight into how energy is being used. Therefore, it becomes a tad easier for you to find out the areas where unnecessary power is used. Personally, it's my favorite example of internet of things technology. It automatically tracks the electricity usage and lets you know which devices are hogging up the power. I will admit that it is priced a tad high for most users. So, if you want to go for a cheaper alternative, I would suggest you try out Rainforest EAGLE-200 which comes at just $99.99.

7. SmartDry Wireless Laundry Sensor

A super handy wireless laundry sensor like SmartDry could be very helpful for those who wish to track clothes dryer status right from the fingertips. Well, apart from keeping you in the loop about whether or not your clothes are dry, it can also play a crucial role in saving plenty of energy just in case you often forget to turn off clothes dryer. SmartDry works with any gas or electric clothes dryer. And with the timely alerts on your smartphone (supports both iOS and Android), it ensures you stay updated and know what's the right time to take out the clothes.

8. Taloya Smart Ceiling Light

How about giving a fascinating appearance to the ceiling light of your home? Taloya's smart ceiling light has looked nice to me for its pragmatic design and reliable performance. Just like any other modern smart devices, it also comes with a neat app that allows you to control the light conveniently. Plus, it also supports Alexa so that you can use the voice control to dim or brighten the light (front white and back RGB) using commands. As for pricing, Taloya comes at $89.99 which is a touch expensive. But if you are on the lookout for an affordable option, "Multifunctional Ceiling Light" ($59.99) would be a good bet.

9. meross Smart Garage Door Opener Remote

Imagine a situation where you are rather busy in the kitchen cooking some delicious recipes. Suddenly, one of your friends arrive and call you to open the garage door to park the car. Wouldn't you find it a bit inconvenient to leave the kitchen? Most probably, you would. That's the reason why a smart garage door opener remote like meross would be quite helpful. Aside from offering an easy-to-use app for remote control, it also offers support for both Google Assistant and Amazon Alexa so that you can open and close the door of the garage without breaking any sweat.

10. PetSafe Smart Feed Automatic Dog and Cat Feeder

Well, I have specifically saved "PetSafe" for pet lovers. And if you are one of them, you would love to have PetSafe at your disposal. The smart feeder works effectively with the companion app (iOS and Android) to let you feed your dog or cat. Furthermore, you can use it to schedule up to 12 meals (dry food only) for your pet. Not just that, you also have the option to dispense the meals in portions of 1/8 and 4 cups depending on the needs. Perfect for the times where you are away from home for a short trip, isn't it? Given these features, PetSafe appears to be a reasonable buy at $179.95. But if you after a little less expensive option, PETKIT ($159.99) would be a good contender. This is another great example of use of internet of things technology.

11. hornbill Smart Door Lock

In an age where an extra layer of safeguard for sensitive information has become the need of the hour, your home or office deserves a better lock that can provide it the require shield against theft. And for this purpose, I think hornbill's smart door lock appears to be a great pick for multiple reasons. First and foremost, the lock works with both iOS and Android, which is a plus from flexibility perspective. The second, it provides anti-peep passwords and auto-lock features (5-120s) to keep your home safe. And third, you also have the option to share the codes with your friends or guests for a limited time. As the price, hornbill's smart lock comes at $140.99 which is in the premium segment. However, if a little cheaper rival is what you are looking for, Wandwoo ($115.99) would be a fine bet.

12. Echo Smart Speaker

The most common example of use of interment of things technology is a smart speaker. Unless you are living in the rocks, you must be aware of Amazon's popular smart speaker. Powered by Alexa, it remains by far the most popular smart speaker in the market. What puts it ahead of the curve against the top rivals from Google, Apple and Sonos is its aggressive pricing and compatibility with a wide range of smart home devices. While Echo speakers may not have the best of sound, they offer more flexibility and ease of use than other alternatives. Moreover, it comes in multiple variants ( $34.99 for Echo Dot) to meet different demands and of course, budgets.

13. Graywind Motorized Roller Shade

Crafted with high-quality fabric, Graywind motorized shade is a premium offering. The professional-looking design is neatly complemented by the cloth texture which makes it more fade-resistant and durable. Being RoHS certified, it's also environment-friendly. The shade can be comfortably controlled by the companion app called Smart Life (iOS and Android). And yes, it also plays nicely with Google Assistant and Amazon Alexa so that you don't even need to use your device to control the shade.

14. Soliom S90 Pro Security Camera

Wish to keep a track of your home or business from anywhere in the world? If yes, I would recommend you to keep Soliom's S90 Pro security camera in mind. The highlight of this camera is the built-in 10000mAh battery with 3 solar panels, which can fully power up the battery in 3-4 sunny days. Another feature worth taking note of is the 1080p full HD day time video quality. Featuring 5 layers of glasses lens along with handy LED lights, it's also up to the mark for recording fairly good quality video at night. And with the IP66 water-resistance it works even in rain. As far as pricing is concerned, Soliom's S90 Pro comes at $139 which is in the competitive category. But if you have set your eyes on a cheaper alternative, lZUMIMALL security camera ($79.99) would be one of the better contenders.

15. Philips Hue

While there is no dearth of smart light makers in the market, none can match the repertoire of Philips. And if you don't want to settle with anything less than the top-notch smart light, overlooking Hue wouldn't be wise. That's the reason why I couldn't miss out on this one. The hue white and color ambiance light requires Hue Hub (which is sold separately) and work with Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Siri ( via Apple HomeKit). One of my favorite features of this light is the aesthetic design that can adapt to any space. Plus, it boasts 16 million colors to make your room look dazzling.

Examples of Internet of Things Technology

So, these are some of the vivid examples of the internet of things technology that exist today. I hope you have loved exploring them and also picked out some cool smart home devices to fully digitize your abode. But before you get entangled into daily chores, let me know your top technologies and what makes them so user-friendly. Also, tell us about the tech products that might be missing from this roundup.

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15 Examples of Internet of Things Technology in Use (2020) | Beebom

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One of the most common buzzwords in technology circles right now is "Internet of Things" (IoT). People are talking about it all over the place, from the newspaper to tech blogs - but what, exactly, is the IoT? Well, in laymen terms, it refers to connected devices that can transfer data over a network without requiring any human input.

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IoT can be used to connect different devices to things that usually will not be connected. This includes things like “connected cows” and connected prison cells. These are all connected technologically to a device of some sort. The connected cow helps to keep cows safe by monitoring their behaviour and the environment around them. The connected prison cell monitors the prisoner inside with a heat sensor, which helps the monitors determine if the prisoner is well, healthy and moving around. In Spain we visited a technology site which specialised in the connected cows and introduced us to many other “connected devices “ involved in the IoT :)) 🐮🥰

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By

The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers ( UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

A thing in the internet of things can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address and is able to transfer data over a network.

Increasingly, organizations in a variety of industries are using IoT to operate more efficiently, better understand customers to deliver enhanced customer service, improve decision-making and increase the value of the business.

How does IoT work?

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.

IoT can also make use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to aid in making data collecting processes easier and more dynamic.

An example of how an IoT system works from collecting data to taking action

Why is IoT important?

The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control over their lives. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT provides businesses with a real-time look into how their systems really work, delivering insights into everything from the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics operations.

IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labor costs. It also cuts down on waste and improves service delivery, making it less expensive to manufacture and deliver goods, as well as offering transparency into customer transactions.

As such, IoT is one of the most important technologies of everyday life, and it will continue to pick up steam as more businesses realize the potential of connected devices to keep them competitive.

What are the benefits of IoT to organizations?

