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The New Deal in 1932 led towards federal funding towards disabled citizens. Which allowed for people with disabilities to earn at least a moderate income.

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Category of "learning disabilities" by Kirk and Bateman (1962)

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Category of "learning disabilities" by Kirk and Bateman (1962)

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- included students who "did not have sensory, physical, or severe cognitive disabilities"
- gave more students access to special education and resources.

I wonder how this factored into the conversation of social vs. medical models?

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-Established in the US in 1870
-students seen as "morally weak, unintelligent, and troublesome" (Winzer, p. 26)
-children from other countries were added to this group
-most were often male
-students with disabilities were not distinguished from students who were energetic or noisy.

In these cases, it seems like children were deemed as a distraction or nuisance if they had a disability.
what is sad as well, is that children from other backgrounds, or who were still learn English, were also put in the same classroom. It was sort of a class for anyone who did not fit what educators "desired"

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-caring for and "training" students
-people who did not speak English well or came from poor families were also included
-people who came were rarely freed. Instead, they were often abused, forced into medical studies, and involuntarily sterilized.

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'This landmark civil rights case, establishing that "separate but equal is not equal"" became the foundation for legal actions brought by families of children with disabilities to guarantee the their children had the right to a free appropriate public education (FAPE) p. 7

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teaching skills needed for daily living and adult life ( cooking skills, money skills, hygiene ,cleaning)

not focusing on skills like employment opportunities, friendships

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The first special education case to land in the U.S. Supreme Court. The court ruled that students who qualify for special education services must have access to public school programs that meet their unique educational needs, and that the programs must be supported by services that enable students to benefit from instruction (Yell et al., 2004).

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act IDEA (2004) 

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act IDEA (2004) 

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Free appropriate public education, Individualized Education Plan (IEP), least restrictive environment, parent participation, procedure safeguards.

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Impact of the Regular Education Initiative

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Impact of the Regular Education Initiative

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I am choosing the REI movement because it led to the implementation of INCLUSIVE classrooms that educated all students regardless of their disabilities, in the same room. Personally, I feel that this is the stepping stone for special education because students can feel they belong in the same communities as others. In fact, research indicates that students who participate in inclusive classrooms thrived when their teachers provide individualized instructions or set classroom accommodations for them.

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IQ test and the labels produced the mindset of categorizing the disabled as feeble minded, mentally defective, ineducable that allowed some to be still institutionalized. p.6

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adopted by 92 countries and 25 international organizations. All countries to educate students together in inclusive classrooms.

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Photos taken with a hidden camera in 1965 inside five institutions. The photos provided only a glimpse of the conditions in these institutions. All of the photos in the slides were very powerful.

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This is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It is similar to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In addition, the ADA requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, and imposes accessibility requirements on public accommodations. Title II of the ADA applies specifically to educational institutions, requiring them to make educational opportunities, extracurricular activities, and facilities open and accessible to all students. This is important so that it holds the education system accountable for being inclusive of people with a disability.

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P.L. 94-142 Education of All Handicapped Children Act 1975 (EHCA)

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P.L. 94-142 Education of All Handicapped Children Act 1975 (EHCA)

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Was designed to make sure that the rights of children with disabilities and their parents would be protected. Assisted with local states and agencies to provide an education for all children with disabilities. Before this they had found that children with disabilities were being excluded from having an education.

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Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities Act of 1986 

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Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities Act of 1986 

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I personally felt this was an important piece in time because having children tested at such an early age can benefit the child in so many ways. "...to children with exceptionalities from birth to 5 years of age and encouraged the delivery of early intervention services and the development of an individualized family service plan." Being a preschool teacher I was able to see the difference between a child who was able to receive early testing and he was thriving with the extra support, and a child who was not tested because the mother could not accept this for her child and they were constantly lashing out and having a hard time progressing in social/emotional sections.

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Focus on teaching skills that are cognitive/mental-age appropriate.

Expectation that student masters specific, prerequisite skills before being taught new more advanced skills.

Lead to use of readiness approach—students have to prove they have mastered a set of developmental skills, regardless of whether they were not chronologically appropriate.

