# data[].attributes.body
The Nazi Party wanted to march down the sidewalk of an Illinois town that was home to 40,000 some Jews. Many people of the town did not want this to happen because they believed that it would lead to violence. The Illinois Supreme Court denied the Nazi organization's request for temporary suspension of the prohibition pending its appeal. The Court ruled that the Illinois Supreme Court was wrong to deny them. The significance was that the government can not deny a group of people their right to assembly as the Illinois Court had.

# data[].attributes.body
Defamation is a false and unprivileged statement that is harmful to someone's reputation and livelihood. Types of defamatory speech include slander and libel.

# data[].attributes.body
Libel and Slander are both based of off someone's words that can cause harm to your reputation and/or livelihood. This is called defamation. Libel is a written statement while slander is spoken.

# data[].attributes.body
This amendment addresses citizens rights mostly. The issues of due process, equal protection of rights, state action, and privileges and immunities. Many court cases are based off the rights and clauses presented in this amendment.

# data[].attributes.body
This amendment is commonly mentioned for the death penalty. It prohibits cruel and unusual punishments such as those of the death penalty. But it does permit excessive fines and bail.

# data[].attributes.body
This amendment discerns between civil claims that must have a jury and issues that have to be heard by a judge alone. Is heard by a jury is it involves an amount more than $20

# data[].attributes.body
Seditious speech deals with attacking government institutions or leaders. This kind of speech is directed at overthrowing government. Sedition should be illegal but because of the freedom of speech in the first amendment, sedition cases are usually very rare.

# data[].attributes.body
This amendment centers around a guaranteed right of all criminals to receive an attorney if they can not afford one in a court of law no matter the case or circumstances surrounding the case. It also ensures a speedy and fair trial for all prosecuted criminals.

# data[].attributes.body
This case was brought about by the Executive Order that ordered all Japanese to be removed and placed into camps after WWII. Korematsu resisted and was then arrested. The court ruled for the US and stated that the procedures done were not based on racial prejudice but based on responding to a major national crisis that had just occurred. Congress however was split on this issue because some Congressmen said that the Executive Order violated the Equal Protection Clause.

# data[].attributes.body
The 5th amendment addresses civil legal and criminal rights. It brings about due process, grand jury, double jeopardy and more legal terms and laws.

# data[].attributes.body
This states there is sometimes a concentration of one group by fact, not by government requirement. Such as a school in a predominantly black demographic area, then the school will be predominantly black population by fact, not because it is required to be.

# data[].attributes.body
The 4th amendment states the protection that the people have in their own homes, free from searches and seizures without a warrant. It protects on many privacy laws including wiretaps, stop-and-frisk and others.

# data[].attributes.body
The second amendment is commonly referenced for its right to bear arms without relation to the militia and to only use it for self protection or traditionally lawful purposes.

# data[].attributes.body
First Amendment guarantees freedoms involved with religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition. Congress can not restrict the press from speaking freely nor stop people from peaceful petitioning. It also forbids Congress from promoting one religion over another and can not restrict an individual from practicing a religion. Freedom of Speech is most commonly referenced from this amendment.

# data[].attributes.body
In this case, Lemon tried a state official for funding a private school which violated the Establishment Clause. The Establishment clause said that the government could not be involved with funding of religious-based schools. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Lemon. This brought about the Lemon Test which meant that the government must meet a three-pronged test in order to fund private schools constitutionally.

# data[].attributes.body
This law is a government action that stops speech before it happens. It can happen in several different ways but if it is assumed to harmful, the speech or expression of speech can be stopped by the government. It is mostly used when the government wants to prevent news publications from publishing about something. In Near v. Minnesota, the supreme court ordered that the prior restraint used here was unconstitutional but prior constraint could be constitutional within exceptions such as war or other national issues.

# data[].attributes.body
This clause enables all Americans to participate and believe in any religion they want and to be a part of their rituals. Under this clause, states must protect a citizens right to this religious freedom.

# data[].attributes.body
This test helps courts determine the constitutionality of a statue or ordinance. The ordinance or statue must be related to a legitimate government interest. It is usually used when fundamental rights or suspect classifications are the issue.

# data[].attributes.body
In this case, Gideon appeared in court without an attorney and one was never assigned to him because of Florida state law. He was found guilty and then later tried the court to say that his constitutional rights of the 6th amendment were violated. The court unanimously agreed that an attorney should be assigned to anyone that can not afford one, not matter the case or crime.

# data[].attributes.body
This case established "separate but equal". The case said that racial segregation laws were constitutional as long as segregated facilities were equal in quality. The case basically said that separation was a good thing but the separation should not be different in quality.

# data[].attributes.body
This case was an argument whether Dred Scott, a black slave who moved to Illinois, a free state, for a period of time and then returned to Missouri where slavery was still legal. He declared that he should be considered free now. The court decided that since he was a descendant of a slave, he did not hold citizenship and could not sue in a court. They decided he was not entitled to his freedom. This case was considered one of the worst Supreme Court decision.

# data[].attributes.body
This case ruled that state regulation of abortion was unconstitutional. The court agreed that a woman's right to an abortion fell under privacy laws in the 14th amendment and was not a states decision. It was agreed that it was a woman's right up until the second trimester when different state levels could then become involved.

