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Interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions Physical Environment (Nature) 

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Interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions Physical Environment (Nature) 

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Sustainable economic development means
development should take place without damaging the environment, and environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.
Two ways in which resources can be used judiciously are (i) Resource planning (it) Resource conservation

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Natural resources are those resources that occur within the environment in their original and natural form, undisturbed by humanity. They take years to form without the intervention of humans

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Wind turbines operate on a simple principle. The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create electricity.

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Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil; it is a form of soil degradation. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice, snow, air, plants, animals, and humans.

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INDIA'S GDP GROWTH RATE.

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A windmill is a structure that converts wind power into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades, specifically to mill grain, but the term is also extended to windpumps, wind turbines and other applications.

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Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans. It is important because it is needed for life to exist. Many uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities. Virtually all of these human uses require fresh water.

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 Factors Responsible for the Formation of Soil.

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 Factors Responsible for the Formation of Soil.

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Factors Responsible for the Formation of Soil. The relief features, parent material, climate, vegetation and other life-forms as well as time apart from human activities are the major factors responsible for the formation of soil

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The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility. Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are called Stock. Eg: Hydrogen can be used as a rich source of energy.

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Land resources are used for the following purposes:

1. Forests

2. Land not available for cultivation

3. a) Barren and wasteland

4. b) Land put to non-agricultural uses

5. Fallow lands

6. Other uncultivated lands (excluding fallow land)

7. Net sown area

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Development is a process that creates growth, progress, positive change or the addition of physical, economic, environmental, social and demographic components.

All development requires approval, however as different developments have different levels of impacts, developments are grouped into 3 kinds. The 3 kinds of developments are: • Complying; • Merit; and • Non-Complying. Each of the different kinds of development has a different assessment process.

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Resources can contribute in proper development only with a good planning keeping the technology, skills and institution in mind.

Resource Planning in India is one of the most important goals right from its first Five Years Plan. Following are the main points of Resource planning.

1. Making of inventory of resources after their region-wise identification across the country.

2. Making of the planning structure with appropriate technology, skill and institutions.

3. Matching of resource plan with development plan, etc.

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Images
Farmers and researchers explore climate change adaption - My Grand ...

mygrandforksnow.com

Images may be subject to copyright.

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Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds. Images Farmers and researchers explore climate change adaption - My Grand ... mygrandforksnow.com Images may be subject to copyright.

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Land conservation methods
Afforestation: One of the best ways to conserve soil is to
increase the area under forests. ...
Checking Overgrazing: Grazing is very important. ...
Constructing Dams: One of the scientixc methods to
check soil erosion. ...
Changing Agricultural Practices:
Land conservation methods

Afforestation: One of the best ways to conserve soil is to

increase the area under forests. ...

Checking Overgrazing: Grazing is very important. ...

Constructing Dams: One of the scientixc methods to

check soil erosion. ...

Changing Agricultural Practices:

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Land conservation methods
Afforestation: One of the best ways to conserve soil is to
increase the area under forests. ...
Checking Overgrazing: Grazing is very important. ...
Constructing Dams: One of the scientixc methods to
check soil erosion. ...
Changing Agricultural Practices:
Land conservation methods

Afforestation: One of the best ways to conserve soil is to

increase the area under forests. ...

Checking Overgrazing: Grazing is very important. ...

Constructing Dams: One of the scientixc methods to

check soil erosion. ...

Changing Agricultural Practices:

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National resources are resources which are pertain to the nation and legally, the country has authority to use these resources. Some examples of national resources are wildlife, rivers, forests, canals and areas within the political boundaries etc.

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refers to all the materials available in our environment which are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants. Resources can broadly be classified upon their availability - they are classified into renewable and non-renewable resources. They can also be classified as actual and potential on the basis of the level of development and use, on the basis of origin they can be classified as biotic and abiotic, and on the basis of their distribution, as ubiquitous and localised (private, community-owned, national and international resources). An item becomes a resource with time and developing technology. The benefits of resource utilization may include increased wealth, proper functioning of a system, or enhanced well-being. From a human perspective, a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants. From a broader biological or ecological perspective, a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism (see biological resource).

The concept of resources has been developed across many established areas of work, in economics, biology and ecology, computer science, management, and human resources for example - linked to the concepts of competition, sustainability, conservation, and stewardship. In application within human society, commercial or non-commercial factors require resource allocation through resource management.