The internet of things offers several benefits to organizations. Some benefits are industry-specific, and some are applicable across multiple industries. Some of the common benefits of IoT enable businesses to:

monitor their overall business processes;

improve the customer experience (CX);

save time and money;

enhance employee productivity;

integrate and adapt business models;

make better business decisions; and

generate more revenue.

IoT encourages companies to rethink the ways they approach their businesses and gives them the tools to improve their business strategies.

Generally, IoT is most abundant in manufacturing, transportation and utility organizations, making use of sensors and other IoT devices; however, it has also found use cases for organizations within the agriculture, infrastructure and home automation industries, leading some organizations toward digital transformation.

IoT can benefit farmers in agriculture by making their job easier. Sensors can collect data on rainfall, humidity, temperature and soil content, as well as other factors, that would help automate farming techniques.

The ability to monitor operations surrounding infrastructure is also a factor that IoT can help with. Sensors, for example, could be used to monitor events or changes within structural buildings, bridges and other infrastructure. This brings benefits with it, such as cost saving, saved time, quality-of-life workflow changes and paperless workflow.

A home automation business can utilize IoT to monitor and manipulate mechanical and electrical systems in a building. On a broader scale, smart cities can help citizens reduce waste and energy consumption.

IoT touches every industry, including businesses within healthcare, finance, retail and manufacturing.

What are the pros and cons of IoT?

Some of the advantages of IoT include the following:

ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any device;

improved communication between connected electronic devices;

transferring data packets over a connected network saving time and money; and

automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's services and reducing the need for human intervention.

Some disadvantages of IoT include the following:

As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential information also increases.

Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers -- maybe even millions -- of IoT devices, and collecting and managing the data from all those devices will be challenging.

If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected device will become corrupted.

Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other.

IoT standards and frameworks

There are several emerging IoT standards, including the following:

IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) is an open standard defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The 6LoWPAN standard enables any low-power radio to communicate to the internet, including 804.15.4, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Z-Wave (for home automation).

ZigBee is a low-power, low-data rate wireless network used mainly in industrial settings. ZigBee is based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 standard. The ZigBee Alliance created Dotdot, the universal language for IoT that enables smart objects to work securely on any network and understand each other.

LiteOS is a Unix-like operating system (OS) for wireless sensor networks. LiteOS supports smartphones, wearables, intelligent manufacturing applications, smart homes and the internet of vehicles (IoV). The OS also serves as a smart device development platform.

OneM2M is a machine-to-machine service layer that can be embedded in software and hardware to connect devices. The global standardization body, OneM2M, was created to develop reusable standards to enable IoT applications across different verticals to communicate.

Data Distribution Service (DDS) was developed by the Object Management Group (OMG) and is an IoT standard for real-time, scalable and high-performance M2M communication.

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open source published standard for asynchronous messaging by wire. AMQP enables encrypted and interoperable messaging between organizations and applications. The protocol is used in client-server messaging and in IoT device management.

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a protocol designed by the IETF that specifies how low-power, compute-constrained devices can operate in the internet of things.

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a protocol for WANs designed to support huge networks, such as smart cities, with millions of low-power devices.

IoT frameworks include the following:

Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT is a cloud computing platform for IoT released by Amazon. This framework is designed to enable smart devices to easily connect and securely interact with the AWS cloud and other connected devices.

Arm Mbed IoT is a platform to develop apps for IoT based on Arm microcontrollers. The goal of the Arm Mbed IoT platform is to provide a scalable, connected and secure environment for IoT devices by integrating Mbed tools and services.

Microsoft's Azure IoT Suite is a platform that consists of a set of services that enables users to interact with and receive data from their IoT devices, as well as perform various operations over data, such as multidimensional analysis, transformation and aggregation, and visualize those operations in a way that's suitable for business.

Google's Brillo/Weave is a platform for the rapid implementation of IoT applications. The platform consists of two main backbones: Brillo, an Android-based OS for the development of embedded low-power devices, and Weave, an IoT-oriented communication protocol that serves as the communication language between the device and the cloud.

Calvin is an open source IoT platform released by Ericsson designed for building and managing distributed applications that enable devices to talk to each other. Calvin includes a development framework for application developers, as well as a runtime environment for handling the running application.

Consumer and enterprise IoT applications

There are numerous real-world applications of the internet of things, ranging from consumer IoT and enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT ( IIoT). IoT applications span numerous verticals, including automotive, telecom and energy.

In the consumer segment, for example, smart homes that are equipped with smart thermostats, smart appliances and connected heating, lighting and electronic devices can be controlled remotely via computers and smartphones.

Wearable devices with sensors and software can collect and analyze user data, sending messages to other technologies about the users with the aim of making users' lives easier and more comfortable. Wearable devices are also used for public safety -- for example, improving first responders' response times during emergencies by providing optimized routes to a location or by tracking construction workers' or firefighters' vital signs at life-threatening sites.

In healthcare, IoT offers many benefits, including the ability to monitor patients more closely using an analysis of the data that's generated. Hospitals often use IoT systems to complete tasks such as inventory management for both pharmaceuticals and medical instruments.

Smart buildings can, for instance, reduce energy costs using sensors that detect how many occupants are in a room. The temperature can adjust automatically -- for example, turning the air conditioner on if sensors detect a conference room is full or turning the heat down if everyone in the office has gone home.

In agriculture, IoT-based smart farming systems can help monitor, for instance, light, temperature, humidity and soil moisture of crop fields using connected sensors. IoT is also instrumental in automating irrigation systems.

In a smart city, IoT sensors and deployments, such as smart streetlights and smart meters, can help alleviate traffic, conserve energy, monitor and address environmental concerns, and improve sanitation.

IoT security and privacy issues

The internet of things connects billions of devices to the internet and involves the use of billions of data points, all of which need to be secured. Due to its expanded attack surface, IoT security and IoT privacy are cited as major concerns.

In 2016, one of the most notorious recent IoT attacks was Mirai, a botnet that infiltrated domain name server provider Dyn and took down many websites for an extended period of time in one of the biggest distributed denial-of-service ( DDoS) attacks ever seen. Attackers gained access to the network by exploiting poorly secured IoT devices.

Because IoT devices are closely connected, all a hacker has to do is exploit one vulnerability to manipulate all the data, rendering it unusable. Manufacturers that don't update their devices regularly -- or at all -- leave them vulnerable to cybercriminals.

Additionally, connected devices often ask users to input their personal information, including names, ages, addresses, phone numbers and even social media accounts -- information that's invaluable to hackers.

Hackers aren't the only threat to the internet of things; privacy is another major concern for IoT users. For instance, companies that make and distribute consumer IoT devices could use those devices to obtain and sell users' personal data.

Beyond leaking personal data, IoT poses a risk to critical infrastructure, including electricity, transportation and inancial services.

What is the history of IoT?

Kevin Ashton, co-founder of the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), first mentioned the internet of things in a presentation he made to Procter &Gamble (P&G) in 1999. Wanting to bring radio frequency ID (RFID) to the attention of P&G's senior management, Ashton called his presentation "Internet of Things" to incorporate the cool new trend of 1999: the internet. MIT professor Neil Gershenfeld's book, When Things Start to Think, also appeared in 1999. It didn't use the exact term but provided a clear vision of where IoT was headed.

IoT has evolved from the convergence of wireless technologies, microelectromechanical systems ( MEMSes), microservices and the internet. The convergence has helped tear down the silos between operational technology ( OT) and information technology (IT), enabling unstructured machine-generated data to be analyzed for insights to drive improvements.

Although Ashton's was the first mention of the internet of things, the idea of connected devices has been around since the 1970s, under the monikers embedded internet and pervasive computing.

The first internet appliance, for example, was a Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University in the early 1980s. Using the web, programmers could check the status of the machine and determine whether there would be a cold drink awaiting them, should they decide to make the trip to the machine.

