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"Zotero | Your personal research assistant" https://www.zotero.org

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"Zotero | Your personal research assistant" https://www.zotero.org

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This an easy tool use to annotate ,cite,organize and fix grammar .This site also helps to research about a certain writing .

The use of in-text reference is that it helps cite the in text ,quoting what anyone has said,helping a reader to find the evidence cited more easily .However reference list is useful as it includes all that has been cited in the writing including the in-text reference tis helps when one has forget to in -text reference.

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This guide provides a detailed explanation of both intext referencing and reference list. It also provides clear examples that make comprehending the material more easier.

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These are very helpful as they explain things in a clear, structured way.

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Academic writing is a formal style of writing used in universities and scholarly publications. You'll encounter it in journal articles and books on academic topics, and you'll be expected to write your essays, research papers, and dissertation in academic style.

Academic writing follows the same writing process as other types of texts, but it has specific conventions in terms of content, structure and style.

Types of academic writing

Academics mostly write texts intended for publication, such as journal articles, reports, books, and chapters in edited collections. For students, the most common types of academic writing assignments are listed below.

Different fields of study have different priorities in terms of the writing they produce. For example, in scientific writing it's crucial to clearly and accurately report methods and results; in the humanities, the focus is on constructing convincing arguments through the use of textual evidence. However, most academic writing shares certain key principles intended to help convey information as effectively as possible.

Whether your goal is to pass your degree, apply to graduate school, or build an academic career, effective writing is an essential skill.

Academic writing is...

Academic writing aims to convey information in an impartial way. The goal is to base arguments on the evidence under consideration, not the author's preconceptions. All claims should be supported with relevant evidence, not just asserted.

To avoid bias, it's important to represent the work of other researchers and the results of your own research fairly and accurately. This means clearly outlining your methodology and being honest about the limitations of your research.

The formal style used in academic writing ensures that research is presented consistently across different texts, so that studies can be objectively assessed and compared with other research.

Because of this, it's important to strike the right tone with your language choices. Avoid informal language, including slang, contractions, clichés, and conversational phrases:

It's important to use clear and precise language to ensure that your reader knows exactly what you mean. This means being as specific as possible and avoiding vague language:

Avoid hedging your claims with words like "perhaps," as this can give the impression that you lack confidence in your arguments. Reflect on your word choice to ensure it accurately and directly conveys your meaning:

This could perhaps suggest that...

This suggests that...

Specialist language or jargon is common and often necessary in academic writing, which generally targets an audience of other academics in related fields.

However, jargon should be used to make your writing more concise and accurate, not to make it more complicated. A specialist term should be used when:

It conveys information more precisely than a comparable non-specialist term.

Your reader is likely to be familiar with the term.

The term is commonly used by other researchers in your field.

The best way to familiarize yourself with the kind of jargon used in your field is to read papers by other researchers and pay attention to their language.

Focused and well structured

An academic text is not just a collection of ideas about a topic-it needs to have a clear purpose. Start with a relevant research question or thesis statement, and use it to develop a focused argument. Only include information that is relevant to your overall purpose.

A coherent structure is crucial to organize your ideas. Pay attention to structure at three levels: the structure of the whole text, paragraph structure, and sentence structure.

Overall structure

Always include an introduction and a conclusion.

Divide longer texts into chapters or sections with clear headings.

Make sure information is presented in a logical order.

Paragraph structure

Start a new paragraph when you move onto a new idea.

Use a topic sentence at the start of each paragraph to indicate what it's about, and make clear transitions between paragraphs.

Make sure every paragraph is relevant to your argument or question.

Sentence structure

Academic writing uses sources to support its claims. Sources are other texts (or media objects like photographs or films) that the author analyzes or uses as evidence. Many of your sources will be written by other academics; academic writing is collaborative and builds on previous research.

It's important to consider which sources are credible and appropriate to use in academic writing. For example, citing Wikipedia is typically discouraged. Don't rely on websites for information; instead, use academic databases and your university library to find credible sources.

You must always cite your sources in academic writing. This means acknowledging whenever you quote or paraphrase someone else's work by including a citation in the text and a reference list at the end.

In-text citation

Elsewhere, it has been argued that the method is "the best currently available" (Smith, 2019, p. 25).

Reference list

Smith, J. (2019). Statistical analysis methods (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Norton.

There are many different citation styles with different rules. The most common styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago. Make sure to consistently follow whatever style your institution requires. If you don't cite correctly, you may get in trouble for plagiarism. A good plagiarism checker can help you catch any issues before it's too late.

You can easily create accurate citations in APA or MLA style using our Citation Generators.
APA Citation Generator MLA Citation Generator
As well as following the rules of grammar, punctuation, and citation, it's important to consistently apply stylistic conventions regarding:

In some cases there are several acceptable approaches that you can choose between-the most important thing is to apply the same rules consistently and to carefully proofread your text before you submit. If you don't feel confident in your own proofreading abilities, you can get help from Scribbr's professional proofreading services or Grammar Checker.

Academic writing is not...

Academic writing generally tries to avoid being too personal. Information about the author may come in at some points-for example in the acknowledgements or in a personal reflection-but for the most part the text should focus on the research itself.

Always avoid addressing the reader directly with the second-person pronoun "you." Use the impersonal pronoun "one" or an alternate phrasing instead for generalizations:

As a teacher, you must treat your students fairly.

As a teacher, one must treat one's students fairly.

Teachers must treat their students fairly.

The use of the first-person pronoun "I" used to be similarly discouraged in academic writing, but it is increasingly accepted in many fields. If you're unsure whether to use the first person, pay attention to conventions in your field or ask your instructor.

When you refer to yourself, it should be for good reason. You can position yourself and describe what you did during the research, but avoid arbitrarily inserting your personal thoughts and feelings:

In my opinion...

I think that...

I like/dislike...

I conducted interviews with...

I argue that...

I hope to achieve...

Many students think their writing isn't academic unless it's over-complicated and long-winded. This isn't a good approach-instead, aim to be as concise and direct as possible.

If a term can be cut or replaced with a more straightforward one without affecting your meaning, it should be. Avoid redundant phrasings in your text, and try replacing phrasal verbs with their one-word equivalents where possible:

Interest in this phenomenon carried on in the year 2018.

Interest in this phenomenon continued in 2018.

Repetition is a part of academic writing-for example, summarizing earlier information in the conclusion-but it's important to avoid unnecessary repetition. Make sure that none of your sentences are repeating a point you've already made in different words.

An academic text is not the same thing as a literary, journalistic, or marketing text. Though you're still trying to be persuasive, a lot of techniques from these styles are not appropriate in an academic context. Specifically, you should avoid appeals to emotion and inflated claims.

Though you may be writing about a topic that's sensitive or important to you, the point of academic writing is to clearly communicate ideas, information, and arguments, not to inspire an emotional response. Avoid using emotive or subjective language:

This horrible tragedy was obviously one of the worst catastrophes in construction history.

The injury and mortality rates of this accident were among the highest in construction history.

Students are sometimes tempted to make the case for their topic with exaggerated, unsupported claims and flowery language. Stick to specific, grounded arguments that you can support with evidence, and don't overstate your point:

Charles Dickens is the greatest writer of the Victorian period, and his influence on all subsequent literature is enormous.

Charles Dickens is one of the best-known writers of the Victorian period and has had a significant influence on the development of the English novel.

Useful tools for academic writing

There are a a lot of writing tools that will make your writing process faster and easier. We'll highlight three of them below.

Paraphrasing tool

AI writing tools like ChatGPT and a paraphrasing tool can help you rewrite text so that your ideas are clearer, you don't repeat yourself, and your writing has a consistent tone.

They can also help you write more clearly about sources without having to quote them directly. Be warned, though: it's still crucial to give credit to all sources in the right way to prevent plagiarism.

Grammar checker

Writing tools that scan your text for punctuation, spelling, and grammar mistakes. When it detects a mistake the grammar checker will give instant feedback and suggest corrections. Helping you write clearly and avoid common mistakes.

Summarizer

You can use a summarizer if you want to condense text into its most important and useful ideas. With a summarizer tool, you can make it easier to understand complicated sources. You can also use the tool to make your research question clearer and summarize your main argument.

Academic writing checklist

Use the checklist below to assess whether you have followed the rules of effective academic writing.

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What Is Academic Writing? | Dos and Don'ts for Students

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Academic writing is used in universities and scholarly publications. It aims to be clear, unbiased, concise, consistent, and well structured.

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This article was very helpful as it gave me accurate examples on how to reference and it went into great detail.

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For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide.

Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles.

There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

Bad referencing is a common way for students to lose marks in assignments so it is worth taking the time and effort to learn how to reference correctly.

Why Do We Cite and Reference?

When writing any academic essay, paper, report or assignment, you need to highlight your use of other author's ideas and words so that you:

Give the original author credit for their own ideas and work

Validate your arguments

Enable the reader to follow up on the original work if they wish to

Enable the reader to see how dated the information might be

Prove to your tutors/lecturers that you have read around the subject

Avoid plagiarism

Referencing Styles

There are many different styles of referencing, including Harvard, APA (from the American Psychological Association), Chicago and Vancouver. The Harvard referencing system is of the most popular styles and the remainder of this article deals with this system. However, your university may prefer the use of a different system so check with your lecturer or in your course information as to which referencing style to use.

What is Plagiarism?

Presenting another's ideas as if they are your own - either directly or indirectly

Copying or pasting text and images without saying where they came from

Not showing when a quote is a quote

Summarising information without showing the original source

Changing a few words in a section of text without acknowledging the original author

WARNING:

Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. You are likely to be awarded 0% for an assignment which has evidence of plagiarism. If you continue to plagiarise then you may be excluded from your course.

Most universities will want a signed declaration with submitted work to say that you have not plagiarised.

Universities use anti-plagiarism software to quickly find plagiarised work. This software usually draws on huge databases of web sources, books, journals and all previously submitted student work to compare your work to so you will be found out.

Therefore, if you plagiarise, you are likely to be caught so don't take the risk and reference properly.

Be Organised

When writing an essay, report, dissertation or other piece of academic work, the key to referencing is organisation. As you go along, keep notes of the books and journal articles you have read and the websites you have visited as part of your research process.