# data[].attributes.body
This act ended segregation in public areas and banned discrimination in employment based on race, gender, etc. The law was orinigally proposed by JFK but wasnt signed into law until Johnson was president because of complaints and issues with the act in the southern states.

# data[].attributes.body
The Jim Crow era consisted of various laws and kinds of measures to prevent African Americans from actually being free in southern states. The laws and measure also majorly intended to prevent blacks from being able to vote. Jim Crow laws permitted and encouraged segregation among blacks and whites including different bathrooms or drinking fountains or even separating where blacks and whites eat in restaurants.

# data[].attributes.body
Affirmative Action is an effort to give minorities more opportunities in education and employment. It establishes a sort of racial quota to bring in more minorities and not just whites into colleges and certain places of employment.

# data[].attributes.body
Literacy tests test individuals ability to read and write. They were created in effort to prevent blacks from voting. The literacy tests were used before you were able to vote in southern states. Literacy tests were not declared unconstitutional until after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in the ratification of the 15th amendment.

# data[].attributes.body
Police unconstitutionally and illegally obtained the porn that she contained in her house when they search her house without a warrant looking for a bomb suspect which they never even found. They also then denied her right to see her attorney that was there as well. The court ordered that illegally obtained evidence such as that of the porn was inadmissible in State courts. This case established the exclusionary law. This law states that if police violate your constitutional rights to obtain evidence, they can not use that evidence in a court of law.

# data[].attributes.body
This clause orders the government to treat all people in the same matter no matter the conditions or circumstances. The government can not deny a person equal protection of its governing laws.

# data[].attributes.body
In all of the cases that led to a decision that involved the case of Miranda v Arizona, all four suspects were isolated from the outside world during interrogation, never provided with a warning of his rights after the interrogation, then all defendants had oral or written statements shared in their court case. The court ordered that prosecution can not use statements obtained during interrogations unless they link a suspect to a case. It also ordered that the interrogation must be conducted in a way that the suspect does not feel compelled to answer questions without speaking freely. All of the courts orders then reversed the judgement in all four of those court cases that were involved in these issues. This is also how the Miranda Rights came to be used.

# data[].attributes.body
This case was ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and could not occur anymore. This court case helped shape the argument that the "separate but equal" statement was not equal at all. The judges ruled unanimously on this decision of no segregation in schools. All of this then led to the Little Rock 9 event of the first black students attending a white school legally and constitutionally.

# data[].attributes.body
In this case, it was decided that all public schools can not require students of nondenominational schools to say a prayer at the beginning of their day. This case was brought up because the parent of a student said that requiring this was a violation of the Establishment Clause of the 1st amendment. The court ruled in favor of the parent and also stated that they did not want to be involved in religious affairs.

# data[].attributes.body
The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine that makes the first 10 amendments of the Constitution (The Bill of Rights) relevant to the states through the due process clause.

# data[].attributes.body
Symbolic speech uses actions and opinions to communicate ideas. It is protected under the 1st amendment. Examples would be wearing protest buttons, sit-ins, etc. This kind of speech does not include any verbal speech.

# data[].attributes.body
This was a case that was a result of positive discrimination. The University of California used affirmative action and denied admission to Allan Bakke twice because he was white even though his grades and test scores surpassed those of the students admitted through affirmative action. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that affirmative action was considered constitutional but that they used their racial quotas harshly and ordered the university to admit Bakke.

# data[].attributes.body
It is a requirement of the 4th amendment by all police to address before searches, warrants, etc. can be conducted. Probable cause occurs when there seems to be substantial evidence to prove someone guilty of a crime or there is reason to believe that someone committed a crime and should be arrested.

# data[].attributes.body
The legal separation of groups in society. In the 1960s the term was used to describe when legislation did not openly segregate students but segregation in schools still occured.

# data[].attributes.body
"Suspect classification refers to a characteristic used in applying a law, which a court will review subject to a strict scrutiny standard." A classification is considered suspect if it is talking about illegal discrimination. Essentially, it is classifying the suspect.  Most cases relate to classification of race in cases. Gender can also play into suspect classifications.

# data[].attributes.body
The communication of ideas through the use of language and actions as opposed to pure speech which is the use of written or oral communication only. The actions involved with speech plus would include things such as protests and activist marches. This is involved in the 1st amendment.

# data[].attributes.body
This law is in the 5th amendment and prohibits anyone from being tried twice for the same crime. This law was established through the case of Benton v Maryland in 1969.

# data[].attributes.body
Due process the legal obligation of all states. It is "an assurance that all levels of American government must operate within the law and provide fair procedures." The 14th amendment ratified this.

# data[].attributes.body
This clause is part of the first amendment and prohibits the government from favoring one religion over another as well as making a religion "official". "...Prohibits the government from making any law respecting an establishment of a religion."

# data[].attributes.body
This rule prevents the government from using evidence in a court of law that they obtained in violation of the Constitution. Mapp v. Ohio case brought about this rule in the decision that obtaining that evidence was in violation of the fourth amendment.