IoT evolved from M2M communication, i.e., machines connecting to each other via a network without human interaction. M2M refers to connecting a device to the cloud, managing it and collecting data.

Taking M2M to the next level, IoT is a sensor network of billions of smart devices that connect people, systems and other applications to collect and share data. As its foundation, M2M offers the connectivity that enables IoT.

The internet of things is also a natural extension of supervisory control and data acquisition ( SCADA), a category of software application programs for process control, the gathering of data in real time from remote locations to control equipment and conditions. SCADA systems include hardware and software components. The hardware gathers and feeds data into a computer that has SCADA software installed, where it is then processed and presented in a timely manner. The evolution of SCADA is such that late-generation SCADA systems developed into first-generation IoT systems.

The concept of the IoT ecosystem, however, didn't really come into its own until the middle of 2010 when, in part, the government of China said it would make IoT a strategic priority in its five-year plan.

Continue Reading About What is the internet of things (IoT)?

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What is IoT (Internet of Things) and How Does it Work? - Definition from TechTarget.com

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By The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers ( UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

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"In the future, intelligence services might use the [internet of things] for identification, surveillance, monitoring, location tracking, and targeting for recruitment, or to gain access to networks or user credentials," James Clapper, the US direction or national intelligence said in 2016. Wikileaks later claimed the CIA has been developing security exploits for a connected Samsung TV.

We need reliable standards

At the centre of creating a vast, reliable IoT network lies one significant issue: compatible standards. Connected objects need to be able to speak to each other to transfer data and share what they are recording. If they all run on different standards, they struggle to communicate and share. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Standards Association lists a huge number of standards being developed and worked on for different applications.

"Additional needs are emerging for standardisation," the Internet Society says. If standardisation happens it will let more devices and applications be connected.

To try and tackle this issue on an enterprise scale, Microsoft has introduced its own system for IoT devices. Called IoT Central, TechCrunch, reports the system gives businesses a managed central platform for setting up IoT devices. Microsoft claims the system will simply the creation of IoT networks.

Gorski described IoT, even among those with the most experience of the concept, as a "relatively immature market" but said 2016 may have been a turning point. The Hypercat standard is now supported by ARM, Intel, Amey, Bae Systems and Accenture and the firms are currently agreeing on a format for "exposing collections" of URLs, for example.

"In the short term, we know [IoT] will impact on anything where there is a high cost of not intervening," Evans said. "And it'll be for simpler day-to-day issues - like finding a car parking space in busy areas, linking up your home entertainment system and using your fridge webcam to check if you need more milk on the way home.

"Ultimately what makes it exciting is that we don't yet know the exact use cases and just that it has the potential to have a major impact on our lives."
This article was originally published in January 2017. It has since been updated with further IoT information.

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What is the Internet of Things? WIRED explains

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"In the future, intelligence services might use the [internet of things] for identification, surveillance, monitoring, location tracking, and targeting for recruitment, or to gain access to networks or user credentials," James Clapper, the US direction or national intelligence said in 2016. Wikileaks later claimed the CIA has been developing security exploits for a connected Samsung TV.

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The Internet of Things is a possible evolution of the use of the Net: objects become recognizable and acquire intelligence thanks to the fact of being able to communicate data about themselves and access information.

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The IoT involves extending Internet connectivity beyond standard devices, such as desktops, laptops, smartphones and tablets, to any range of traditionally dumb or non-internet-enabled physical devices and everyday objects.

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It is the network of physical objects or 'things' embedded with sensors, electronics, connectivity and software that gives the ability to exchange data.

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1. This year, we will have 4.9 billion connected things.

2. And some predict that by 2020, the number of Internet-connected things will reach or even exceed 50 billion.

3. In 2015, over 1.4 billion smart phones will be shipped and by 2020 we will have a staggering 6.1 billion smartphone users.

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In 2008, there were already more objects connected to the internet than people and by the end of 2019, we will have more than 4.9 billion connected things.

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The interconnection via the internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data.

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The IoT involves extending Internet connectivity beyond standard devices, such as desktops, laptops, smartphones and tablets, to any range of traditionally dumb or non-internet-enabled physical devices and everyday objects. Embedded with technology, these devices can communicate and interact over the Internet, and they can be remotely monitored and controlled.

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The first 5g smartphones will be available by 2019. Apparently it will change everything.

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Drawing representing the Internet of things.

The Internet of things is the network of devices such as vehicles, and home appliances that contain electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which allows these things to connect, interact and exchange data.

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By 2020, a quarter of a billion vehicles will be connected to the Internet, giving us completely new possibilities for in-vehicle services and automated driving.

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The first internet appliance, for example, was a Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University in the early 1980s. Using the web, programmers could check the status of the machine and determine whether there would be a cold drink awaiting them, should they decide to make the trip to the machine

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The Internet of Things is a way to connect devices and devices using the internet, which means you can control remotely things, save energy and money

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The Internet of things ( IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

The definition of the Internet of things has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, real-time analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems. Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to enabling the Internet of things. In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with products pertaining to the concept of the " smart home", covering devices and appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems and cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers.

There are a number of serious concerns about dangers in the growth of IoT, especially in the areas of privacy and security, and consequently industry and governmental moves to address these concerns have begun.

The main concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified Coca-Cola vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first Internet-connected appliance, able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were cold or not. Mark Weiser's 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of the 21st Century", as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and PerCom produced the contemporary vision of the IoT. In 1994, Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate everything from home appliances to entire factories". Between 1993 and 1997, several companies proposed solutions like Microsoft's at Work or Novell's NEST. The field gained momentum when Bill Joy envisioned device-to-device communication as a part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented at the World Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.

The term "Internet of things" was likely coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble, later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999, though he prefers the phrase "Internet for things". At that point, he viewed radio-frequency identification (RFID) as essential to the Internet of things, which would allow computers to manage all individual things.

The key driving force behind the Internet of things is the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor), which was originally invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. The MOSFET is the basic building block of most modern electronics, including computers, smartphones, tablets and Internet services. MOSFET scaling miniaturization at a pace predicted by Dennard scaling and Moore's law has been the driving force behind technological advances in the electronics industry since the late 20th century. MOSFET scaling has been extended into the early 21st century with advances such as reducing power consumption, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) semiconductor device fabrication, and multi-core processor technology, leading up to the Internet of things, which is being driven by MOSFETs scaling down to nanoelectronic levels with reducing energy consumption.

The extensive set of applications for IoT devices is often divided into consumer, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure spaces.

A growing portion of IoT devices are created for consumer use, including connected vehicles, home automation, wearable technology, connected health, and appliances with remote monitoring capabilities.

A smart home or automated home could be based on a platform or hubs that control smart devices and appliances. For instance, using Apple's HomeKit, manufacturers can have their home products and accessories controlled by an application in iOS devices such as the iPhone and the Apple Watch. This could be a dedicated app or iOS native applications such as Siri. This can be demonstrated in the case of Lenovo's Smart Home Essentials, which is a line of smart home devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app or Siri without the need for a Wi-Fi bridge. There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone platforms to connect different smart home products and these include the Amazon Echo, Google Home, Apple's HomePod, and Samsung's SmartThings Hub. In addition to the commercial systems, there are many non-proprietary, open source ecosystems; including Home Assistant, OpenHAB and Domoticz.

One key application of a smart home is to provide assistance for those with disabilities and elderly individuals. These home systems use assistive technology to accommodate an owner's specific disabilities. Voice control can assist users with sight and mobility limitations while alert systems can be connected directly to cochlear implants worn by hearing-impaired users. They can also be equipped with additional safety features. These features can include sensors that monitor for medical emergencies such as falls or seizures. Smart home technology applied in this way can provide users with more freedom and a higher quality of life.