There are various tools to help here. Your university may be able to provide you with some specialist software (Endnote - www.endnote.com) or you can simply keep a list in a document or try Zotero ( www.zotero.org) a free plugin for the Firefox browser.

What Needs to be Recorded?

Record as much information as possible in references to make finding the original work simple.

Author/s

Include the author/s name/s where possible. You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'.
Examples:
For one, two or three authors:
Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C

For more than three authors
Jones A et al.

For some sources, especially websites, the name of the author may not be known. In such cases either use the organisation name or the title of the document or webpage.

Example: SkillsYouNeed or What Are Interpersonal Skills.

Date of Publication

You should include the year of publication or a more specific date if appropriate, for journal or newspaper articles/stories. For webpages look for the when the page was last updated. Include dates in brackets (2020) after author information. If no date can be established, then put (no date).

Title of Piece

Include the title of the piece; this could be the name of the book, the title of a journal article or webpage. Titles are usually written in italics. For books you should also include the edition (if not the first) to make finding information easier. Often when books are republished information remains broadly the same but may be reordered, therefore page numbers may change between editions.

Publisher Information

Usually only relevant for books, but for these you should include the publisher name and place of publication.

Page Numbers

If you are referencing a particular part of a book, then you should include the page number/s you have used in your work. Use p. 123 to indicate page 123 or pp. 123-125 to indicate multiple pages.

URL and Date Accessed

For webpages you need to include the full URL of the page (http://www... etc.) and the date you last accessed the page. The web is not static and webpages can be changed/updated/removed at any time, so it is therefore important to record when you found the information you are referencing.
Once you have recorded the information, you have everything you need in order to reference correctly. Your work should be both referenced in the text and include a reference list or bibliography at the end. The in text reference is an abbreviated version of the full reference in your reference list.
Direct Quotes

If you are directly quoting in your text you should enclose the quote in quotation marks, and include author information:

"Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another." SkillsYouNeed (2019)

For longer direct quotations it may be neater to indent the quotation in its own paragraph.

Your reference list should then include the full version of the reference:

SkillsYouNeed (2022) What is Communication? [online] available at www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/what-is-communication.html (Accessed October 14 2022)

For a book you would use, in your text:

"Long before the twelfth century rhetoricians had collected quotations, particularly from classical authors, into anthologies called florilegia..." (Clanchy, M.T, 1993)

The reference list would then include the full reference:

Clanchy, M.T. (1993) From Memory to Written Record England 1066 - 1307 Oxford, Blackwell, p. 115

The same rules also apply when you are referencing indirectly and you have not included a direct quote. If you have used the ideas of another source, reference both in your text at the relevant point and in your reference list or bibliography at the end of your document.

Further Reading from Skills You Need

The Skills You Need Guide for Students
Develop the skills you need to make the most of your time as a student.

Our eBooks are ideal for students at all stages of education, school, college and university. They are full of easy-to-follow practical information that will help you to learn more effectively and get better grades.

Additional Information

When quoting you may sometimes want to leave out some words, in which case use ... (three dots).

"Communication is ... transferring information from one place to another"

If you need to add words to a quote for clarity, then square brackets are used:

"Communication is simply the act [in communication skills] of transferring information from one place to another."

You can use [sic] to note an original error and/or foreign spelling, SkillsYouNeed is a UK site and therefore uses UK spellings:

"The color [sic] of the water..."

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Learn why referencing is a key academic skill. Get organised with your referencing, save time and avoid plagiarism.

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Adequately explains the difference between In text reference and Reference list

https://youtu.be/iueqJ78iAwk

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How To Reference - Harvard Style Referencing Guide | Swinburne Online

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https://youtu.be/MyTLosz6aHA

This video focused on the structuring of concepts or ideas and unifying of paragraphs to adequately complete an assignment in the contexts of academic writing.

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It explained the process of referencing very clearly and simply. It also gave a step by step guide of the information needed when referencing.

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For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide.

Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles.

There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

Bad referencing is a common way for students to lose marks in assignments so it is worth taking the time and effort to learn how to reference correctly.

Why Do We Cite and Reference?

When writing any academic essay, paper, report or assignment, you need to highlight your use of other author's ideas and words so that you:

Give the original author credit for their own ideas and work

Validate your arguments

Enable the reader to follow up on the original work if they wish to

Enable the reader to see how dated the information might be

Prove to your tutors/lecturers that you have read around the subject

Avoid plagiarism

Referencing Styles

There are many different styles of referencing, including Harvard, APA (from the American Psychological Association), Chicago and Vancouver. The Harvard referencing system is of the most popular styles and the remainder of this article deals with this system. However, your university may prefer the use of a different system so check with your lecturer or in your course information as to which referencing style to use.

What is Plagiarism?

Presenting another's ideas as if they are your own - either directly or indirectly

Copying or pasting text and images without saying where they came from

Not showing when a quote is a quote

Summarising information without showing the original source

Changing a few words in a section of text without acknowledging the original author

WARNING:

Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. You are likely to be awarded 0% for an assignment which has evidence of plagiarism. If you continue to plagiarise then you may be excluded from your course.

Most universities will want a signed declaration with submitted work to say that you have not plagiarised.

Universities use anti-plagiarism software to quickly find plagiarised work. This software usually draws on huge databases of web sources, books, journals and all previously submitted student work to compare your work to so you will be found out.

Therefore, if you plagiarise, you are likely to be caught so don't take the risk and reference properly.

Be Organised

When writing an essay, report, dissertation or other piece of academic work, the key to referencing is organisation. As you go along, keep notes of the books and journal articles you have read and the websites you have visited as part of your research process.

There are various tools to help here. Your university may be able to provide you with some specialist software (Endnote - www.endnote.com) or you can simply keep a list in a document or try Zotero ( www.zotero.org) a free plugin for the Firefox browser.

What Needs to be Recorded?

Record as much information as possible in references to make finding the original work simple.

Author/s

Include the author/s name/s where possible. You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'.
Examples:
For one, two or three authors:
Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C

For more than three authors
Jones A et al.

For some sources, especially websites, the name of the author may not be known. In such cases either use the organisation name or the title of the document or webpage.

Example: SkillsYouNeed or What Are Interpersonal Skills.

Date of Publication

You should include the year of publication or a more specific date if appropriate, for journal or newspaper articles/stories. For webpages look for the when the page was last updated. Include dates in brackets (2020) after author information. If no date can be established, then put (no date).

Title of Piece

Include the title of the piece; this could be the name of the book, the title of a journal article or webpage. Titles are usually written in italics. For books you should also include the edition (if not the first) to make finding information easier. Often when books are republished information remains broadly the same but may be reordered, therefore page numbers may change between editions.

Publisher Information

Usually only relevant for books, but for these you should include the publisher name and place of publication.

Page Numbers

If you are referencing a particular part of a book, then you should include the page number/s you have used in your work. Use p. 123 to indicate page 123 or pp. 123-125 to indicate multiple pages.

URL and Date Accessed

For webpages you need to include the full URL of the page (http://www... etc.) and the date you last accessed the page. The web is not static and webpages can be changed/updated/removed at any time, so it is therefore important to record when you found the information you are referencing.
Once you have recorded the information, you have everything you need in order to reference correctly. Your work should be both referenced in the text and include a reference list or bibliography at the end. The in text reference is an abbreviated version of the full reference in your reference list.
Direct Quotes

If you are directly quoting in your text you should enclose the quote in quotation marks, and include author information:

"Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another." SkillsYouNeed (2019)

For longer direct quotations it may be neater to indent the quotation in its own paragraph.

Your reference list should then include the full version of the reference:

SkillsYouNeed (2022) What is Communication? [online] available at www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/what-is-communication.html (Accessed October 14 2022)

For a book you would use, in your text:

"Long before the twelfth century rhetoricians had collected quotations, particularly from classical authors, into anthologies called florilegia..." (Clanchy, M.T, 1993)

The reference list would then include the full reference:

Clanchy, M.T. (1993) From Memory to Written Record England 1066 - 1307 Oxford, Blackwell, p. 115

The same rules also apply when you are referencing indirectly and you have not included a direct quote. If you have used the ideas of another source, reference both in your text at the relevant point and in your reference list or bibliography at the end of your document.

Further Reading from Skills You Need

The Skills You Need Guide for Students
Develop the skills you need to make the most of your time as a student.

Our eBooks are ideal for students at all stages of education, school, college and university. They are full of easy-to-follow practical information that will help you to learn more effectively and get better grades.

Additional Information

When quoting you may sometimes want to leave out some words, in which case use ... (three dots).

"Communication is ... transferring information from one place to another"

If you need to add words to a quote for clarity, then square brackets are used:

"Communication is simply the act [in communication skills] of transferring information from one place to another."

You can use [sic] to note an original error and/or foreign spelling, SkillsYouNeed is a UK site and therefore uses UK spellings:

"The color [sic] of the water..."

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For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide. Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles. There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

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This is a helpful site as it offers simple descriptions of referencing with easy examples to follow. It also offers to support with citing to ensure it is done correctly.

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Cite this for Me | Free Reference Generator - Harvard, APA, MLA, Chicago...

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What is an in-text citation?

An in-text citation is a reference made within the body of text of an academic essay. The in-text citation alerts the reader to a source that has informed your own writing.

The exact format of an in-text citation will depend on the style you need to use, for example, APA. Check with your academic institution to ensure you provide the in-text citations in the format they are expecting and use Cite This For Me's citation generator to create them for you, automatically.

How to write an in-text citation

In most cases only the author's last name, date of publication and page number from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken needs to be included, with the complete reference appearing in your bibliography (or works cited) page at the end of your essay.

The in-text citation should be presented in brackets directly after the text you have quoted or paraphrased so it's easy for the reader to identify. In some cases, in-text citations are presented as a superscript number, with the corresponding number listed in your bibliography.

Looking for an easier option? Why not let Cite This For Me do the hard work for you by using our mobile app or free web tool. We've got over 7,000 styles in our books and are constantly adding new ones, so we're sure to have the style you need.