The concept of a resource can also be tied to the direction of leadership over resources, this can include the things leaders have responsibility for over the human resources, with management, help, support or direction such as in charge of a professional group, technical experts, innovative leaders, archiving expertise, academic management, association management, business management, healthcare management, military management, public administration, spiritual leadership and social networking administrator.

individuals exploit the same amount of resource per unit biomass) to absolutely size-asymmetric (the largest individuals exploit all the available resource). The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities, e.g. in plant communities size-asymmetric competition for light has stronger effects on diversity compared with competition for soil resources. The degree of size asymmetry has major effects on the structure and diversity of ecological communities.

There are three fundamental differences between economic versus ecological views: 1) the economic resource definition is human-centered ( anthropocentric) and the biological or ecological resource definition is nature-centered ( biocentric or ecocentric); 2) the economic view includes desire along with necessity, whereas the biological view is about basic biological needs; and 3) economic systems are based on markets of currency exchanged for goods and services, whereas biological systems are based on natural processes of growth, maintenance, and reproduction.

A computer resource is any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer or information management system. Computer resources include means for input, processing, output, communication, and storage.

Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many natural resources are essential for human survival, while others are used for satisfying human desire. Conservation is management of natural resources with the goal of sustainability. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways.

Resources can be categorized on the basis of origin:

Abiotic resources comprise non-living things (e.g., land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver).

Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere. Forests and their products, animals, birds and their products, fish and other marine organisms are important examples. Minerals such as coal and petroleum are sometimes included in this category because they were formed from fossilized organic matter, though over long periods of time.

Natural resources are also categorized based on the stage of development:

Potential resources are known to exist and may be used in the future. For example, petroleum may exist in many parts of India and Kuwait that have sedimentary rocks, but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource.

Actual resources are those that have been surveyed, their quantity and quality determined, and are being used in present times. For example, petroleum and natural gas is actively being obtained from the Mumbai High Fields. The development of an actual resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource that can be developed profitably with available technology is known as a reserve resource, while that part that can not be developed profitably because of lack of technology is known as a stock resource.

Natural resources can be categorized on the basis of renewability:

Non-renewable resources are formed over very long geological periods. Minerals and fossils are included in this category. Since their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished, once they are depleted. Even though metals can be recycled and reused, whereas petroleum and gas cannot, they are still considered non-renewable resources.

Renewable resources, such as forests and fisheries, can be replenished or reproduced relatively quickly. The highest rate at which a resource can be used sustainably is the sustainable yield. Some resources, such as sunlight, air, and wind, are called perpetual resources because they are available continuously, though at a limited rate. Their quantity is not affected by human consumption. Many renewable resources can be depleted by human use, but may also be replenished, thus maintaining a flow. Some of these, such as agricultural crops, take a short time for renewal; others, such as water, take a comparatively longer time, while still others, such as forests, take even longer.

Dependent upon the speed and quantity of consumption, overconsumption can lead to depletion or total and everlasting destruction of a resource. Important examples are agricultural areas, fish and other animals, forests, healthy water and soil, cultivated and natural landscapes. Such conditionally renewable resources are sometimes classified as a third kind of resource, or as a subtype of renewable resources. Conditionally renewable resources are presently subject to excess human consumption and the only sustainable long term use of such resources is within the so-called zero ecological footprint, where in human use less than the Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate.

Natural resources are also categorized based on distribution:

Ubiquitous resources are found everywhere (for example air, light, and water).

Localized resources are found only in certain parts of the world (for example metal ores and geothermal power).

Actual vs. potential natural resources are distinguished as follows:

Actual resources are those resources whose location and quantity are known and we have the technology to exploit and use them.

Potential resources are the ones of which we have insufficient knowledge or we do not have the technology to exploit them at present.

On the basis of ownership, resources can be classified as individual, community, national, and international.

In economics, labor or human resources refers to the human effort in the production of goods and rendering of services. Human resources can be defined in terms of skills, energy, talent, abilities, or knowledge.

In a project management context, human resources are those employees responsible for undertaking the activities defined in the project plan.

In social studies, capital refers to already-produced durable goods used in production of goods or services. In essence, capital refers to human-made resources created using knowledge and expertise based on utility or perceived value. Common examples of capital include buildings, machinery, railways, roads, and ships. As resources, capital goods may or may not be significantly consumed, though they may depreciate in the production process and they are typically of limited capacity or unavailable for use by others.