Given what we read about and saw in the pre-work and classwork, and the given the all of the great discussions that have been presented I feel so encouraged that this type of approach has been developed. However, even in my previous job working at a school I saw that there is still such a lack of implementation in many ways.

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I thought this was a nice quote "A person with a disability is more like people without disabilities than different".

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Robert Kennedy made an unannounced visit and toured the facility in 1965. More than 6,000 people with intellectual disabilities was housed there, even though it was only designed for 4,000. Mr. Kennedy found that the residents was "living in filth and dirt, their clothing in rags, in rooms less comfortable and cheerful than cages in which we put animals in a zoo." This incident shed light on the treatment of people with an intellectual disabilities. It was important because it helped to expand community services, increase the quality and availability of day programs, find placements for people with intellectual disabilities, and establish the right of children with disabilities to a public education.

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"Prior to the 1700s, individuals with exceptionalities were largely ignored or subjected to inhumane treatment, ridicule, isolation, and at times put to death" (D’Antonio, 2004; Winzer, 1993, 1998)

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This was something that shook me to my core. The fact that women had their reproductive rights taken away like that. It was both disturbing and appalling

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"In 1914 Harry Laughlin proposed a model and eugenic sterilization law which advocated the sterilization of those who referred to as "socially inadequate" at the time the law was enacted 12 states had already enacted similar sterilization laws."

I believe that people were treating people with disabilities inhumanly. It makes me feel powerless to know that they were being treated in such a harsh way without having the opportunity to speak for their own.

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A reform made in American education to keep up with the high achieving schools in Russia. Ultimately resulted in grouping students by their abilities. Later categorizing them into 5 categories that distinguished them as, unable. (slow learners, mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed, culturally deprived, and learning disabled.

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In 1914 Harry Loffman called people with disabilities, "Socially Inadequate" and that they should be sterilized.

And these are the people in power.
That's the problem!

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1919 Beattie v. State Board of Education

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1919 Beattie v. State Board of Education

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"Court ruled that students with physical impairments could be excluded from school if their presence was deemed depressing and nauseating to other students" (Salend & Duhaney, 2011, p.8)

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I was appalled by the different ways in which the asylums were treating those with different abilities

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Students’ whose first language is not English were tested in a very biased IQ test that did not represent their culture or was not in a language they understood very well. Scoring poorly on these biased test, led them to be placed in special ed classes. Eventually the,  “Court ruled that students must be assessed in their primary language to avoid overrepresentation of minorities in special education.”

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It took the tightening of attendance laws for the U.S. to stop ignoring its students with disabilities and how underserved they were.

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Made the denial of educational access illegal. Though a wonderful victory, it's disappointing that educational access was denied at all!

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Removing newborn babies from their mothers and immediately putting them in an institution is both wrong and immoral, in my opinion.
I don't understand the logic of taking these humans from their families.

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The initial rejection of sign language as a means for communication was a shock to me.

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in 1960 Eunice Kennedy Shriver founded Camp Shriver which will later be known as the special Olympics

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"many of them saw their role as delivering medical, vocational, and custodial care and serving as a vehicle to separate, mend, and control disabled and ‘‘defective’’ individuals'"(Saland & Duhaney, p.4)

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A civil rights mandage passed by George H.W. Bush that "the comprehensive federal civil rights mandate that guarantees people with disabilities independence, freedom of choice, control of their lives, and the opportunity to fully blend into the American mainstream" (NCD.gov).

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The thought of feeble minded citizens began to be challenged in the Age of Enlightenment.  Founded on humanitarian philosophy, evangelical commitment, and unbounded philanthropy, they established from 1817 onwards a complex of institutions designed to cater to the unique needs of exceptional individuals.

A step in the continuous process of addressing the needs of students who face dissimilar challenges.

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This was the first legislation to protect individuals against discrimination based on their disability.

This made a great impact because Individuals with disabilities were excluded from the Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Seems pretty tough to invent a system of dots, then get is standardized, it goes widespread. And Viola: reading for the blind. How amazing!

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The Free Appropriate Public Education act, a major step in moving forward with equitable education for all students.