APA Format In-Text Citations

In APA format, in-text citations can follow a direct quote or paraphrased information. For direct quotes, the in-text citation should immediately follow. If you're citing a book, the in-text citation will usually include the author's surname, the year of publication and the relevant page number or numbers, enclosed by parentheses.
Structure:

Quote or paraphrase (Author's surname, Year of publication, p.#).

For example:

"All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us," said Gandalf (Tolkien, 1954, p. 20).

If you reference the author within the text, however, you don't need to include it in the in-text citation.
For example:

In the first book in the Lord of the Rings trilogy, The Fellowship of the Ring, J.R.R. Tolkien writes, "All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us." (1954, p. 20)

If you're referencing paraphrased information then a page number is not always needed. It depends on whether you wish to direct your reader to a specific section.
For example:

The universal theme of The Lord of the Rings is the battle between good and evil (Tolkien, 1954).

When explaining the history of the ring to Frodo, Gandalf touches on themes of fate and having a pre-ordained purpose (Tolkien, 1954, p. 20).

Don't forget to also add regular citations for the sources to your bibliography at the end of the paper.

MLA and Chicago Formatting

To keep you on your toes, the different formats follow different rules for in-text citations. For example, MLA format in-text citations don't usually include a publication date and typically use the author's last name or the first item included in the full citation if not the author's name.

For example, let's take the same in-text citation example from above and put it into MLA format.

"All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us," said Gandalf (Tolkien 20).

In MLA format, in-text citations can either be included in the prose or as a parenthetical citation (or a combination of the two). Any information about the source that is included in the prose does not need to be included in the parenthetical citation. For example, using the above example, a citation in prose would be:

In Tolkien's book, Gandalf says, "All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us," (20).

In this case, if the source didn't have page numbers or if it was not necessary to include the page number, you would not need to include the parenthetical citation.

Chicago style in-text citations can follow the (author, date, page number) in-text citation system, like APA format. Alternatively, some following the Chicago style prefer to use a notes and bibliography system, which does away with in-text citations completely, using numbered footnotes or endnotes instead.

You'll also find variations of in-text citations within each format, depending on factors like the type of source and number of authors. For help understanding how to create in-text citations, you'll find handy citation guides for APA, MLA and Chicago formats on the Cite This For Me website.

Do's and Don'ts of In-text Citations

DO be consistent. One of the most important aspects of citation creation is to make sure you choose a citation style and stick with it throughout your paper. Be sure to check your chosen style's rules for in-text citations, whether you're using APA format or different style, before starting to write your paper. Use those rules from the beginning to end.

DON'T assume. It can be all too easy to say to yourself "the reader will know where this came from" when you include information from another source. This is not a good attitude to have about citations, as leaving out in-text references can lead to you being accused of plagiarism and receiving a poor grade on your assignment. Always choose to be super clear with where your research information has come from.

DO your in-text citations early on. One of the best ways to make sure you haven't left out any in-text citations is to write them immediately after you've referenced a work as you are writing your paper. Waiting until the very end can lead to last-minute paper stress. Making them early can help you make the references for your bibliography, as they serve as a list of outside sources you have used in your work.

DON'T overuse. Contrary to popular belief, you do not need to include an individual in-text citation after each directly quoted sentence. If an entire paragraph or a group of sentences contains information all from the same source, a single in-text citation at the beginning or end of the paragraph will suffice.

DO double check. It is always a good idea to check your in-text citations after you have completed your paper and before you hand it in to your instructor. This is especially important if you have made in-text citations throughout the whole process of writing your paper, as it is unlikely you will remember that error you made two weeks ago. Give your in-text references one last look before turning in your paper for a grade.

DON'T forget to ask your teacher. If you are unsure of how to get started making your in-text citations for your paper, it is always a good idea to speak with your teacher. They can direct you to their preferred citation style, whether it's MLA formatting, or a different style. It is likely that the assignment directions they provide contain details on how to make citations the way that they expect.

DO use Cite This For Me for your next writing assignment! Cite This For Me contains a bibliography builder as well as in-text citation formatting. Check out the site, and you will have access to thousands of styles, including a Harvard referencing generator, and many source types.

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What Are In-Text Citations? | Cite This For Me

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An in-text citation is a reference made within the body of text of an academic essay. The in-text citation alerts the reader to a source that has informed your own writing. The exact format of an in-text citation will depend on the style you need to use, for example, APA.

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This source was very helpful as it gave detailed information on referencing and academic writing. It also provided examples.

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For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide.

Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles.

There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

Bad referencing is a common way for students to lose marks in assignments so it is worth taking the time and effort to learn how to reference correctly.

Why Do We Cite and Reference?

When writing any academic essay, paper, report or assignment, you need to highlight your use of other author's ideas and words so that you:

Give the original author credit for their own ideas and work

Validate your arguments

Enable the reader to follow up on the original work if they wish to

Enable the reader to see how dated the information might be

Prove to your tutors/lecturers that you have read around the subject

Avoid plagiarism

Referencing Styles

There are many different styles of referencing, including Harvard, APA (from the American Psychological Association), Chicago and Vancouver. The Harvard referencing system is of the most popular styles and the remainder of this article deals with this system. However, your university may prefer the use of a different system so check with your lecturer or in your course information as to which referencing style to use.

What is Plagiarism?

Presenting another's ideas as if they are your own - either directly or indirectly

Copying or pasting text and images without saying where they came from

Not showing when a quote is a quote

Summarising information without showing the original source

Changing a few words in a section of text without acknowledging the original author

WARNING:

Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. You are likely to be awarded 0% for an assignment which has evidence of plagiarism. If you continue to plagiarise then you may be excluded from your course.

Most universities will want a signed declaration with submitted work to say that you have not plagiarised.

Universities use anti-plagiarism software to quickly find plagiarised work. This software usually draws on huge databases of web sources, books, journals and all previously submitted student work to compare your work to so you will be found out.

Therefore, if you plagiarise, you are likely to be caught so don't take the risk and reference properly.

Be Organised

When writing an essay, report, dissertation or other piece of academic work, the key to referencing is organisation. As you go along, keep notes of the books and journal articles you have read and the websites you have visited as part of your research process.

There are various tools to help here. Your university may be able to provide you with some specialist software (Endnote - www.endnote.com) or you can simply keep a list in a document or try Zotero ( www.zotero.org) a free plugin for the Firefox browser.

What Needs to be Recorded?

Record as much information as possible in references to make finding the original work simple.

Author/s

Include the author/s name/s where possible. You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'.
Examples:
For one, two or three authors:
Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C

For more than three authors
Jones A et al.

For some sources, especially websites, the name of the author may not be known. In such cases either use the organisation name or the title of the document or webpage.

Example: SkillsYouNeed or What Are Interpersonal Skills.

Date of Publication

You should include the year of publication or a more specific date if appropriate, for journal or newspaper articles/stories. For webpages look for the when the page was last updated. Include dates in brackets (2020) after author information. If no date can be established, then put (no date).

Title of Piece

Include the title of the piece; this could be the name of the book, the title of a journal article or webpage. Titles are usually written in italics. For books you should also include the edition (if not the first) to make finding information easier. Often when books are republished information remains broadly the same but may be reordered, therefore page numbers may change between editions.

Publisher Information

Usually only relevant for books, but for these you should include the publisher name and place of publication.

Page Numbers

If you are referencing a particular part of a book, then you should include the page number/s you have used in your work. Use p. 123 to indicate page 123 or pp. 123-125 to indicate multiple pages.

URL and Date Accessed

For webpages you need to include the full URL of the page (http://www... etc.) and the date you last accessed the page. The web is not static and webpages can be changed/updated/removed at any time, so it is therefore important to record when you found the information you are referencing.
Once you have recorded the information, you have everything you need in order to reference correctly. Your work should be both referenced in the text and include a reference list or bibliography at the end. The in text reference is an abbreviated version of the full reference in your reference list.
Direct Quotes

If you are directly quoting in your text you should enclose the quote in quotation marks, and include author information:

"Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another." SkillsYouNeed (2019)

For longer direct quotations it may be neater to indent the quotation in its own paragraph.

Your reference list should then include the full version of the reference:

SkillsYouNeed (2022) What is Communication? [online] available at www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/what-is-communication.html (Accessed October 14 2022)

For a book you would use, in your text:

"Long before the twelfth century rhetoricians had collected quotations, particularly from classical authors, into anthologies called florilegia..." (Clanchy, M.T, 1993)

The reference list would then include the full reference:

Clanchy, M.T. (1993) From Memory to Written Record England 1066 - 1307 Oxford, Blackwell, p. 115

The same rules also apply when you are referencing indirectly and you have not included a direct quote. If you have used the ideas of another source, reference both in your text at the relevant point and in your reference list or bibliography at the end of your document.

Further Reading from Skills You Need

The Skills You Need Guide for Students
Develop the skills you need to make the most of your time as a student.

Our eBooks are ideal for students at all stages of education, school, college and university. They are full of easy-to-follow practical information that will help you to learn more effectively and get better grades.

Additional Information

When quoting you may sometimes want to leave out some words, in which case use ... (three dots).

"Communication is ... transferring information from one place to another"

If you need to add words to a quote for clarity, then square brackets are used:

"Communication is simply the act [in communication skills] of transferring information from one place to another."

You can use [sic] to note an original error and/or foreign spelling, SkillsYouNeed is a UK site and therefore uses UK spellings:

"The color [sic] of the water..."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide. Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles. There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

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https://latrobe.libguides.com/academic-integrity/what-is-academic-integrity
I like this website because it explains what academic integrity is along with the types of academic integrity violations.

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The academic paper gives you the run down on how to avoid plagiarism which is an important skill to have.

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Summary

Plagiarism means taking the work of another and presenting it as one's own, resulting in potential upset for the original author and disrepute for the professions involved. This article aims to explore the issue of plagiarism and some mechanisms for detection and avoidance.

Keywords

Academia; Plagiarism; Professional integrity and standards These keywords are based on the subject headings from the British Nursing Index. This article has been subject to double-blind review. For author and research article guidelines visit the Nursing Standard home page at nursingstandard.rcnpublishing.co.uk. For related articles visit our online archive and search using the keywords.