Whereas, tangible resources such as equipment have an actual physical existence, intangible resources such as corporate images, brands and patents, and other intellectual properties exist in abstraction.

Typically resources cannot be consumed in their original form, but rather through resource development they must be processed into more usable commodities and usable things. The demand for resources is increasing as economies develop. There are marked differences in resource distribution and associated economic inequality between regions or countries, with developed countries using more natural resources than developing countries. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use, that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment. Sustainable development means that we should exploit our resources carefully to meet our present requirement without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The practice of the three R's - reduce, reuse and recycle must be followed in order to save and extend the availability of resources.

Various problems relate to the usage of resources:

Various benefits can result from the wise usage of resources:

The dictionary definition of resource at Wiktionary

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refers to all the materials available in our environment which are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants. Resources can broadly be classified upon their availability - they are classified into renewable and non-renewable resources.

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Soil Conservation is the name given to a handful of techniques aimed at preserving the soil. Soil loss and loss of soil fertility can be traced back to a number of causes including over-use, erosion, salinization, and chemical contamination. Unsustainable subsistence farming and the slash and burn clearing methods used in some less developed regions can often cause deforestation, loss of soil nutrients, erosion on a massive scale, and sometimes even complete desertification.

Soil erosion removes the topsoil that is necessary for organic matter, nutrients, micro-organisms that are required for plants to grow and shine. Soil conservation is one such step that protects the soil from being washed away. The soil then ends up in aquatic resources bringing in pesticides and fertilizers used on agricultural land.

Essentially, all life depends on the soil...There can be no life without soil or no soil without life; they have evolved together.

~ Charles Kellogg

Healthy soil is important for plants to grow and flourish. Taking the necessary steps to conserve the soil as part of an environmentally friendly lifestyle. There are several ways to conserve soil that can be done through agricultural practices or measures you take at home.

Wikipedia defines soil conservation as,

"Soil conservation is the prevention of soil loss from erosion or reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination. Slash-and-burn and other unsustainable methods of subsistence farming are practiced in some lesser developed areas. A sequel to the deforestation is typically large scale erosion, loss of soil nutrients and sometimes total desertification."

20+ Splendid Methods and Techniques of Soil Conservation

Many different techniques have been invented throughout the years with the aim of preserving the nutrient level of the soil and preventing erosion.

1. Contour Plowing

Originating in ancient Phoenicia, Contour Plowing involves plowing grooves into the desired farmland, then planting the crop furrows in the grooves and following the contours. It a very effective way for farmland on slopes to prevent runoff improve crop yields.

2. Terrace Farming

Terracing is a method of carving multiple, flat leveled areas into hills. Steps are formed by the terraces which are surrounded by a mud wall to prevent runoff and hold the soil nutrients in the beds.

More commonly found in lesser developed nations due to the difficulty of using mechanized farming equipment in the terraces. Very popular in Asia for planting rice.

3. Keyline Design

A more enhanced version of Contour Plowing, maximum water retention is achieved by taking into account all the watershed properties when making the contour lines.

The Keyline refers to topographic features linked to water flow. This allows the water to run off to run directly into an existing water channel, and prevent soil erosion caused by the water.

4. Perimeter Runoff Control

This is the practice of planting trees, shrubs, and ground cover around the perimeter of your farmland which impedes surface flows and keeps nutrients in the farmed soil. Using the grass way is a specialized way of handling perimeter runoff that uses surface friction to channel and dissipate runoff.

5. Windbreaks

Rows of tall trees are used in dense patterns around the farmland and prevent wind erosion. Evergreen trees can provide year-round protection but deciduous trees can be adequate as long as foliage is apparent during the seasons when the soil is bare.

6. Cover Crops/ Crop Rotation

Cover crops such as turnips and radishes are rotated with cash crops in order to blanket the soil all year- round and produce green manure the replenishes nitrogen and other critical nutrients. Using cover crops can also suppress weeds.

7. Soil Conservation Farming

A mixture of farming methods intending the mimic the biology of virgin land. These practices can be used to prevent erosion and even restore damaged soil and encourage plant growth.

Eliminating the use of nitrogen fertilizer and fungicides can increase yields and protect crops from drought and flooding.

8. Agrostological Measures

Planting grass in heavily eroded areas is called an agrostological measure. Ley farming practices cultivating grass in rotation with regular crops to increase the nutrient level in the soils.

