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The Tanzimat Ottoman Empire Reformation was a series of governmental reforms between 1839 and 1876 that sought to centralize and rationalize Ottoman rule and capture more tax revenues for the military defense of the empire.

Was it successful? The Tanzimat reforms were a wide ranging series of educational, political and economic reforms. The Tanzimat reforms were only partially successful and did not halt the Ottoman decline.

The overall outcome resulted in the Ottoman Empire no longer existing today.

Why did the Ottoman Empire Decline?  Economically weak: The Ottoman Empire economy could not compete with the European Nations that were being transformed by the industrial revolution.

Europe had many technological advancements that the rest of the world didn’t have.

The ottoman Empire had very limited financial resources… which led to them adopting economic reforms in order to ensure that it had sufficient resources.

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Causes of Revolution: Grand Blancs wanted new trade laws, Gens de Coleur wanted racial equality, Petit Blancs were mad when Gens de Coleur became equal, and Slaves were treated badly; also slaves thought they should be free after the French King’s proclamation declaring racial equality for rich people of color in 1789.

IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER:

The revolt was inspired by the French Revolution

Most successful slave revolt in world history. Only country to free slaves by force.

Second free and independent nation state in the Americas

The Haitian Revolution demonstrated the desperate need for equality and an end to racism.

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February: overthrew the imperial government October: placed the Bolsheviks in power
Root of Conflict: people were suffering from many things and expressed this outrage; activists from different parties helped to plan the revolution. Tsar Nicholas II forced to step down from the throne. Soldiers deserted in substantial numbers. Trade unions were formed to help revolt. Workers took control over factories.
Outcomes: February Revolution: Abolished death penalty, amnesty for prisoners and

those in exile, ended religious and ethnic discrimination, granted freedom of civil liberty. Didn’t believe in end of war, land reform, or better quality of life for the Russian people.

October Revolution:

The Russian Civil War November 7, 1917-  October 25, 1922. Former Duma members formed Provincial Government that eventually ran the country communist movement began to move worldwide.

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-declared independence and established democracies
Root of Conflict

Social Class Standings:

Creoles were upset because Peninsulares were the only ones that could be in charge and hold office

Enlightenment

Inspired them

Heard about it in papers

Overthrow colonial rule

Became tired of the Spanish ruling over them from far away

Inspiration

The French and American Revolution

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Ideas for the revolution stemmed from ideas from the Enlightenment

Colonies relatively free from Britain because of Britain's own internal conflicts and several European wars

Britain taxed the colonies in order to dig itself out of debt from war

This angered the colonists - “No taxation without representation.”

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Time: shortly after the end of WWII

Fighting between the two groups had erupted

Seemed as if the CCP would win

CCP Victory

CCP won the civil war

All nationalist fled to Taiwan

Mao Zedong then claimed himself ruler of the People’s republic of China

Promised a lot of things like, which failed to be followed through with

Post Victory

Time: Oct. 1950 – Aug. 1951

Location: Guan Dong

28, 332 People executed

People accused of being counter revolutionaries/spies

Cultural Revolution - 1960

Younger revolution tries to tear down tradition

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Social movement for equal rights for women

Fought for Strong, secure role in society

Goal was to focus on equal pay and secure roles, not being able to be fired just because of pregnancy, more than just stay home with the children

still apparent today

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-spread of Enlightenment thinking across Europe; this was the result of Napoleon’s attempt to create a French Empire

-Within France, it ended the monarchy and led to the creation of the French Republic
-King Louis XVI was demanding common people to pay higher taxes at the same time that the weather severity was happening, resulting in the community being on the verge of bankruptcy.