**********

PLAGIARISM HIT THE HEADLINES in June 2008 when Raj Persaud, well-known television and radio broadcaster and psychiatrist, was suspended from practice for three months by the General Medical Council, for presenting others' work as his own (The Lancet 2008). Such conduct is regarded as 'intellectual theft, and totally unacceptable' (The Lancet 2008). Plagiarism is not a new issue, however increased publicity and improvements in detection strategies mean that the possibility of plagiarism is more likely to enter the consciousness of the reader. In addition, one only needs to browse the internet to find a plethora of essays for sale or adverts for essays 'to order' (Burnard 2002). Such internet sites do state that essays should be used for information only and not submitted for assessment, but some individuals do not adhere to these guidelines. The person buying the essay may have little idea of the quality of the piece, and may be buying it because his or her writing skills are poor.

Harper (2006) reviewed literature on the extent of cheating among nursing students, views on cheating and the risks of being caught among university students. Harper (2006) identified types of dishonesty, such as the use of mobile telephones to photograph and record information, the practice of plagiarism and buying essays from the internet. Her review indicated that those who cheated in academic studies were more likely to cheat in the workplace. The review also suggested that robust reporting and penalties for cheating had the effect of reducing prevalence of such behaviour. She concluded that, ideally, students should perceive there is a significant risk of being caught and that penalties are severe.

In a UK study, Szabo and Underwood (2004) surveyed 291 students across a range of disciplines and years, identifying that 20% would definitely, and 34% would probably, plagiarise to avoid failing a module. The study found that men were more likely (68%) to cheat than women (39%). Around 60% of the...

Gale offers a variety of resources for education, lifelong learning, and academic research. Log in through your library to get access to full content and features!
Access through your library

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Summary Plagiarism means taking the work of another and presenting it as one's own, resulting in potential upset for the original author and disrepute for the professions involved. This article aims to explore the issue of plagiarism and some mechanisms for detection and avoidance.

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this site was helpful because its well structured and easy to understand

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Importance of referencing in academic writing

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So, you want to secure high marks? College time is the crucial time to think about how to score good grades and grab the wonderful opportunities for better future progress. For good marks, it is quite important to submit error-free work as your project submission.

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This video was valuable to me as it was well structured with key moments that answered all the questions I may have had.

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References and Citations Academic Writing

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This site was helpful to me as it is short, simple and straightforward.

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Skip to main content

Sorry - we cannot find the page you are looking for.

Try searching the website here to see if you can find it:

If you are looking for books, journals or other resources, check our Library Search

If you still have problems, please contact us. We like to help.

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The Library is transforming student study with state-of-the-art learning spaces where knowledge is shared and new skills learnt with our Skills@Library service. We create, manage and make available huge digital and print collections for study and research.

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The article was helpful as it explained Harvard referencing in a simple, straightforward manner and demonstrated how to Harvard reference in a variety of different contexts, providing examples. It also explained why referencing is so necessary.

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The Author-Date system, also known as the Harvard system, is a commonly used method of referencing. A style that applies the Harvard system is often referred to as a Harvard style. This does not mean that every style referred to as Harvard is the same. There are thousands of styles that use the Harvard system.

Which Harvard style?
Note: Harvard has been adapted to suit many different publication styles. The style used is based on the standard prescribed by the following manual:Snooks & Co. 2002,
Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn. John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld. This is the official style followed in most Australian Government publications.
Which style does my Faculty or School use?

Some Schools require a different style from the one outlined here . Use the citation stylerequired by your Faculty or School.

Why Reference your sources?

It is important to reference the sources you use for essays and reports, so that the reader can follow your arguments and check your sources.It is essential to correctly acknowledge the author when quoting or using other people's ideas in your work.

How do I use Harvard?

Paraphrasing and in-text citations

Example
The point made by an analytic philosopher (O'Connor 1969, p. 32) is that values cannot be justified in this way. However Kneller (1963b, p. 102) insists that the theorist will inevitably be involved in value claims.

Note: Page, chapter or section numbers may be included in the in-text citation if the cited work is long and the information helps the reader locate the relevant information.

When the authors name is mentioned in-text (eg. Kneller in the example above) add year and page numbers only to the in-text reference.

Entries that have the same author and year are noted by adding a, b, c etc to the year, both in-text eg. Kneller (1963b, p. 102) and in the Reference List (see entries in Reference List below).

Direct quotes and in-text citations

Examples:
'Having a solid plan as part of research design is essential' (Hatch 2002, p. 46).
or
Hatch (2002, p. 46) believes 'having a solid plan as part of research design is essential.'

Note: Always include page numbers when citing a quotation and enclose the quote in single quotation marks.

Inductive analysis is discussed: Inductive thinking proceeds from the specific to the general. Understandings are generated by starting with specific

elements and finding connections among them. To argue inductively is to begin with particular pieces of evidence,
then pull them together into a meaningful whole. Inductive data analysis is a search for patterns of meaningful data so
the general statements about phenomena under investigation can be made (Hatch 2002, p. 161).

Note: Place a quotation of 30 or more words in your work as a free standing block. These quotes are usually indented eg. 5 spaces and are in a smaller font eg. 1 pt smaller than the surrounding text. Do not enclose the quote in quotation marks.

Reference lists, at the end of your paper, are made like this (arrange your list alphabetically by author).

Hatch, JA 2002,
Doing qualitative research in education settings. State University of New York, .

Kneller, JP 1963a, Is logical thinking logical? Ponsonby & Partridge, Dubbo.

-----1963b, 'Thinking and logical interaction', Brain Logic, vol. 257, no. 4, pp. 54-62.

O'Connor, DJ 1969, An introduction to the philosophy of education, Routledge & Kegan Paul, .
[See the sample Reference list].

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Subject Guides: Referencing and assignment writing: Harvard

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Author-Date system, also known as the Harvard system, is a commonly used method of referencing. A style that applies the Harvard system is often referred to as a Harvard style. This does not mean that every style referred to as Harvard is the same. There are thousands of styles that use the Harvard system.

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This site is a valuable resource as the contents of the post are divided into subsections which makes it easier to locate exactly what you are looking for. The post is short and straight-forward and makes use of distinct headings and subheadings. There is also an additional video to enhance understanding of referencing further.

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Referencing is an important part of academic work. It puts your work in context, demonstrates the breadth and depth of your research, and acknowledges other people's work. You should reference whenever you use someone else's idea.

View video using Microsoft Stream (link opens in a new window, available for University members only)

These webpages explain what referencing is, why it is important and give an overview of the main elements of how to reference. Our Referencing made simple tutorial opens in a new window and covers how to identify your source and create a reference with interactive examples.

Why reference?

Referencing correctly:

helps you to avoid plagiarism by making it clear which ideas are your own and which are someone else's

shows your understanding of the topic

gives supporting evidence for your ideas, arguments and opinions

allows others to identify the sources you have used.

When to reference

Whenever you use an idea from someone else's work, for example from a journal article, textbook or website, you should cite the original author to make it clear where that idea came from. This is the case regardless of whether you have paraphrased, summarised or directly quoted their work. This is a key part of good practice in academic writing.

Read more on:

University and school policies

The University referencing policy (PDF) sets out the referencing requirements that all taught students and tutors are expected to follow.

Each school in the University requires students to use a specific style of referencing. Check the referencing style used in your school before you begin.

All your citations and references should match the style you are using exactly, including any punctuation, capitalisation, italics and bold, and you should use the same referencing style throughout your assignment.

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Advice on why, when and how to reference correctly. Includes guidance on references, citations, bibliographies and how to use quotations.

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This video was helpful because it helped me to understand how to reference in a very straight forward and simple manner.

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How to Reference in an Essay (3 Simple Tips)

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This resource was valuable because they really went into details explaining how to reference. They also explained exactly what needs to be included. Plagiarism was also included which was helpful

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For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide.

Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles.

There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

Bad referencing is a common way for students to lose marks in assignments so it is worth taking the time and effort to learn how to reference correctly.

Why Do We Cite and Reference?

When writing any academic essay, paper, report or assignment, you need to highlight your use of other author's ideas and words so that you:

Give the original author credit for their own ideas and work

Validate your arguments

Enable the reader to follow up on the original work if they wish to

Enable the reader to see how dated the information might be

Prove to your tutors/lecturers that you have read around the subject

Avoid plagiarism

Referencing Styles

There are many different styles of referencing, including Harvard, APA (from the American Psychological Association), Chicago and Vancouver. The Harvard referencing system is of the most popular styles and the remainder of this article deals with this system. However, your university may prefer the use of a different system so check with your lecturer or in your course information as to which referencing style to use.

What is Plagiarism?

Presenting another's ideas as if they are your own - either directly or indirectly

Copying or pasting text and images without saying where they came from

Not showing when a quote is a quote

Summarising information without showing the original source

Changing a few words in a section of text without acknowledging the original author

WARNING:

Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. You are likely to be awarded 0% for an assignment which has evidence of plagiarism. If you continue to plagiarise then you may be excluded from your course.

Most universities will want a signed declaration with submitted work to say that you have not plagiarised.

Universities use anti-plagiarism software to quickly find plagiarised work. This software usually draws on huge databases of web sources, books, journals and all previously submitted student work to compare your work to so you will be found out.

Therefore, if you plagiarise, you are likely to be caught so don't take the risk and reference properly.

Be Organised

When writing an essay, report, dissertation or other piece of academic work, the key to referencing is organisation. As you go along, keep notes of the books and journal articles you have read and the websites you have visited as part of your research process.

There are various tools to help here. Your university may be able to provide you with some specialist software (Endnote - www.endnote.com) or you can simply keep a list in a document or try Zotero ( www.zotero.org) a free plugin for the Firefox browser.

What Needs to be Recorded?

Record as much information as possible in references to make finding the original work simple.

Author/s

Include the author/s name/s where possible. You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'.
Examples:
For one, two or three authors:
Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C

For more than three authors
Jones A et al.

For some sources, especially websites, the name of the author may not be known. In such cases either use the organisation name or the title of the document or webpage.

Example: SkillsYouNeed or What Are Interpersonal Skills.

Date of Publication

You should include the year of publication or a more specific date if appropriate, for journal or newspaper articles/stories. For webpages look for the when the page was last updated. Include dates in brackets (2020) after author information. If no date can be established, then put (no date).