When the grass is harvested it can be used as fodder for cattle. For heavily eroded soil it is recommended to grown grass for many years to let the soils naturally repair themselves.

9. No till farming (Zero Tillage or Direct Drilling)

This is the method of growing crops year-round without changing the topography of the soil by tilling or contouring. This technique increases the amount of water that penetrates the soil and can increase organic matter of the soil which leads to larger yields.

10. Green Manures

Green manures are a few different crops that can be grown, not for produce or food usage, but grown in order to fertilize the farmland on which it grows. This method can improve the soil structure and suppresses the growth of weeds.

11. Salinity Management

When water evaporates from the soil, it leaves behind its salt. This can lead to damage to soil and nutrient loss. Using humic acids can prevent this or growing crops like saltbush can rejuvenate the soils and replace lost nutrients. High levels of salt in the soil can often be caused by changes made to the water table by damming and other causes.

12. Stream Bank Protection

During floods, stream banks can often cave in. Preventing this by constructing walls along the banks or plant useful tree species will prevent this in the future and prevent soil loss down the stream.

13. Earthworms

Earthworms provide great benefits of farmland due to the way they burrow under the ground and provide more are for water to rest after it has infiltrated the soil. When these worms excrete egesta, this sits in the soils and gives the crops many nutrients which are absorbed via the roots of the plants.

Earthworm casts contain a vast amount more nutrients than any natural soil in the world, and for that reason should be invited into the soils of farmland to help prevent erosion and will lead to larger crop yields.

14. Mineralization

To help crops reach higher yields or full potential, sometimes crushed rock or chemical supplements are added to the farmland, this helps combat mineral depletion. Normally used after flooding, it brings substantial amounts of sediment which can damage the nutrient level of the soil.

15. Korean Natural Farming

This method takes advantage of natural and indigenous microorganisms to produce fertile soils that yield high output and gets rid of the need to use herbicides or pesticides. An improvement in soil health and output is what keeps this method used in the respective areas.

16. Reduction of Impervious Surfaces

Driveways patios and paved pathways allow precipitation to flow freely off them. As the water flows it picks up momentum and in turn erodes any soil in which it flows over after leaving the impervious surfaces, reducing the amount of these around your farmland will prevent erosion.

17. Dry Farming

In areas with a very low amount of rainfall, crops that require very little water should be grown, this will lead to the preservation of the natural levels of moisture and nutrients in the soil.

18. Rain Gardens

A rain garden is a shallow depression in the land which holds and collects running water from impervious surfaces and prevents erosion while saving the nutrients that inevitably get washed away. This also gives you a good bed to grow wetland plants.

19. Re-establish Forest Cover

A dense amount of trees in a forest leads to a vast network of deep roots that offer a long term solution to soil erosion, another benefit is the windbreak that these trees can provide.

20. Maintaining PH levels of soil

Contamination of soils due to acid rains and other pollutants can lead to loss of soil fertility. Use a Ph indicator monthly to check the levels of acids in the soil and treat the soils with eco-friendly chemicals to prevent a loss of crops and low yields.

21. Indigenous Crops

The growth of indigenous crops is a good way to conserve soil, as the plants have a natural need for the nutrients in the soil in your area, they help to prevent soil erosion. If you grow nonindigenous crops a recommended tip is to plant indigenous crops around them, in order to prevent soil erosion.

22. Prevent Overgrazing

Try not to let overgrazing happen by moving herds around often. If overgrazing occurs, plant hardier and more nutritious species of forage in order to rebuild the soil. You can also harvest these crops and feed them to the grazers during the winter season.

23. The Sharing of Knowledge

More developed countries can and should share their farming knowledge gained throughout the years with the lesser developed nations of the world. This will lead to a better quality of soil worldwide and can help to prevent famine and solves the food crisis in some areas of the world.
References: History of Soil Conservation Soil Conservation Practices Managing Soil Conservation Soil Moisture Conservation Techniques

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What is Soil Conservation and 20+ Splendid Methods of Soil Conservation - Conserve Energy Future

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Soil Conservation is the name given to a handful of techniques aimed at preserving the soil. Soil loss and loss of soil fertility can be traced back to a number of causes including over-use, erosion, salinization, and chemical contamination.

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What is the Difference Between Renewable & Non renewable Resources | Natural Resources | Physics

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ISHANT DAHIYA 16
JAGVEER 17
KRISH CHAUHAN 18
KRISH GUPTA 19
MANASVI KUMAR 20