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Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and continuing control of vast territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America

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Cultural and intellectual movement

-separate from church

Changing of how humans fit into the world, created and discussed by European intellectuals and elites

Sun is the center of the universe- Copernicus

Scientific thinkers challenged the fundamental thinking of the universe

Europe was different from Asia in the middle east

Developed an elaborate legal system- distinct from the catholic church

Developed large universities

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(1400s-1500s)

Defines the 18th century in Europe

Came much later- would have been impossible if there was no renaissance or reformation

Emphasizing reason over tradition; presents a challenge to tradition views

Challenged beliefs and looked at progress and future

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ideas of the scientific revolution coming together and spreading publicity

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cathoics fought and killen huguenots in france
*caholic- protestant struggle that began in roman empire- spread to all of Europe
15-30% germans died from famine or disease

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religious group dedicated to renewal of the catholic church

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focused on individual spirituality
fix and reinform beliefs
catholics reaffiermed their duties

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social- political
-martin luther believed you should read the bible and obtain your own beliefs

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-faith alone-
you don't need anything else for salvation
against indulgences
wrote 95 theses= diet of worms
broke off and created protestan

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-social services
-1/3 land owned by church
-priest only have acess to bible reading

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Cultural Tranformation

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Developed agriculture practices

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foods from america made it to Africa= pop boom
massive displacement from slave trade
many women cause polygamy
Africans started war fare to get slaves

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-warm clothing
-"soft gold"
agri= pop increase
lead to war fare

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Raw materials are cotton, sugar, wood, clay

Finished products; clothing, clocks, boats, silk

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-encouraged people to travel around to find wealth

-encouraged and motivated to travel and trade

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closets thing to hell
looking to find silver = silver drain; all silver goes to china

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-established in the philippines
-were determined to bring catholicism to the islands

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= controlling commerce/ trade by use of force, not necessarily populations or large areas of land

Tried to control the SPICE trade, but never were able to control more than 1/2

Instead of selling European goods, the sold ASIAN GOODS and their SHIPPING services to the people of India and Asia

By 1600 the Portuguese trading post empire was in STEEP DECLINE

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-considered the center of the universe

-china had everything they needed; silk, precious metals, jewels- people want these from china

-china doesn’t need other things

-abundance of resources; spices, Indian cotton, rhubarb, emeralds, rubies and sapphires

-learned how to tax more effectively  for their trading

-England, Spain, Netherlands become center for international commerce

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1. Disease
-small pox to new world
-new world has no immunity to the dseases
2. animals
-pigs; great source
old world to new world
horses, pigs, cows and guinea pigs
3. plants
- grow easily, little space, high cal diet
=live longer and make more babies
4. people
-racial mixing
-spread out
-slave trade to new world= massive death

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Exchange goods from the America's; exchange of plants, animals, peoples, diseases and other goods from Columbus. Spreading the language, destroy civilizations, spread of Christianity

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They had places all around the world to contribute to the building from place to place.

Because they were powerful they become more powerful, transportation, large population, weapons, goods, resources

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specialize in metal work-- europe/ middle east/ india/ china

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1. Farming
-changes society completely
ineffective crops;
bananas/ taros
effective crops;
wheat/ potatoes
2. Domestication of animals
-food, clothing, labor source
-14 species have been domesticated

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1450-1750

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Represent "rags to riches" stories (but are very different)

Represent an especially dense and extended network of economic relationships within the "American web" (but took shape in different fashion)

Resembled each other most closely in gender roles

Both practiced Gender parallelism

Women and men had different, yet equivalent roles

Men occupied the top position in both politics and religion, military life was also limited to men

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found is way from the speed, time of an hour glass and distance; consequences were the Indians lost their land; Columbus brought diseases with them

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-created trading post empires
-cartithe is almost like a tax where they have to buy it to trade in and out of the port city
-they only have control of the city on the coast line instead of all of India

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China was well ahead of Europe
Europe needs the stuff China has

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greatest explorer ever; gets no credit; started exploring in 1400-1433- it stopped because the new empower decided to spend their goods on the state building

-a fleet over 300 ships

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women had equal roles to men, men did hunting and women handled property and society at home and agriculture

Iroquois; men took care of warfare, developed "league of five nations"- solves the issues by talking through it; women had many leading roles in society

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not ruled by kings

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-settle down and have a group of people focused on farming
-where your located depends on what your eating
-takes over and hunter gatherers fall out

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hunter gatherer tribes - groups of people only able to survive by hunting and gathering food; located in australia, siberia, parts of africa and the Americans

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The worlds of the 15th century