Title of Piece

Include the title of the piece; this could be the name of the book, the title of a journal article or webpage. Titles are usually written in italics. For books you should also include the edition (if not the first) to make finding information easier. Often when books are republished information remains broadly the same but may be reordered, therefore page numbers may change between editions.

Publisher Information

Usually only relevant for books, but for these you should include the publisher name and place of publication.

Page Numbers

If you are referencing a particular part of a book, then you should include the page number/s you have used in your work. Use p. 123 to indicate page 123 or pp. 123-125 to indicate multiple pages.

URL and Date Accessed

For webpages you need to include the full URL of the page (http://www... etc.) and the date you last accessed the page. The web is not static and webpages can be changed/updated/removed at any time, so it is therefore important to record when you found the information you are referencing.
Once you have recorded the information, you have everything you need in order to reference correctly. Your work should be both referenced in the text and include a reference list or bibliography at the end. The in text reference is an abbreviated version of the full reference in your reference list.
Direct Quotes

If you are directly quoting in your text you should enclose the quote in quotation marks, and include author information:

"Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another." SkillsYouNeed (2019)

For longer direct quotations it may be neater to indent the quotation in its own paragraph.

Your reference list should then include the full version of the reference:

SkillsYouNeed (2022) What is Communication? [online] available at www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/what-is-communication.html (Accessed October 14 2022)

For a book you would use, in your text:

"Long before the twelfth century rhetoricians had collected quotations, particularly from classical authors, into anthologies called florilegia..." (Clanchy, M.T, 1993)

The reference list would then include the full reference:

Clanchy, M.T. (1993) From Memory to Written Record England 1066 - 1307 Oxford, Blackwell, p. 115

The same rules also apply when you are referencing indirectly and you have not included a direct quote. If you have used the ideas of another source, reference both in your text at the relevant point and in your reference list or bibliography at the end of your document.

Further Reading from Skills You Need

The Skills You Need Guide for Students
Develop the skills you need to make the most of your time as a student.

Our eBooks are ideal for students at all stages of education, school, college and university. They are full of easy-to-follow practical information that will help you to learn more effectively and get better grades.

Additional Information

When quoting you may sometimes want to leave out some words, in which case use ... (three dots).

"Communication is ... transferring information from one place to another"

If you need to add words to a quote for clarity, then square brackets are used:

"Communication is simply the act [in communication skills] of transferring information from one place to another."

You can use [sic] to note an original error and/or foreign spelling, SkillsYouNeed is a UK site and therefore uses UK spellings:

"The color [sic] of the water..."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide. Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles. There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

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Very concise and in depth article that gives a detailed explanation on how to reference as well as other factors you need to consider to insure that you plagiarise as little as possible.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide.

Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles.

There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

Bad referencing is a common way for students to lose marks in assignments so it is worth taking the time and effort to learn how to reference correctly.

Why Do We Cite and Reference?

When writing any academic essay, paper, report or assignment, you need to highlight your use of other author's ideas and words so that you:

Give the original author credit for their own ideas and work

Validate your arguments

Enable the reader to follow up on the original work if they wish to

Enable the reader to see how dated the information might be

Prove to your tutors/lecturers that you have read around the subject

Avoid plagiarism

Referencing Styles

There are many different styles of referencing, including Harvard, APA (from the American Psychological Association), Chicago and Vancouver. The Harvard referencing system is of the most popular styles and the remainder of this article deals with this system. However, your university may prefer the use of a different system so check with your lecturer or in your course information as to which referencing style to use.

What is Plagiarism?

Presenting another's ideas as if they are your own - either directly or indirectly

Copying or pasting text and images without saying where they came from

Not showing when a quote is a quote

Summarising information without showing the original source

Changing a few words in a section of text without acknowledging the original author

WARNING:

Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. You are likely to be awarded 0% for an assignment which has evidence of plagiarism. If you continue to plagiarise then you may be excluded from your course.

Most universities will want a signed declaration with submitted work to say that you have not plagiarised.

Universities use anti-plagiarism software to quickly find plagiarised work. This software usually draws on huge databases of web sources, books, journals and all previously submitted student work to compare your work to so you will be found out.

Therefore, if you plagiarise, you are likely to be caught so don't take the risk and reference properly.

Be Organised

When writing an essay, report, dissertation or other piece of academic work, the key to referencing is organisation. As you go along, keep notes of the books and journal articles you have read and the websites you have visited as part of your research process.

There are various tools to help here. Your university may be able to provide you with some specialist software (Endnote - www.endnote.com) or you can simply keep a list in a document or try Zotero ( www.zotero.org) a free plugin for the Firefox browser.

What Needs to be Recorded?

Record as much information as possible in references to make finding the original work simple.

Author/s

Include the author/s name/s where possible. You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'.
Examples:
For one, two or three authors:
Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C

For more than three authors
Jones A et al.

For some sources, especially websites, the name of the author may not be known. In such cases either use the organisation name or the title of the document or webpage.

Example: SkillsYouNeed or What Are Interpersonal Skills.

Date of Publication

You should include the year of publication or a more specific date if appropriate, for journal or newspaper articles/stories. For webpages look for the when the page was last updated. Include dates in brackets (2020) after author information. If no date can be established, then put (no date).

Title of Piece

Include the title of the piece; this could be the name of the book, the title of a journal article or webpage. Titles are usually written in italics. For books you should also include the edition (if not the first) to make finding information easier. Often when books are republished information remains broadly the same but may be reordered, therefore page numbers may change between editions.

Publisher Information

Usually only relevant for books, but for these you should include the publisher name and place of publication.

Page Numbers

If you are referencing a particular part of a book, then you should include the page number/s you have used in your work. Use p. 123 to indicate page 123 or pp. 123-125 to indicate multiple pages.

URL and Date Accessed

For webpages you need to include the full URL of the page (http://www... etc.) and the date you last accessed the page. The web is not static and webpages can be changed/updated/removed at any time, so it is therefore important to record when you found the information you are referencing.
Once you have recorded the information, you have everything you need in order to reference correctly. Your work should be both referenced in the text and include a reference list or bibliography at the end. The in text reference is an abbreviated version of the full reference in your reference list.
Direct Quotes

If you are directly quoting in your text you should enclose the quote in quotation marks, and include author information:

"Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another." SkillsYouNeed (2019)

For longer direct quotations it may be neater to indent the quotation in its own paragraph.

Your reference list should then include the full version of the reference:

SkillsYouNeed (2022) What is Communication? [online] available at www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/what-is-communication.html (Accessed October 14 2022)

For a book you would use, in your text:

"Long before the twelfth century rhetoricians had collected quotations, particularly from classical authors, into anthologies called florilegia..." (Clanchy, M.T, 1993)

The reference list would then include the full reference:

Clanchy, M.T. (1993) From Memory to Written Record England 1066 - 1307 Oxford, Blackwell, p. 115

The same rules also apply when you are referencing indirectly and you have not included a direct quote. If you have used the ideas of another source, reference both in your text at the relevant point and in your reference list or bibliography at the end of your document.

Further Reading from Skills You Need

The Skills You Need Guide for Students
Develop the skills you need to make the most of your time as a student.

Our eBooks are ideal for students at all stages of education, school, college and university. They are full of easy-to-follow practical information that will help you to learn more effectively and get better grades.

Additional Information

When quoting you may sometimes want to leave out some words, in which case use ... (three dots).

"Communication is ... transferring information from one place to another"

If you need to add words to a quote for clarity, then square brackets are used:

"Communication is simply the act [in communication skills] of transferring information from one place to another."

You can use [sic] to note an original error and/or foreign spelling, SkillsYouNeed is a UK site and therefore uses UK spellings:

"The color [sic] of the water..."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide. Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles. There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

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This resource is short and simple. It outlines when to use a reference to enhance your writing and to avoid plagiarism

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this video explains referencing in an easy and simple way for you to understand.

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How to Reference in an Essay (3 Simple Tips)

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https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/citing-references/referencingstyles
The video linked above is useful as it summarizes the importance of referencing accurately and within the guidelines of your prescribed referencing style. Referencing is a skill and referencing accurately gives your academic work credibility as well as shows that you have the ability to work honestly and carefully.

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Skip to Main Content

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Styles of referencing

Particular referencing styles are preferred by particular academic disciplines because they work better with the kind of texts that are most commonly used in that discipline. This page includes brief details of each style of referencing used by different departments at Reading. You should always check your course handbook to see which is their preferred style. Remember that if you are studying modules in different departments or schools, they may each prefer a different referencing style.

Find out which style is used in your Department:

Watch this brief video tutorial on Which referencing style should I use?

AMS (American Meteorological Society)

The Department of Meteorology recommend using the AMS style for citations. See your student handbook for more detailed guidance.

Note that AMS style requires that journal names are abbreviated. The following is a source of suitable abbreviations:

APA (American Psychological Association)

APA referencing is a variant on Harvard style. Many of the conventions are the same, with brief author-date citations in brackets in the body of the text and full citations in the reference list. It is usual to include a reference list only rather than a bibliography in APA style. Citations for websites are also slightly different, with no need to include an access or retrieval date unless the page content is likely to change over time.
Sources for more information 7th edition guidance
A new version of the APA style was published in 2019. Departments will gradually switch to this version - check your course handbook.

APA 7th edition differs significantly from APA 6th edition and other Harvard styles in that the place of publication is usually omitted from the reference.

Chicago

Chicago style referencing offers two options for citations:

Notes and bibliography: a numbered style, where a number in the text corresponds to a footnote or endnote containing the full reference, (as in Oxford referencing.) A bibliography lists all referenced sources, plus anything you read but didn't reference.

or

Author-date references: brief author-date citations are inserted in parentheses in the body of the text, (as in Harvard referencing.) A corresponding reference list which only includes sources you have cited in your text.

So if you are asked to use Chicago style referencing, it is especially important to check which format your department wants you to use - notes and bibliography or author-date. You should be able to find more information in your course or module handbook. If you cannot find anything there, do ask your course tutor.
Sources for more information

Harvard

Also known as 'author-date' style. In Harvard style the in-text citation can be in brackets in the body of the text or in footnotes, and uses the author's surname and the date of publication, with the page number if it is a reference to a particular page. Full details are only listed in the bibliography or reference list.