The term "Enterprise IoT" refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. By 2019, it is estimated that the EIoT will account for 9.1 billion devices.

The Internet of medical things ( IoMT) is an application of the IoT for medical and health related purposes, data collection and analysis for research, and monitoring. The IoMT has been referenced as "Smart Healthcare", as the technology for creating a digitized healthcare system, connecting available medical resources and healthcare services.

IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants, such as pacemakers, Fitbit electronic wristbands, or advanced hearing aids. Some hospitals have begun implementing "smart beds" that can detect when they are occupied and when a patient is attempting to get up. It can also adjust itself to ensure appropriate pressure and support is applied to the patient without the manual interaction of nurses. A 2015 Goldman Sachs report indicated that healthcare IoT devices "can save the United States more than $300 billion in annual healthcare expenditures by increasing revenue and decreasing cost." Moreover, the use of mobile devices to support medical follow-up led to the creation of 'm-health', used analyzed health statistics."

Specialized sensors can also be equipped within living spaces to monitor the health and general well-being of senior citizens, while also ensuring that proper treatment is being administered and assisting people regain lost mobility via therapy as well. These sensors create a network of intelligent sensors that are able to collect, process, transfer, and analyze valuable information in different environments, such as connecting in-home monitoring devices to hospital-based systems. Other consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as connected scales or wearable heart monitors, are also a possibility with the IoT. End-to-end health monitoring IoT platforms are also available for antenatal and chronic patients, helping one manage health vitals and recurring medication requirements.

Advances in plastic and fabric electronics fabrication methods have enabled ultra-low cost, use-and-throw IoMT sensors. These sensors, along with the required RFID electronics, can be fabricated on paper or e-textiles for wirelessly powered disposable sensing devices. Applications have been established for point-of-care medical diagnostics, where portability and low system-complexity is essential.

As of 2018 IoMT was not only being applied in the clinical laboratory industry, but also in the healthcare and health insurance industries. IoMT in the healthcare industry is now permitting doctors, patients, and others, such as guardians of patients, nurses, families, and similar, to be part of a system, where patient records are saved in a database, allowing doctors and the rest of the medical staff to have access to patient information. Moreover, IoT-based systems are patient-centered, which involves being flexible to the patient's medical conditions. IoMT in the insurance industry provides access to better and new types of dynamic information. This includes sensor-based solutions such as biosensors, wearables, connected health devices, and mobile apps to track customer behaviour. This can lead to more accurate underwriting and new pricing models.

The application of the IoT in healthcare plays a fundamental role in managing chronic diseases and in disease prevention and control. Remote monitoring is made possible through the connection of powerful wireless solutions. The connectivity enables health practitioners to capture patient's data and applying complex algorithms in health data analysis.

The IoT can assist in the integration of communications, control, and information processing across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of transportation systems (i.e. the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user). Dynamic interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter- and intra-vehicular communication, smart traffic control, smart parking, electronic toll collection systems, logistics and fleet management, vehicle control, safety, and road assistance. In Logistics and Fleet Management, for example, an IoT platform can continuously monitor the location and conditions of cargo and assets via wireless sensors and send specific alerts when management exceptions occur (delays, damages, thefts, etc.). This can only be possible with the IoT and its seamless connectivity among devices. Sensors such as GPS, Humidity, and Temperature send data to the IoT platform and then the data is analyzed and then sent to the users. This way, users can track the real-time status of vehicles and can make appropriate decisions. If combined with Machine Learning, then it also helps in reducing traffic accidents by introducing drowsiness alerts to drivers and providing self-driven cars too.

In vehicular communication systems, vehicle-to-everything communication (V2X), consists of three main components: vehicle to vehicle communication (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure communication (V2I) and vehicle to pedestrian communications (V2P). V2X is the first step to autonomous driving and connected road infrastructure.

IoT devices can be used to monitor and control the mechanical, electrical and electronic systems used in various types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or residential) in home automation and building automation systems. In this context, three main areas are being covered in literature:

The integration of the Internet with building energy management systems in order to create energy efficient and IOT-driven "smart buildings".

The possible means of real-time monitoring for reducing energy consumption and monitoring occupant behaviors.

The integration of smart devices in the built environment and how they might to know how to be used in future applications.

Also known as IIoT, industrial IoT devices acquire and analyze data from connected equipment, (OT) operational technology, locations and people. Combined with operational technology (OT) monitoring devices, IIoT helps regulate and monitor industrial systems.Also, the same implementation can be carried out for automated record updates of asset placement in industrial storage units as the size of the assets can vary from a small screw till the whole motor spare part and misplacement of such assets can cause a percentile loss of manpower time and money.

Manufacturing

The IoT can realize the seamless integration of various manufacturing devices equipped with sensing, identification, processing, communication, actuation, and networking capabilities. Based on such a highly integrated smart cyber-physical space, it opens the door to create whole new business and market opportunities for manufacturing. Network control and management of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation management, or manufacturing process control bring the IoT within the realm of industrial applications and smart manufacturing as well. The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing of new products, dynamic response to product demands, and real-time optimization of manufacturing production and supply chain networks, by networking machinery, sensors and control systems together.

Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service information systems to optimize plant safety and security are within the purview of the IIoT. But it also extends itself to asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and measurements to maximize reliability. Industrial management systems can also be integrated with smart grids, enabling real-time energy optimization. Measurements, automated controls, plant optimization, health and safety management, and other functions are provided by a large number of networked sensors.

Industrial IoT (IIoT) in manufacturing could generate so much business value that it will eventually lead to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, also referred to as Industry 4.0. The potential for growth from implementing IIoT may generate $12 trillion of global GDP by 2030.

Industrial big data analytics will play a vital role in manufacturing asset predictive maintenance, although that is not the only capability of industrial big data. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is the core technology of industrial big data and it will be an interface between human and the cyber world.

In August 2018, Toyota Tsusho began a partnership with Microsoft to create fish farming tools using the Microsoft Azure application suite for IoT technologies related to water management. Developed in part by researchers from Kindai University, the water pump mechanisms use artificial intelligence to count the number of fish on a conveyor belt, analyze the number of fish, and deduce the effectiveness of water flow from the data the fish provide. The specific computer programs used in the process fall under the Azure Machine Learning and the Azure IoT Hub platforms.

Monitoring and controlling operations of sustainable urban and rural infrastructures like bridges, railway tracks and on- and offshore wind-farms is a key application of the IoT. The IoT infrastructure can be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can compromise safety and increase risk. The IoT can benefit the construction industry by cost saving, time reduction, better quality workday, paperless workflow and increase in productivity. It can help in taking faster decisions and save money with Real-Time Data Analytics. It can also be used for scheduling repair and maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by coordinating tasks between different service providers and users of these facilities. IoT devices can also be used to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management and emergency response coordination, and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all infrastructure related areas. Even areas such as waste management can benefit from automation and optimization that could be brought in by the IoT.

There are several planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of the IoT, to enable better management of cities and systems. For example, Songdo, South Korea, the first of its kind fully equipped and wired smart city, is gradually being built, with approximately 70 percent of the business district completed as of June 2018. Much of the city is planned to be wired and automated, with little or no human intervention.

