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Explain the causes of coastal flooding-Manar

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Explain the causes of coastal flooding-Manar

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Storm surges - a rapid rise in sea level caused by really low-pressure storms (e.g. tropical storm)

Storm tides - occur when there is a combination of high tide and low-pressure storm

Tsunamis - large sea waves due to underwater earthquakes. The closer to the coast, the bigger the impact

Climate change - because of climate change and global warming the ice capes melt because of the high temperatures that happen because of greenhouse gases absorbing heat in the atmosphere so that causes the ice caps to melt and so sea level rises and causes flooding La more often especially to low land territories

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Sliding: a movement of material that remains together until hitting the bottom of the slope.

Slump: usually found on weaker rock types. It is common at the coast and it is known as a rotational slip. It involves in a larger area of land moving down the slope in one piece. This is due to the nature of the slip it leaves behind a curved surface.

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describe the biotic and abiotic feature of coral reefs.

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describe the biotic and abiotic feature of coral reefs.

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The source is sea water. The supply of nutrients in the sea water is maintained by on-shore ocean currents. Abiotic nutrients are also supplied by rivers entering the sea. They are filtered out and absorbed by the coral and other small organisms and so the coral reef grows. Tiny algae living within the coral convert the energy in sunlight into energy for the coral ​

Biomass: the biomass of the coral reefs has 3 main components: ​

The coral reef (the coral polyps are living creatures) ​

The seaweeds attached to the coral ​

Fish, crustaceans and invertebrates that take advantage of the opportunities provided by the reef ​

Litter: dead coral and remains of dead fish, invertebrates and seaweeds. Litter is moved by tidal and ocean currents. It enriches the sea water with nutrients then filtered out by the coral .

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Methods used to predict and prevent flooding 

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Methods used to predict and prevent flooding 

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Communities can get ready (evacuate or seek shelter) with the aid of early warning systems * Coastal flooding is forecast using two different methods:

-Current technology, such as GIS, satellite and computer monitoring, weather stations (local and national), etc. -These enable forecasting and tracking potential hazard events.

• Historical records (diaries, newspapers, government/council records, etc.) - These will identify areas that are at high risk of flooding and their frequency.

Track the path and storm surge of tropical storms. Measure the magnitude and location of underwater earthquakes. Check for potential tsunami effects

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Vegetation: The longer a coastal landform has existed, the greater the chances that it will be colonised by a high amount of vegetation. This may lead to a high amount of plant-based biological weathering.

Sea level changes: A rising sea level leads to a submerged coastline. The main features are rias and fjords.

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Manar explain the formation of the following deposition landforms

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Manar explain the formation of the following deposition landforms

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Bars-

It happens when a spit grows across a bay and so joins the two headlands together this creates a bar

Bars can also form offshore due to the action of breaking waves from a beach

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features of constructive and destructive waves - ahmed 

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features of constructive and destructive waves - ahmed 

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constructive waves have low but long waves. The swash is greater than the backwash which causes materials to be pushed up the beach meaning that the beach gets built up.

Destructive waves have short but high waves. The backwash is greater than the swash so material is moved down the beach which causes the beach to be eroded

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-It is the primary process of material deposition and transportation along the coast.
- Waves approach the beach at an angle due to the prevailing wind.
- As the waves break, the swash carries material up the beach at the same angle.
-As the swash dies away, the backwash carries the material down the beach at right angles (90°).
-The process repeats and the material is transported in a zigzag movement

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mechanical- freeze thaw is where water collects in rocks and freezes which forces cracks to widen and as more water collects and thaws rock splits into smaller rocks

chemical- acid rain: a reaction occurs where the acid rain reacts with the minerals in the rocks which causes the weathering go rocks

biological- burrowing animals helps break down rocks

plants: seeds may fall into into rocks and the shelter and moisture helps it grow which can force cracks in the rock to widen

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Erosional landforms: Headlands and bays, wave cut platforms, caves, archs, stumps, and stacks.