Note that because Harvard is a 'style' rather than a system or set of rules, the preferred punctuation and formatting of the text may differ and your School/Department might have their own preferred version. Check your course handbook or the information in your subject guide for details of any local variations:

Sources for more information

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LibGuides: Citing references: Different styles & systems of referencing

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Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

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This article is useful as it highlights all the important styles of academic writing. It also provides the best way to write in each of theses styles e.g. being efficient and informative.

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Academic writing is a formal style of writing used in universities and scholarly publications. You'll encounter it in journal articles and books on academic topics, and you'll be expected to write your essays, research papers, and dissertation in academic style.

Academic writing follows the same writing process as other types of texts, but it has specific conventions in terms of content, structure and style.

Types of academic writing

Academics mostly write texts intended for publication, such as journal articles, reports, books, and chapters in edited collections. For students, the most common types of academic writing assignments are listed below.

Different fields of study have different priorities in terms of the writing they produce. For example, in scientific writing it's crucial to clearly and accurately report methods and results; in the humanities, the focus is on constructing convincing arguments through the use of textual evidence. However, most academic writing shares certain key principles intended to help convey information as effectively as possible.

Whether your goal is to pass your degree, apply to graduate school, or build an academic career, effective writing is an essential skill.

Academic writing is...

Academic writing aims to convey information in an impartial way. The goal is to base arguments on the evidence under consideration, not the author's preconceptions. All claims should be supported with relevant evidence, not just asserted.

To avoid bias, it's important to represent the work of other researchers and the results of your own research fairly and accurately. This means clearly outlining your methodology and being honest about the limitations of your research.

The formal style used in academic writing ensures that research is presented consistently across different texts, so that studies can be objectively assessed and compared with other research.

Because of this, it's important to strike the right tone with your language choices. Avoid informal language, including slang, contractions, clichés, and conversational phrases:

It's important to use clear and precise language to ensure that your reader knows exactly what you mean. This means being as specific as possible and avoiding vague language:

Avoid hedging your claims with words like "perhaps," as this can give the impression that you lack confidence in your arguments. Reflect on your word choice to ensure it accurately and directly conveys your meaning:

This could perhaps suggest that...

This suggests that...

Specialist language or jargon is common and often necessary in academic writing, which generally targets an audience of other academics in related fields.

However, jargon should be used to make your writing more concise and accurate, not to make it more complicated. A specialist term should be used when:

It conveys information more precisely than a comparable non-specialist term.

Your reader is likely to be familiar with the term.

The term is commonly used by other researchers in your field.

The best way to familiarize yourself with the kind of jargon used in your field is to read papers by other researchers and pay attention to their language.

Focused and well structured

An academic text is not just a collection of ideas about a topic-it needs to have a clear purpose. Start with a relevant research question or thesis statement, and use it to develop a focused argument. Only include information that is relevant to your overall purpose.

A coherent structure is crucial to organize your ideas. Pay attention to structure at three levels: the structure of the whole text, paragraph structure, and sentence structure.

Overall structure

Always include an introduction and a conclusion.

Divide longer texts into chapters or sections with clear headings.

Make sure information is presented in a logical order.

Paragraph structure

Start a new paragraph when you move onto a new idea.

Use a topic sentence at the start of each paragraph to indicate what it's about, and make clear transitions between paragraphs.

Make sure every paragraph is relevant to your argument or question.

Sentence structure

Academic writing uses sources to support its claims. Sources are other texts (or media objects like photographs or films) that the author analyzes or uses as evidence. Many of your sources will be written by other academics; academic writing is collaborative and builds on previous research.

It's important to consider which sources are credible and appropriate to use in academic writing. For example, citing Wikipedia is typically discouraged. Don't rely on websites for information; instead, use academic databases and your university library to find credible sources.

You must always cite your sources in academic writing. This means acknowledging whenever you quote or paraphrase someone else's work by including a citation in the text and a reference list at the end.

In-text citation

Elsewhere, it has been argued that the method is "the best currently available" (Smith, 2019, p. 25).

Reference list

Smith, J. (2019). Statistical analysis methods (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Norton.

There are many different citation styles with different rules. The most common styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago. Make sure to consistently follow whatever style your institution requires. If you don't cite correctly, you may get in trouble for plagiarism. A good plagiarism checker can help you catch any issues before it's too late.

You can easily create accurate citations in APA or MLA style using our Citation Generators.
APA Citation Generator MLA Citation Generator
As well as following the rules of grammar, punctuation, and citation, it's important to consistently apply stylistic conventions regarding:

In some cases there are several acceptable approaches that you can choose between-the most important thing is to apply the same rules consistently and to carefully proofread your text before you submit. If you don't feel confident in your own proofreading abilities, you can get help from Scribbr's professional proofreading services or Grammar Checker.

Academic writing is not...

Academic writing generally tries to avoid being too personal. Information about the author may come in at some points-for example in the acknowledgements or in a personal reflection-but for the most part the text should focus on the research itself.

Always avoid addressing the reader directly with the second-person pronoun "you." Use the impersonal pronoun "one" or an alternate phrasing instead for generalizations:

As a teacher, you must treat your students fairly.

As a teacher, one must treat one's students fairly.

Teachers must treat their students fairly.

The use of the first-person pronoun "I" used to be similarly discouraged in academic writing, but it is increasingly accepted in many fields. If you're unsure whether to use the first person, pay attention to conventions in your field or ask your instructor.

When you refer to yourself, it should be for good reason. You can position yourself and describe what you did during the research, but avoid arbitrarily inserting your personal thoughts and feelings:

In my opinion...

I think that...

I like/dislike...

I conducted interviews with...

I argue that...

I hope to achieve...

Many students think their writing isn't academic unless it's over-complicated and long-winded. This isn't a good approach-instead, aim to be as concise and direct as possible.

If a term can be cut or replaced with a more straightforward one without affecting your meaning, it should be. Avoid redundant phrasings in your text, and try replacing phrasal verbs with their one-word equivalents where possible:

Interest in this phenomenon carried on in the year 2018.

Interest in this phenomenon continued in 2018.

Repetition is a part of academic writing-for example, summarizing earlier information in the conclusion-but it's important to avoid unnecessary repetition. Make sure that none of your sentences are repeating a point you've already made in different words.

An academic text is not the same thing as a literary, journalistic, or marketing text. Though you're still trying to be persuasive, a lot of techniques from these styles are not appropriate in an academic context. Specifically, you should avoid appeals to emotion and inflated claims.

Though you may be writing about a topic that's sensitive or important to you, the point of academic writing is to clearly communicate ideas, information, and arguments, not to inspire an emotional response. Avoid using emotive or subjective language:

This horrible tragedy was obviously one of the worst catastrophes in construction history.

The injury and mortality rates of this accident were among the highest in construction history.

Students are sometimes tempted to make the case for their topic with exaggerated, unsupported claims and flowery language. Stick to specific, grounded arguments that you can support with evidence, and don't overstate your point:

Charles Dickens is the greatest writer of the Victorian period, and his influence on all subsequent literature is enormous.

Charles Dickens is one of the best-known writers of the Victorian period and has had a significant influence on the development of the English novel.

Useful tools for academic writing

There are a a lot of writing tools that will make your writing process faster and easier. We'll highlight three of them below.

Paraphrasing tool

AI writing tools like ChatGPT and a paraphrasing tool can help you rewrite text so that your ideas are clearer, you don't repeat yourself, and your writing has a consistent tone.

They can also help you write more clearly about sources without having to quote them directly. Be warned, though: it's still crucial to give credit to all sources in the right way to prevent plagiarism.

Grammar checker

Writing tools that scan your text for punctuation, spelling, and grammar mistakes. When it detects a mistake the grammar checker will give instant feedback and suggest corrections. Helping you write clearly and avoid common mistakes.

Summarizer

You can use a summarizer if you want to condense text into its most important and useful ideas. With a summarizer tool, you can make it easier to understand complicated sources. You can also use the tool to make your research question clearer and summarize your main argument.

Academic writing checklist

Use the checklist below to assess whether you have followed the rules of effective academic writing.

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What Is Academic Writing? | Dos and Don'ts for Students

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Academic writing is used in universities and scholarly publications. It aims to be clear, unbiased, concise, consistent, and well structured.

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This resource was valuable because it highlighted the significance of citing, referencing and the various referencing styles.

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For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide.

Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles.

There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

Bad referencing is a common way for students to lose marks in assignments so it is worth taking the time and effort to learn how to reference correctly.

Why Do We Cite and Reference?

When writing any academic essay, paper, report or assignment, you need to highlight your use of other author's ideas and words so that you:

Give the original author credit for their own ideas and work

Validate your arguments

Enable the reader to follow up on the original work if they wish to

Enable the reader to see how dated the information might be

Prove to your tutors/lecturers that you have read around the subject

Avoid plagiarism

Referencing Styles

There are many different styles of referencing, including Harvard, APA (from the American Psychological Association), Chicago and Vancouver. The Harvard referencing system is of the most popular styles and the remainder of this article deals with this system. However, your university may prefer the use of a different system so check with your lecturer or in your course information as to which referencing style to use.

What is Plagiarism?

Presenting another's ideas as if they are your own - either directly or indirectly

Copying or pasting text and images without saying where they came from

Not showing when a quote is a quote

Summarising information without showing the original source

Changing a few words in a section of text without acknowledging the original author

WARNING:

Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. You are likely to be awarded 0% for an assignment which has evidence of plagiarism. If you continue to plagiarise then you may be excluded from your course.

Most universities will want a signed declaration with submitted work to say that you have not plagiarised.

Universities use anti-plagiarism software to quickly find plagiarised work. This software usually draws on huge databases of web sources, books, journals and all previously submitted student work to compare your work to so you will be found out.

Therefore, if you plagiarise, you are likely to be caught so don't take the risk and reference properly.

Be Organised

When writing an essay, report, dissertation or other piece of academic work, the key to referencing is organisation. As you go along, keep notes of the books and journal articles you have read and the websites you have visited as part of your research process.

There are various tools to help here. Your university may be able to provide you with some specialist software (Endnote - www.endnote.com) or you can simply keep a list in a document or try Zotero ( www.zotero.org) a free plugin for the Firefox browser.