Other examples of large-scale deployments underway include the Sino-Singapore Guangzhou Knowledge City; work on improving air and water quality, reducing noise pollution, and increasing transportation efficiency in San Jose, California; and smart traffic management in western Singapore. Using its RPMA (Random Phase Multiple Access) technology, San Diego-based Ingenu has built a nationwide public network for low-bandwidth data transmissions using the same unlicensed 2.4 gigahertz spectrum as Wi-Fi. Ingenu's "Machine Network" covers more than a third of the US population across 35 major cities including San Diego and Dallas. French company, Sigfox, commenced building an Ultra Narrowband wireless data network in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2014, the first business to achieve such a deployment in the U.S. It subsequently announced it would set up a total of 4000 base stations to cover a total of 30 cities in the U.S. by the end of 2016, making it the largest IoT network coverage provider in the country thus far. Cisco also participates in smart cities projects. Cisco has started deploying technologies for Smart Wi-Fi, Smart Safety & Security, Smart Lighting, Smart Parking, Smart Transports, Smart Bus Stops, Smart Kiosks, Remote Expert for Government Services (REGS) and Smart Education in the five km area in the city of Vijaywada.

Significant numbers of energy-consuming devices (e.g. lamps, household appliances, motors, pumps, etc.) already integrate Internet connectivity, which can allow them to communicate with utilities not only to balance power generation but also helps optimize the energy energy consumption as a whole. These devices allow for remote control by users, or central management via a cloud-based interface, and enable functions like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on or off heating systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting conditions etc.). The smart grid is a utility-side IoT application; systems gather and act on energy and power-related information to improve the efficiency of the production and distribution of electricity. Using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) Internet-connected devices, electric utilities not only collect data from end-users, but also manage distribution automation devices like transformers.

Environmental monitoring applications of the IoT typically use sensors to assist in environmental protection by monitoring air or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions, and can even include areas like monitoring the movements of wildlife and their habitats. Development of resource-constrained devices connected to the Internet also means that other applications like earthquake or tsunami early-warning systems can also be used by emergency services to provide more effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically span a large geographic area and can also be mobile. It has been argued that the standardization IoT brings to wireless sensing will revolutionize this area.

Living Lab

The Internet of Battlefield Things ( IoBT) is a project initiated and executed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) that focuses on the basic science related to IoT that enhance the capabilities of Army soldiers. In 2017, ARL launched the Internet of Battlefield Things Collaborative Research Alliance (IoBT-CRA), establishing a working collaboration between industry, university, and Army researchers to advance the theoretical foundations of IoT technologies and their applications to Army operations.

The Ocean of Things project is a DARPA-led program designed to establish an Internet of Things across large ocean areas for the purposes of collecting, monitoring, and analyzing environmental and vessel activity data. The project entails the deployment of about 50,000 floats that house a passive sensor suite that autonomously detect and track military and commercial vessels as part of a cloud-based network.

There are several applications of smart or active packaging in which a QR code or NFC tag is affixed on a product or its packaging. The tag itself is passive, however it contains a unique identifier (typically a URL) which enables a user to access digital content about the product via a smartphone. Strictly speaking, such passive items are not part of the Internet of Thing but they can be seen as enablers of digital interactions. The term "Internet of Packaging" has been coined to describe applications in which unique identifiers are used, to automate supply chains, and are scanned on large scale by consumers to access digital content. Authentication of the unique identifiers, and thereby of the product itself, is possible via a copy-sensitive digital watermark or copy detection pattern for scanning when scanning a QR Code, while NFC tags can encrypt communication.

The IoT's major significant trend in recent years is the explosive growth of devices connected and controlled by the Internet. The wide range of applications for IoT technology mean that the specifics can be very different from one device to the next but there are basic characteristics shared by most.

The number of IoT devices increased 31% year-over-year to 8.4 billion in the year 2017 and it is estimated that there will be 30 billion devices by 2020. The global market value of IoT is projected to reach $7.1 trillion by 2020.

Ambient intelligence and autonomous control are not part of the original concept of the Internet of things. Ambient intelligence and autonomous control do not necessarily require Internet structures, either. However, there is a shift in research (by companies such as Intel) to integrate the concepts of the IoT and autonomous control, with initial outcomes towards this direction considering objects as the driving force for autonomous IoT. A promising approach in this context is deep reinforcement learning where most of IoT systems provide a dynamic and interactive environment. Training an agent (i.e., IoT device) to behave smartly in such an environment cannot be addressed by conventional machine learning algorithms such as supervised learning. By reinforcement learning approach, a learning agent can sense the environment's state (e.g., sensing home temperature), perform actions (e.g., turn HVAC on or off) and learn through the maximizing accumulated rewards it receives in long term.

IoT intelligence can be offered at three levels: IoT devices, Edge/Fog nodes, and Cloud computing. The need for intelligent control and decision at each level depends on the time sensitiveness of the IoT application. For example, an autonomous vehicle's camera needs to make real-time obstacle detection to avoid an accident. This fast decision making would not be possible through transferring data from the vehicle to cloud instances and return the predictions back to the vehicle. Instead, all the operation should be performed locally in the vehicle. Integrating advanced machine learning algorithms including deep learning into IoT devices is an active research area to make smart objects closer to reality. Moreover, it is possible to get the most value out of IoT deployments through analyzing IoT data, extracting hidden information, and predicting control decisions. A wide variety of machine learning techniques have been used in IoT domain ranging from traditional methods such as regression, support vector machine, and random forest to advanced ones such as convolutional neural networks, LSTM, and variational autoencoder.

In the future, the Internet of Things may be a non-deterministic and open network in which auto-organized or intelligent entities ( web services, SOA components) and virtual objects (avatars) will be interoperable and able to act independently (pursuing their own objectives or shared ones) depending on the context, circumstances or environments. Autonomous behavior through the collection and reasoning of context information as well as the object's ability to detect changes in the environment (faults affecting sensors) and introduce suitable mitigation measures constitutes a major research trend, clearly needed to provide credibility to the IoT technology. Modern IoT products and solutions in the marketplace use a variety of different technologies to support such context-aware automation, but more sophisticated forms of intelligence are requested to permit sensor units and intelligent cyber-physical systems to be deployed in real environments.

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IoT system architecture, in its simplistic view, consists of three tiers: Tier 1: Devices, Tier 2: the Edge Gateway, and Tier 3: the Cloud. Devices include networked things, such as the sensors and actuators found in IIoT equipment, particularly those that use protocols such as Modbus, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or proprietary protocols, to connect to an Edge Gateway. The Edge Gateway consists of sensor data aggregation systems called Edge Gateways that provide functionality, such as pre-processing of the data, securing connectivity to cloud, using systems such as WebSockets, the event hub, and, even in some cases, edge analytics or fog computing. Edge Gateway layer is also required to give a common view of the devices to the upper layers to facilitate in easier management. The final tier includes the cloud application built for IIoT using the microservices architecture, which are usually polyglot and inherently secure in nature using HTTPS/ OAuth. It includes various database systems that store sensor data, such as time series databases or asset stores using backend data storage systems (e.g. Cassandra, PostgreSQL). The cloud tier in most cloud-based IoT system features event queuing and messaging system that handles communication that transpires in all tiers. Some experts classified the three-tiers in the IIoT system as edge, platform, and enterprise and these are connected by proximity network, access network, and service network, respectively.

Building on the Internet of things, the web of things is an architecture for the application layer of the Internet of things looking at the convergence of data from IoT devices into Web applications to create innovative use-cases. In order to program and control the flow of information in the Internet of things, a predicted architectural direction is being called BPM Everywhere which is a blending of traditional process management with process mining and special capabilities to automate the control of large numbers of coordinated devices.

The Internet of things requires huge scalability in the network space to handle the surge of devices. IETF 6LoWPAN would be used to connect devices to IP networks. With billions of devices being added to the Internet space, IPv6 will play a major role in handling the network layer scalability. IETF's Constrained Application Protocol, ZeroMQ, and MQTT would provide lightweight data transport.