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Erosional landforms: Headlands and bays, wave cut platforms, caves, archs, stumps, and stacks.

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All these landforms are formed due to some kind of erosional processes like hydraulic action, abrasion etc.

Headlands and bays:
These occur at discordant coastlines (alternating types of rock running perpendicular to the coast) where soft and hard rock types exist.
1.  Destructive waves erode the soft rock such as clay and sand faster (because it is less resistant to erosion) than it erodes hard  rock.
2.  This creates a bay which is an indentation of the land.
3. The two headlands are made of hard rock (chalk and limestone) which stay out in the sea as it more resistant and hence erodes at a slower rate.

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1)Hydraulic Action:

The sheer force of the waves hitting the coast.
2)Attrition:

Material (rocks, shingle, etc.) are carried by the waves and bump against each other and are worn smaller and smoother. This type of erosion doesn't really erode the coast but forms shingles and sand.
3)Corrosion (or solution) :
seawater is slightly acidic and this gradually dissolves some types of coastal
rock(e.g. limestone).
4) Abrasion:
waves pick up material and hurl it at the coast

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Manar explain the formation of the following deposition landforms 

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Manar explain the formation of the following deposition landforms 

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Spits-

It’s an extended stretch of sand or shingle that extends from the sea to the shore

Spits occur when a change in the shape of the coastline or at the mouth of a river occurs

A spit might have a 'hooked' end, depending on opposing winds and currents

How is it formed:

Sediment and material is transported by longshore drift

Where the coastline changes direction, a shallow, sheltered area makes the sediment deposited along the coast and if friction increases more deposition happens

Eventually, a spit slowly builds up to sea level by filling the shallow sheltered area of the coast and so it extends in length

If the wind changes direction, then the wave pattern alters and results in a hooked end like said above

However the  area behind the spit becomes sheltered and doesn’t build up to the sea level

Silts are deposited at the spots which forms salt marshes or mud flats

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Traction:Larger pebbles, rocks and boulders are rolled along the sea bed – too heavy to be carried
Suspension:Fine pebbles being carried by water causing them to look muddy
Solution:Movement of dissolved material
Saltation:Small pebbles bouncing across seabed

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Coastal management summary knowledge organizers

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Coastal management is about resolving the conflicts between different users of the coast and between those users and the well-being of coastal ecosystems as well as taking action to manage big changes that threaten long stretches of the coast

Coastal erosion and retreat
Coastal erosion is quite natural, and in most places, it is unspectacular. However, some stretches of coast are eroding at alarming speeds.

Coastal flooding
This can result from coastal erosion. It can also occur along low- lying coasts as a result of occasional, abnormally high sea levels. Perhaps more threatening are the periodic events, such as storm surges and tsunamis. But the greatest flooding risk is global warming and the rise in the global sea level.

There are 3 main causes of coastal flooding:
• Storm surges
• Tsunamis
• Climate change

Storm surges - A storm surge is a rise in sea level that occurs during tropical cyclones, intense storms also known as typhoons or hurricanes. The storms produce strong winds that push the water into shore, which can lead to flooding. This makes storm surges very dangerous for coastal regions.

Tsunamis- A tsunami is a series of waves caused by earthquakes or undersea volcanic eruptions.

Climate change - Climate change can affect coastal areas in a variety of ways. Coasts are sensitive to sea level rise, changes in the frequency and intensity of storms, increases in precipitation, and warmer ocean temperatures

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Manar explain the formation of the following deposition landforms 

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Manar explain the formation of the following deposition landforms 

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Beaches-

It is formed in sheltered areas

Deposition occurs through constructive waves, where the swash is stronger than the backwash so there is deposition of materials

Beach formation usually occurs in summer because the weather is calmer

Sometimes sand from offshore bars can blow onto the shore by strong winds

This blown sand can create sand dunes at the back shore of a beach