What Needs to be Recorded?

Record as much information as possible in references to make finding the original work simple.

Author/s

Include the author/s name/s where possible. You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'.
Examples:
For one, two or three authors:
Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C

For more than three authors
Jones A et al.

For some sources, especially websites, the name of the author may not be known. In such cases either use the organisation name or the title of the document or webpage.

Example: SkillsYouNeed or What Are Interpersonal Skills.

Date of Publication

You should include the year of publication or a more specific date if appropriate, for journal or newspaper articles/stories. For webpages look for the when the page was last updated. Include dates in brackets (2020) after author information. If no date can be established, then put (no date).

Title of Piece

Include the title of the piece; this could be the name of the book, the title of a journal article or webpage. Titles are usually written in italics. For books you should also include the edition (if not the first) to make finding information easier. Often when books are republished information remains broadly the same but may be reordered, therefore page numbers may change between editions.

Publisher Information

Usually only relevant for books, but for these you should include the publisher name and place of publication.

Page Numbers

If you are referencing a particular part of a book, then you should include the page number/s you have used in your work. Use p. 123 to indicate page 123 or pp. 123-125 to indicate multiple pages.

URL and Date Accessed

For webpages you need to include the full URL of the page (http://www... etc.) and the date you last accessed the page. The web is not static and webpages can be changed/updated/removed at any time, so it is therefore important to record when you found the information you are referencing.
Once you have recorded the information, you have everything you need in order to reference correctly. Your work should be both referenced in the text and include a reference list or bibliography at the end. The in text reference is an abbreviated version of the full reference in your reference list.
Direct Quotes

If you are directly quoting in your text you should enclose the quote in quotation marks, and include author information:

"Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another." SkillsYouNeed (2019)

For longer direct quotations it may be neater to indent the quotation in its own paragraph.

Your reference list should then include the full version of the reference:

SkillsYouNeed (2022) What is Communication? [online] available at www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/what-is-communication.html (Accessed October 14 2022)

For a book you would use, in your text:

"Long before the twelfth century rhetoricians had collected quotations, particularly from classical authors, into anthologies called florilegia..." (Clanchy, M.T, 1993)

The reference list would then include the full reference:

Clanchy, M.T. (1993) From Memory to Written Record England 1066 - 1307 Oxford, Blackwell, p. 115

The same rules also apply when you are referencing indirectly and you have not included a direct quote. If you have used the ideas of another source, reference both in your text at the relevant point and in your reference list or bibliography at the end of your document.

Further Reading from Skills You Need

The Skills You Need Guide for Students
Develop the skills you need to make the most of your time as a student.

Our eBooks are ideal for students at all stages of education, school, college and university. They are full of easy-to-follow practical information that will help you to learn more effectively and get better grades.

Additional Information

When quoting you may sometimes want to leave out some words, in which case use ... (three dots).

"Communication is ... transferring information from one place to another"

If you need to add words to a quote for clarity, then square brackets are used:

"Communication is simply the act [in communication skills] of transferring information from one place to another."

You can use [sic] to note an original error and/or foreign spelling, SkillsYouNeed is a UK site and therefore uses UK spellings:

"The color [sic] of the water..."

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For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide. Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles. There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

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Referencing Explained by the University of Leeds

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Referencing Explained by the University of Leeds

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This video was useful because it gave examples of what referencing will look like and how we have seen it in texts we have read before. It also mentioned the importance of referencing.

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LibGuides: Harvard referencing quick guide: Citing and referencing material

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An online guide to referencing and citing using the Harvard style

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Here is a link which shows how Harvard style referencing works

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Here is a link which shows how Harvard style referencing works

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This is one part of a series of videos. This channel has multiple videos to help students learn how to reference. The videos are short and informative and students can look back to these videos at any time.

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How to Reference in an Essay (3 Simple Tips)

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I found this helpful because it was a detailed article with a short video clearly explaining how to reference in different scenarios

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Getting started with Harvard referencing

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Getting started with Harvard referencing

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i really like that this one is color coded which helps me understand the content better and shows a different kind of referencing style

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This is very helpful, its a citation generator, that helps you make citations according to your desired style.

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APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's free citation generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations.

This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020).

APA in-text citations

The basics

APA in-text citations include the author's last name, publication date, and, if relevant, a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example, (Smith, 2021, p. 170). See it as a shorter version of the entry in the reference list.

You should include in-text citations every time you're quoting or paraphrasing someone else's ideas or words. In doing so, you give credit to the original author and avoid plagiarism.

Parenthetical vs. narrative citation

The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr's APA Citation Generator.

Parenthetical citation: According to new research ... (Smith, 2020).

Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that ...

Multiple authors and corporate authors

The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.

Missing information

When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.

*Format the title based on its formatting in the corresponding reference entry (either italicized or, if the title in the reference entry is not italicized, placed in quotation marks). Use title case capitalization.

APA references

The basics

APA references generally include information about the author, publication date, title, and source. Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.

Reference examples

Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr's Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization.

Missing information

It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.

Formatting the APA reference page

The basics

On the reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited throughout your paper. Place the page, right after the main body and before any appendices.

On the first line of the page, write the section label "References" (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order.

Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:

Double spacing (within and between references)

Hanging indent of ½ inch

Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)

Page number in the top right header

Which sources to include

On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can't access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).

Tools and resources

In addition to the APA Citation Generator, Scribbr provides many more tools and resources that help millions of students and academics every month.

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Free APA Citation Generator | Verified by Experts | Scribbr

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How to create APA citations APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's free

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This source is useful because it succinctly sums up all of the ways that different types of sources are referenced.

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I found this helpful as it is an anatomy of an example of Harvard referencing. It can be used as a comparison for when one needs to quickly check if they have referenced correctly and it is not confusing.

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It helps explain the different referencing styles.

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Menu

Reference list

All citations and references used for this tutorial can be found on the reference list page.

Accessible alternative versions of tutorial content

Other topics in citing and referencing

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Last updated: Dec 2021

Copyright © 2022 Monash University

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Menu All citations and references used for this tutorial can be found on the reference list page. Registered higher education provider Monash University: 00008CMonash College: 01857J Chief Marketing OfficerUniversity Marketing, Admissions and Communications Library Webmaster Team Last updated: Dec 2021 Copyright © 2022 Monash University

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This was valuable as it simply lays out how to reference

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It shows the format for in-text citations and reference lists for every kind of source.

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This video explain how to correctly use Harvard referencing in a quick and effective manner

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HOW TO HARVARD REFERENCE RESEARCH ARTICLES IN 1 MINUTE | Easy Follow Me Guide | Dissertation Tips

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This video explains what referencing is, when you should reference and how you should reference.

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Lynette Pretorius: Academic Language and Literacy

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This guide is helpful to anyone who is unsure about how to use the Harvard Referencing Style. It shows you how to reference from a variety of sources, whether it is a journal, e-book or anything in between.

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This video allows you to understand what referencing is, how to identify when something is referenced and when to reference.

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Referencing is an important part of academic work. It puts your work in context, demonstrates the breadth and depth of your research, and acknowledges other people's work. You should reference whenever you use someone else's idea.

View video using Microsoft Stream (link opens in a new window, available for University members only)

These webpages explain what referencing is, why it is important and give an overview of the main elements of how to reference. Our Referencing made simple tutorial opens in a new window and covers how to identify your source and create a reference with interactive examples.

Why reference?

Referencing correctly:

helps you to avoid plagiarism by making it clear which ideas are your own and which are someone else's

shows your understanding of the topic

gives supporting evidence for your ideas, arguments and opinions

allows others to identify the sources you have used.

When to reference

Whenever you use an idea from someone else's work, for example from a journal article, textbook or website, you should cite the original author to make it clear where that idea came from. This is the case regardless of whether you have paraphrased, summarised or directly quoted their work. This is a key part of good practice in academic writing.

Read more on:

University and school policies

The University referencing policy (PDF) sets out the referencing requirements that all taught students and tutors are expected to follow.

Each school in the University requires students to use a specific style of referencing. Check the referencing style used in your school before you begin.

All your citations and references should match the style you are using exactly, including any punctuation, capitalisation, italics and bold, and you should use the same referencing style throughout your assignment.

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Advice on why, when and how to reference correctly. Includes guidance on references, citations, bibliographies and how to use quotations.

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This video was valuable because it .made me understand more about referencing particularly using the Harvard style. it show|d me how to use it correctly and gave me comprehendible examples

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How To Reference - Harvard Style Referencing Guide | Swinburne Online

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https://guides.lib.monash.edu/citing-referencing/APA-In-text
this source explains what in text citation is and shows you many examples and situations where in text citation is needed.

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Subject guides: Citing and referencing: In-text citations

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A guide to the styles recommended by Monash schools and departments for students and researchers

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https://youtu.be/PfkpemU0uVI
This video explains how to use the APA referencing style, which is useful for medical students as this is the referencing style I’ve heard that they use. It also gives detailed and specific steps to follow on how to reference and is recent as it was released in 2021.

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This resource was helpful as it shows why a reference list is important as well as characteristics of a reference list

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A Reference List is an indication of all of the sources that you used to write your research paper. This includes anything that you summarize, paraphrase or quote in your assignment. If you borrow an idea to include in your paper, you need to make a reference to the source of the idea in your reference list.
Why are reference lists important?
Reference lists are important for three main reasons:

1. To give credit to the authors for the contribution of their ideas and research to your assignment

2. To lend credibility to your assignment by demonstrating you used high-quality sources to support your points

3. To avoid plagiarism

Here are the characteristics of a reference list:

It appears at the end of your research paper on a separate page

Each entry on your list includes the bibliographic information (author, year, title, source) so that your readers can find the sources

Reference lists are organized alphabetically by author's last name

There are different citation styles of reference lists. Common citation styles at Sheridan include APA (often used in business programs), MLA (often used in arts programs) and AMA (often used in medical programs) to name a few.

There are different ways (rules) for listing different source types that you use to research and write your essay. For example, the rules for listing a website are different than the rules for listing a newspaper article.

To create an accurate reference list entry, you will need to decide which citation style you will use and then determine the type of source you are working with (book, magazine, blog, etc). It is important to carefully follow the order, capitalization, punctuation, and font formatting for your style and source type.