Fog computing is a viable alternative to prevent such large burst of data flow through Internet. The edge devices' computation power to analyse and process data is extremely limited. Limited processing power is a key attribute of IoT devices as their purpose is to supply data about physical objects while remaining autonomous. Heavy processing requirements use more battery power harming IoT's ability to operate. Scalability is easy because IoT devices simply supply data through the internet to a server with sufficient processing power.

In semi-open or closed loops (i.e. value chains, whenever a global finality can be settled) the IoT will often be considered and studied as a complex system due to the huge number of different links, interactions between autonomous actors, and its capacity to integrate new actors. At the overall stage (full open loop) it will likely be seen as a chaotic environment (since systems always have finality). As a practical approach, not all elements in the Internet of things run in a global, public space. Subsystems are often implemented to mitigate the risks of privacy, control and reliability. For example, domestic robotics (domotics) running inside a smart home might only share data within and be available via a local network. Managing and controlling a high dynamic ad hoc IoT things/devices network is a tough task with the traditional networks architecture, Software Defined Networking (SDN) provides the agile dynamic solution that can cope with the special requirements of the diversity of innovative IoT applications.

The figure of online capable devices grew 31% from 2016 to 2017 to reach 8.4 billion.

In the Internet of Things, the precise geographic location of a thing-and also the precise geographic dimensions of a thing-will be critical. Therefore, facts about a thing, such as its location in time and space, have been less critical to track because the person processing the information can decide whether or not that information was important to the action being taken, and if so, add the missing information (or decide to not take the action). (Note that some things in the Internet of Things will be sensors, and sensor location is usually important.) The GeoWeb and Digital Earth are promising applications that become possible when things can become organized and connected by location. However, the challenges that remain include the constraints of variable spatial scales, the need to handle massive amounts of data, and an indexing for fast search and neighbor operations. In the Internet of Things, if things are able to take actions on their own initiative, this human-centric mediation role is eliminated. Thus, the time-space context that we as humans take for granted must be given a central role in this information ecosystem. Just as standards play a key role in the Internet and the Web, geospatial standards will play a key role in the Internet of things.

A solution to "basket of remotes"

Many IoT devices have a potential to take a piece of this market. Jean-Louis Gassée (Apple initial alumni team, and BeOS co-founder) has addressed this topic in an article on Monday Note, where he predicts that the most likely problem will be what he calls the "basket of remotes" problem, where we'll have hundreds of applications to interface with hundreds of devices that don't share protocols for speaking with one another. For improved user interaction, some technology leaders are joining forces to create standards for communication between devices to solve this problem. Others are turning to the concept of predictive interaction of devices, "where collected data is used to predict and trigger actions on the specific devices" while making them work together.

There are many technologies that enable the IoT. Crucial to the field is the network used to communicate between devices of an IoT installation, a role that several wireless or wired technologies may fulfill:

The original idea of the Auto-ID Center is based on RFID-tags and distinct identification through the Electronic Product Code. This has evolved into objects having an IP address or URI. An alternative view, from the world of the Semantic Web focuses instead on making all things (not just those electronic, smart, or RFID-enabled) addressable by the existing naming protocols, such as URI. The objects themselves do not converse, but they may now be referred to by other agents, such as powerful centralized servers acting for their human owners. Integration with the Internet implies that devices will use an IP address as a distinct identifier. Due to the limited address space of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3 billion different addresses), objects in the IoT will have to use the next generation of the Internet protocol ( IPv6) to scale to the extremely large address space required. Internet-of-things devices additionally will benefit from the stateless address auto-configuration present in IPv6, as it reduces the configuration overhead on the hosts, and the IETF 6LoWPAN header compression. To a large extent, the future of the Internet of things will not be possible without the support of IPv6; and consequently, the global adoption of IPv6 in the coming years will be critical for the successful development of the IoT in the future.

ADRC defines an application layer protocol and supporting framework for implementing IoT applications.

LTE-Advanced - High-speed communication specification for mobile networks. Provides enhancements to the LTE standard with extended coverage, higher throughput, and lower latency.

5G - 5G wireless networks can be used to achieve the high communication requirements of the IoT and connect a large number of IoT devices, even when they are on the move.

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.

This is a list of technical standards for the IoT, most of which are open standards, and the standards organizations that aspire to successfully setting them.

Short name

Long name

Standards under development

Other notes

Global Standards One

Standards for UIDs ("unique" identifiers) and RFID of fast-moving consumer goods (consumer packaged goods), health care supplies, and other things

The GS1 digital link standard, first released in August 2018, allows the use QR Codes, GS1 Datamatrix, RFID and NFC to enable various types of business-to-business, as well as business-to-consumers interactions.

Parent organization comprises member organizations such as GS1 US

MTConnect Institute

-

MTConnect is a manufacturing industry standard for data exchange with machine tools and related industrial equipment. It is important to the IIoT subset of the IoT.

Open Connectivity Foundation

Standards for simple devices using CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)

OCF (Open Connectivity Foundation) supersedes OIC (Open Interconnect Consortium)

One of the key drivers of the IoT is data. The success of the idea of connecting devices to make them more efficient is dependent upon access to and storage & processing of data. For this purpose, companies working on the IoT collect data from multiple sources and store it in their cloud network for further processing. This leaves the door wide open for privacy and security dangers and single point vulnerability of multiple systems. The other issues pertain to consumer choice and ownership of data and how it is used. Though still in their infancy, regulations and governance regarding these issues of privacy, security, and data ownership continue to develop. IoT regulation depends on the country. Some examples of legislation that is relevant to privacy and data collection are: the US Privacy Act of 1974, OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data of 1980, and the EU Directive 95/46/EC of 1995.

Current regulatory environment:

Data security - At the time of designing IoT companies should ensure that data collection, storage and processing would be secure at all times. Companies should adopt a "defence in depth" approach and encrypt data at each stage.

Data consent - users should have a choice as to what data they share with IoT companies and the users must be informed if their data gets exposed.

Data minimization - IoT companies should collect only the data they need and retain the collected information only for a limited time.

However, the FTC stopped at just making recommendations for now. According to an FTC analysis, the existing framework, consisting of the FTC Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, and the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, along with developing consumer education and business guidance, participation in multi-stakeholder efforts and advocacy to other agencies at the federal, state and local level, is sufficient to protect consumer rights.

A resolution passed by the Senate in March 2015, is already being considered by the Congress. This resolution recognized the need for formulating a National Policy on IoT and the matter of privacy, security and spectrum. Furthermore, to provide an impetus to the IoT ecosystem, in March 2016, a bipartisan group of four Senators proposed a bill, The Developing Innovation and Growing the Internet of Things (DIGIT) Act, to direct the Federal Communications Commission to assess the need for more spectrum to connect IoT devices.

Approved on 28 September 2018, Senate Bill No. 327 goes into effect on 1 January 2020. The bill requires " a manufacturer of a connected device, as those terms are defined, to equip the device with a reasonable security feature or features that are appropriate to the nature and function of the device, appropriate to the information it may collect, contain, or transmit, and designed to protect the device and any information contained therein from unauthorized access, destruction, use, modification, or disclosure,"

A recent report from the World Bank examines the challenges and opportunities in government adoption of IoT. These include -

Still early days for the IoT in government

Underdeveloped policy and regulatory frameworks

Unclear business models, despite strong value proposition

Clear institutional and capacity gap in government AND the private sector

Inconsistent data valuation and management

Infrastructure a major barrier

Government as an enabler

Most successful pilots share common characteristics (public-private partnership, local, leadership)

Criticism, problems and controversies

The IoT suffers from platform fragmentation, lack of interoperability and common technical standards a situation where the variety of IoT devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently between different inconsistent technology ecosystems hard. For example, wireless connectivity for IoT devices can be done using Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, LoRa, NB-IoT, Cat M1 as well as completely custom proprietary radios - each with its own advantages and disadvantages; and unique support ecosystem.

The IoT's amorphous computing nature is also a problem for security, since patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-price devices. One set of researchers say that the failure of vendors to support older devices with patches and updates leaves more than 87% of active Android devices vulnerable.

Privacy, autonomy, and control

Philip N. Howard, a professor and author, writes that the Internet of Things offers immense potential for empowering citizens, making government transparent, and broadening information access. Howard cautions, however, that privacy threats are enormous, as is the potential for social control and political manipulation.

Concerns about privacy have led many to consider the possibility that big data infrastructures such as the Internet of things and data mining are inherently incompatible with privacy. Key challenges of increased digitalization in the water, transport or energy sector are related to privacy and cybersecurity which necessitate an adequate response from research and policymakers alike.

Writer Adam Greenfield claims that IoT technologies are not only an invasion of public space but are also being used to perpetuate normative behavior, citing an instance of billboards with hidden cameras that tracked the demographics of passersby who stopped to read the advertisement.

The Internet of Things Council compared the increased prevalence of digital surveillance due to the Internet of things to the conceptual panopticon described by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th Century. The assertion was defended by the works of French philosophers Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze. In Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison Foucault asserts that the panopticon was a central element of the discipline society developed during the Industrial Era. Foucault also argued that the discipline systems established in factories and school reflected Bentham's vision of panopticism. In his 1992 paper "Postscripts on the Societies of Control," Deleuze wrote that the discipline society had transitioned into a control society, with the computer replacing the panopticon as an instrument of discipline and control while still maintaining the qualities similar to that of panopticism.

Peter-Paul Verbeek, a professor of philosophy of technology at the University of Twente, Netherlands, writes that technology already influences our moral decision making, which in turn affects human agency, privacy and autonomy. He cautions against viewing technology merely as a human tool and advocates instead to consider it as an active agent.

Justin Brookman, of the Center for Democracy and Technology, expressed concern regarding the impact of the IoT on consumer privacy, saying that "There are some people in the commercial space who say, 'Oh, big data - well, let's collect everything, keep it around forever, we'll pay for somebody to think about security later.' The question is whether we want to have some sort of policy framework in place to limit that."

In response to rising concerns about privacy and smart technology, in 2007 the British Government stated it would follow formal Privacy by Design principles when implementing their smart metering program. The program would lead to replacement of traditional power meters with smart power meters, which could track and manage energy usage more accurately. However the British Computer Society is doubtful these principles were ever actually implemented. In 2009 the Dutch Parliament rejected a similar smart metering program, basing their decision on privacy concerns. The Dutch program later revised and passed in 2011.

A challenge for producers of IoT applications is to clean, process and interpret the vast amount of data which is gathered by the sensors. There is a solution proposed for the analytics of the information referred to as Wireless Sensor Networks. These networks share data among sensor nodes that are sent to a distributed system for the analytics of the sensory data.

Most of the technical security concerns are similar to those of conventional servers, workstations and smartphones, and include weak authentication, forgetting to change default credentials, unencrypted messages sent between devices, SQL injections and poor handling of security updates. However, many IoT devices have severe operational limitations on the computational power available to them. These constraints often make them unable to directly use basic security measures such as implementing firewalls or using strong cryptosystems to encrypt their communications with other devices - and the low price and consumer focus of many devices makes a robust security patching system uncommon.

Internet of Things devices also have access to new areas of data, and can often control physical devices, so that even by 2014 it was possible to say that many Internet-connected appliances could already "spy on people in their own homes" including televisions, kitchen appliances, cameras, and thermostats. Computer-controlled devices in automobiles such as brakes, engine, locks, hood and trunk releases, horn, heat, and dashboard have been shown to be vulnerable to attackers who have access to the on-board network. In some cases, vehicle computer systems are Internet-connected, allowing them to be exploited remotely. By 2008 security researchers had shown the ability to remotely control pacemakers without authority. Later hackers demonstrated remote control of insulin pumps and implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Poorly secured Internet-accessible IoT devices can also be subverted to attack others. In 2016, a distributed denial of service attack powered by Internet of things devices running the Mirai malware took down a DNS provider and major web sites. The Mirai Botnet had infected roughly 65,000 IoT devices within the first 20 hours. Eventually the infections increased to around 200,000 to 300,000 infections. Brazil, Colombia and Vietnam made up of 41.5% of the infections. The Mirai Botnet had singled out specific IoT devices that consisted of DVRs, IP cameras, routers and printers. Top vendors that contained the most infected devices were identified as Dahua, Huawei, ZTE, Cisco, ZyXEL and MikroTik. In May 2017, Junade Ali, a Computer Scientist at Cloudflare noted that native DDoS vulnerabilities exist in IoT devices due to a poor implementation of the Publish-subscribe pattern. These sorts of attacks have caused security experts to view IoT as a real threat to Internet services.

The U.S. National Intelligence Council in an unclassified report maintains that it would be hard to deny "access to networks of sensors and remotely-controlled objects by enemies of the United States, criminals, and mischief makers... An open market for aggregated sensor data could serve the interests of commerce and security no less than it helps criminals and spies identify vulnerable targets. Thus, massively parallel sensor fusion may undermine social cohesion, if it proves to be fundamentally incompatible with Fourth-Amendment guarantees against unreasonable search." In general, the intelligence community views the Internet of things as a rich source of data.

On 31 January 2019, the Washington Post wrote an article regarding the security and ethical challenges that can occur with IoT doorbells and cameras: "Last month, Ring got caught allowing its team in Ukraine to view and annotate certain user videos; the company says it only looks at publicly shared videos and those from Ring owners who provide consent. Just last week, a California family's Nest camera let a hacker take over and broadcast fake audio warnings about a missile attack, not to mention peer in on them, when they used a weak password"

There have been a range of responses to concerns over security. The Internet of Things Security Foundation (IoTSF) was launched on 23 September 2015 with a mission to secure the Internet of things by promoting knowledge and best practice. Its founding board is made from technology providers and telecommunications companies. In addition, large IT companies are continually developing innovative solutions to ensure the security of IoT devices. In 2017, Mozilla launched Project Things, which allows to route IoT devices through a safe Web of Things gateway. As per the estimates from KBV Research, the overall IoT security market would grow at 27.9% rate during 2016-2022 as a result of growing infrastructural concerns and diversified usage of Internet of things.

Although IoT devices can help in some cases to reduce the energy consumption of certain applications, the impact of having billions of devices connected and consuming power from batteries and from the grid will have a huge impact on energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The technology developed by Omniflow can house all kinds of DC powered IoT devices inside the protective shell that also integrates power generation from integrated vertical wind turbine and solar photovoltaic as well as energy storage using built-in batteries.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation has raised concerns that companies can use the technologies necessary to support connected devices to intentionally disable or " brick" their customers' devices via a remote software update or by disabling a service necessary to the operation of the device. In one example, home automation devices sold with the promise of a "Lifetime Subscription" were rendered useless after Nest Labs acquired Revolv and made the decision to shut down the central servers the Revolv devices had used to operate. As Nest is a company owned by Alphabet ( Google's parent company), the EFF argues this sets a "terrible precedent for a company with ambitions to sell self-driving cars, medical devices, and other high-end gadgets that may be essential to a person's livelihood or physical safety."

Examples of post-sale manipulations include Google Nest Revolv, disabled privacy settings on Android, Sony disabling Linux on PlayStation 3, enforced EULA on Wii U.

Kevin Lonergan at Information Age, a business technology magazine, has referred to the terms surrounding the IoT as a "terminology zoo". The lack of clear terminology is not "useful from a practical point of view" and a "source of confusion for the end user". A company operating in the IoT space could be working in anything related to sensor technology, networking, embedded systems, or analytics. According to Lonergan, the term IoT was coined before smart phones, tablets, and devices as we know them today existed, and there is a long list of terms with varying degrees of overlap and technological convergence: Internet of things, Internet of everything (IoE), Internet of Goods (Supply Chain), industrial Internet, pervasive computing, pervasive sensing, ubiquitous computing, cyber-physical systems (CPS), wireless sensor networks (WSN), smart objects, digital twin, cyberobjects or avatars, cooperating objects, machine to machine (M2M), ambient intelligence (AmI), Operational technology (OT), and information technology (IT). Regarding IIoT, an industrial sub-field of IoT, the Industrial Internet Consortium's Vocabulary Task Group has created a "common and reusable vocabulary of terms" to ensure "consistent terminology" across publications issued by the Industrial Internet Consortium. IoT One has created an IoT Terms Database including a New Term Alert to be notified when a new term is published. As of March 2020, this database aggregates 807 IoT-related terms, while keeping material "transparent and comprehensive."

Despite a shared belief in the potential of the IoT, industry leaders and consumers are facing barriers to adopt IoT technology more widely. Mike Farley argued in Forbes that while IoT solutions appeal to early adopters, they either lack interoperability or a clear use case for end-users. A study by Ericsson regarding the adoption of IoT among Danish companies suggests that many struggle "to pinpoint exactly where the value of IoT lies for them".

As for IoT, information about a user's daily routine is collected so that the "things" around the user can cooperate to provide better services that fulfill personal preference. When the collected information which describes a user in detail travels through multiple hops in a network, due to a diverse integration of services, devices and network, the information stored on a device is vulnerable to privacy violation by compromising nodes existing in an IoT network.

For example, on 21 October 2016, a multiple distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks systems operated by domain name system provider Dyn, which caused the inaccessibility of several websites, such as GitHub, Twitter, and others. This attack is executed through a botnet consisting of a large number of IoT devices including IP cameras, gateways, and even baby monitors.

Fundamentally there are 4 security objectives that the IOT system requires:(1)data confidentiality: unauthorized parties cannot have access to the transmitted and stored data.(2)data integrity: intentional and unintentional corruption of transmitted and stored data must be detected.(3) non-repudiation: the sender cannot deny having sent a given message.(4)data availability: the transmitted and stored data should be available to authorized parties even with the denial-of-service (DOS) attacks.

A study issued by Ericsson regarding the adoption of Internet of things among Danish companies identified a "clash between IoT and companies' traditional governance structures, as IoT still presents both uncertainties and a lack of historical precedence." Among the respondents interviewed, 60 percent stated that they "do not believe they have the organizational capabilities, and three of four do not believe they have the processes needed, to capture the IoT opportunity." This has led to a need to understand organizational culture in order to facilitate organizational design processes and to test new innovation management practices. A lack of digital leadership in the age of digital transformation has also stifled innovation and IoT adoption to a degree that many companies, in the face of uncertainty, "were waiting for the market dynamics to play out", or further action in regards to IoT "was pending competitor moves, customer pull, or regulatory requirements." Some of these companies risk being 'kodaked' - "Kodak was a market leader until digital disruption eclipsed film photography with digital photos" - failing to "see the disruptive forces affecting their industry" and "to truly embrace the new business models the disruptive change opens up." Scott Anthony has written in Harvard Business Review that Kodak "created a digital camera, invested in the technology, and even understood that photos would be shared online" but ultimately failed to realize that "online photo sharing was the new business, not just a way to expand the printing business."

According to 2018 study, 70-75% of IoT deployments were stuck in the pilot or prototype stage, unable to reach scale due in part to a lack of business planning.

Studies on IoT literature and projects show a disproportionate prominence of technology in the IoT projects, which are often driven by technological interventions rather than business model innovation.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Internet of things ( IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

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https://goo.gl/images/5y7Fv8

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This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title IOT.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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on this website you can find out more statistics for the Internet of Things :)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the use of network sensors in physical devices to allow for remote monitoring and control. This technology has gained massive traction in various spheres like healthcare, banking, retail, manufacturing, consumer goods, etc. Businesses all over the world are looking for possible applications of IoT.

Here at NewGenApps, we have curated some of the most compelling predictions about the future of IoT. These statistics on the internet of things will help you understand the potential the IoT technology holds.

The Business Aspect of IoT:

Find more statistics at Statista

1. The number of internet connected "things" already exceeded our population back in 2008. By 2020 this number is expected to reach 50 billion. A whopping $19 trillion is anticipated as cost-savings and profits from this investment.
2.The potential for future growth is massive. Only 0.06% of all devices that could potentially leverage IoT are actually doing so. This makes the remaining 99.94% available for optimization.

6. The market for smart cars and connected cars is also a huge market. The percent of internet connected cars is expected to rise from 10% in 2012 to a whopping 90% by 2020.

Consumer IoT & Wearables:

2. There have been major company acquisitions in this space. For example. Google acquired Nest Labs, a thermostat maker for $3.2 billion. Samsung, on the other hand, bought SmartThings, a connected home company, for 200 million.

7. The wearable devices market is growing at an exponential rate. In 2016, 28.3 million units of IoT devices made it to the market. According to IDC forecasts , this number will rise to 82.5 million by 2020, showcasing a 31% growth.

With these IoT statistics in mind, you are likely to have a better understanding of this technology. Feel free to cite us in your publications, if you choose to use this data. If you would like to know about the modern technologies in-depth then you are welcome to check out resources section. Our library covers many innovative techs. Grab your pick for free today.

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13 IoT Statistics Defining the Future of Internet of Things

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the use of network sensors in physical devices to allow for remote monitoring and control. This technology has gained massive traction in various spheres like healthcare, banking, retail, manufacturing, consumer goods, etc. Businesses all over the world are looking for possible applications of IoT.

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1. ATMs are considered some of the first IoT objects, and went online as far back as 1974

2. Back in 2008, there were already more objects connected to the Internet than people.

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“In the future, intelligence services might use the [internet of things] for identification, surveillance, monitoring, location tracking, and targeting for recruitment, or to gain access to networks or user credentials,” James Clapper

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Smart, connected devices are already transforming our world and the competitive forces in business. To demonstrate how fast this sector is growing and what an impact it will have on our lives and business

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IoT is around us for decades.
it connects us to the world.
by maddy and xiana

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If every product becomes connected then there's the potential for unbridled observation of users. If a connected fridge tracks food usage and consumption, takeaways could be targeted at hungry people who have no food.

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in 2018 there was 23.14 billion connected devices worldwide -k,c,l,a

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in 2018 there was 23.14 billion connected devices worldwide -k,c,l,a

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“We are looking at a future in which companies will indulge in digital Darwinism, using IoT, AI and machine learning to rapidly evolve in a way we’ve never seen before," Brian Solis

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Almost 87% of people have not heard of the term ‘Internet of Things’ however most people have and use it in their lives.

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Iot Stella
it's a kind of technology that interacts with you

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to help cow to not be bullied

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the internet of thing is a large network of devices that allows different types of technological softwares to interact, like and share data-kathryn, lisa, carla, annabelle

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the internet of thing is a large network of devices that allows different types of technological softwares to interact, like and share data-kathryn, lisa, carla, annabelle

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connected devices need to share data because each device collects data for a specific purpose that may be useful to a buyer and impact the wider economy.

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"It's about networks, it's about devices, and it's about data,"

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The connective link between everyday objects that allows us to control them