As mentioned already, the citation style you use often depends on the program you are taking and sometimes even the course. Always check with your professor to see if a specific citation style is expected for your assignment reference list.

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Guides: Academic Writing: Reference list

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A Reference List is an indication of all of the sources that you used to write your research paper. This includes anything that you summarize, paraphrase or quote in your assignment. If you borrow an idea to include in your paper, you need to make a reference to the source of the idea in your reference list.

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This source is valuable as it provides a clear definition as to why referencing is useful and necessary, as well as provides examples of referencing.

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Sample In-Text References

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Sample In-Text References

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This article is very educational it teaches Harvard refrencing style from the fountation

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This article is very educational it teaches Harvard refrencing style from the fountation

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(Roget's thesaurus of English words and phrases, 1987)

Roget's thesarus of English words and phrases. 1987 (1852).

A simple reprint does not warrant specific mention. Where a work is reprinted in a different form, the original date of publication is generally placed in parentheses after the publication date of the reprint.

Book: different works by same author in same year

(Bond, 1991a) (Bond, 1991b)

Bond, G. 1991a. Business ethics. Sydney: McGraw-Hill.

Bond, G. 1991b. Corporate governance. London: Irwin.

Dictionary or Encyclopaedia

The Macquarie Dictionary (2010)

(The Encyclopaedia of Australian Architecture)

Do not include in reference list

(Improve indigenous housing, 2007)
Use first few words of the page title

Improve indigenous housing now, government told. 2007. Available from: http://www.architecture.com.au/i-cms?page=10220. [8 February 2009].

(OpenOffice.org, 2005)

OpenOffice.org, computer software. 2005. Available from: http://www.openoffice.org [11 January 2005].

(Leonardo da Vinci, 2012)

'Art Wikia', Leonardo da Vinci, (wiki article). October 8, 2012. Available from: http://art.wikia.com/wikia/Leonardo_Da_Vinci. [26 October 2012].

As Wikis usually feature user generated content there is usually no named author. Cite the title of the Wiki and date of last revision

(The History of Project management, 2010)

The history of project management. 2010. (Video file). Available from: http://youtube.com/watch?v=C1uxCBx-UQ. [26 October 2012].

(Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005 (Cth))

Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005 (Cth).

Conference proceeding paper: print

Riley, D. 1992. 'Industrial relations in Australian education', in Contemporary Australasian industrial relations: proceedings of the sixth AIRAANZ conference, ed. D Blackmur, AIRAANZ, Sydney, 124-140.

Conference proceeding paper: unpublished

(Brown & Caste, 1990)

Brown, S. & Caste, V. 2004. 'Integrated obstacle detection framework'. Paper presented at the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IEEE, Detroit, MI.

All or part of a table, figure, or data used in text: from a print journal

Note. From [ or The data in column # are from] 'Evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices using dynamic modelling' (Ackerman & Stein, 2008: 634)

Ackerman, D. & Stein, E.D. 2008. Evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices using dynamic modelling. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 134(8): 629-639.

Add in-text citation to the text of the illustration's caption.

All or part of a table, figure or data used in text: from a book

Note. From [ or The data in column # are from] Thermophysical properties of fluids p. 113 (Assael, 1998: 70)

Assael, M. 1998. Thermophysical properties of fluids. London: Imperial College Press.

Add in-text citation to the text of the illustration's caption.

All or part of a table, figure or data used in text: from the web

Note. From [ or The data in column # are from] International merchandise imports Australia, January 2009 (ABS, 2009)

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, International merchandise imports Australia, January 2009 (No. 5439.0). Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/5439.0?OpenDocument . [6 March 2014].

Add in-text citation to the text of the illustration's caption.

Telephone call, interview, e-mail, etc.

If the information you are referencing was obtained by a personal communication such as a telephone call, interview or email, this should be documented in the text and are not added to the reference list. If desired you can add the abbreviation pers.comm. to the reference.

When interviewed on 6 June 2008, Mr M Ward confirmed...

(Mrs S Byrne 2012, pers.comm., 6 June)

Citing information that someone else has cited

(O'Reilly, cited in Byrne, 2008)

Byrne, A. 2008. Web 2.0 strategies in libraries and information services. The Australian Library Journal, 57(4): 365-376.
In the reference list provide the details of the author who has done the citing.

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LibGuides: Harvard Referencing Style Guide: All examples

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This guide shows students and staff how to reference using the Harvard Referencing style.

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This is an excellent website that explains the Harvard style reference method.

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Web document with DOI

The format is for citing a document such as a PDF file in a web site published by government or organisations and a DOI is provided for the document.

In-Text Citation:

Author Surname, Initial/s Year, Title of specific document, Publisher if applicable, doi.

Example 1 PDF document from a web site

In-Text Citation:

(International Energy Agency 2020)
(International Energy Agency 2020, p. 32)

International Energy Agency (IEA) 2020, Luxembourg 2020: energy policy review, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/54355dd7-en.

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LibGuides: Harvard Referencing Guide: Websites

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Web document with DOI The format is for citing a document such as a PDF file in a web site published by government or organisations and a DOI is provided for the document. In-Text Citation: Author Surname, Initial/s Year, Title of specific document, Publisher if applicable, doi.

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Different styles and systems of referencing

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I found this website really valuable because it provides at kinds of refencing, so it would be helpful to all university students with differing referencing styles.

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This easy to follow and fun video will not only help, but provide tips, which I see as extra knowledge.

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How to Reference in an Essay (3 Simple Tips)

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I find this article useful because it's well structured and gives plenty of examples in order to illustrate the point and make it easier to understand.

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I find this article useful because it's well structured and gives plenty of examples in order to illustrate the point and make it easier to understand.

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Cite this for Me | Free Reference Generator - Harvard, APA, MLA, Chicago...

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What is an in-text citation?

An in-text citation is a reference made within the body of text of an academic essay. The in-text citation alerts the reader to a source that has informed your own writing.

The exact format of an in-text citation will depend on the style you need to use, for example, APA. Check with your academic institution to ensure you provide the in-text citations in the format they are expecting and use Cite This For Me's citation generator to create them for you, automatically.

How to write an in-text citation

In most cases only the author's last name, date of publication and page number from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken needs to be included, with the complete reference appearing in your bibliography (or works cited) page at the end of your essay.

The in-text citation should be presented in brackets directly after the text you have quoted or paraphrased so it's easy for the reader to identify. In some cases, in-text citations are presented as a superscript number, with the corresponding number listed in your bibliography.

Looking for an easier option? Why not let Cite This For Me do the hard work for you by using our mobile app or free web tool. We've got over 7,000 styles in our books and are constantly adding new ones, so we're sure to have the style you need.

APA Format In-Text Citations

In APA format, in-text citations can follow a direct quote or paraphrased information. For direct quotes, the in-text citation should immediately follow. If you're citing a book, the in-text citation will usually include the author's surname, the year of publication and the relevant page number or numbers, enclosed by parentheses.
Structure:

Quote or paraphrase (Author's surname, Year of publication, p.#).

For example:

"All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us," said Gandalf (Tolkien, 1954, p. 20).

If you reference the author within the text, however, you don't need to include it in the in-text citation.
For example:

In the first book in the Lord of the Rings trilogy, The Fellowship of the Ring, J.R.R. Tolkien writes, "All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us." (1954, p. 20)

If you're referencing paraphrased information then a page number is not always needed. It depends on whether you wish to direct your reader to a specific section.
For example:

The universal theme of The Lord of the Rings is the battle between good and evil (Tolkien, 1954).

When explaining the history of the ring to Frodo, Gandalf touches on themes of fate and having a pre-ordained purpose (Tolkien, 1954, p. 20).

Don't forget to also add regular citations for the sources to your bibliography at the end of the paper.

MLA and Chicago Formatting

To keep you on your toes, the different formats follow different rules for in-text citations. For example, MLA format in-text citations don't usually include a publication date and typically use the author's last name or the first item included in the full citation if not the author's name.

For example, let's take the same in-text citation example from above and put it into MLA format.

"All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us," said Gandalf (Tolkien 20).

In MLA format, in-text citations can either be included in the prose or as a parenthetical citation (or a combination of the two). Any information about the source that is included in the prose does not need to be included in the parenthetical citation. For example, using the above example, a citation in prose would be:

In Tolkien's book, Gandalf says, "All we have to decide is what to do with the time that is given us," (20).

In this case, if the source didn't have page numbers or if it was not necessary to include the page number, you would not need to include the parenthetical citation.

Chicago style in-text citations can follow the (author, date, page number) in-text citation system, like APA format. Alternatively, some following the Chicago style prefer to use a notes and bibliography system, which does away with in-text citations completely, using numbered footnotes or endnotes instead.

You'll also find variations of in-text citations within each format, depending on factors like the type of source and number of authors. For help understanding how to create in-text citations, you'll find handy citation guides for APA, MLA and Chicago formats on the Cite This For Me website.

Do's and Don'ts of In-text Citations

DO be consistent. One of the most important aspects of citation creation is to make sure you choose a citation style and stick with it throughout your paper. Be sure to check your chosen style's rules for in-text citations, whether you're using APA format or different style, before starting to write your paper. Use those rules from the beginning to end.

DON'T assume. It can be all too easy to say to yourself "the reader will know where this came from" when you include information from another source. This is not a good attitude to have about citations, as leaving out in-text references can lead to you being accused of plagiarism and receiving a poor grade on your assignment. Always choose to be super clear with where your research information has come from.

DO your in-text citations early on. One of the best ways to make sure you haven't left out any in-text citations is to write them immediately after you've referenced a work as you are writing your paper. Waiting until the very end can lead to last-minute paper stress. Making them early can help you make the references for your bibliography, as they serve as a list of outside sources you have used in your work.

DON'T overuse. Contrary to popular belief, you do not need to include an individual in-text citation after each directly quoted sentence. If an entire paragraph or a group of sentences contains information all from the same source, a single in-text citation at the beginning or end of the paragraph will suffice.

DO double check. It is always a good idea to check your in-text citations after you have completed your paper and before you hand it in to your instructor. This is especially important if you have made in-text citations throughout the whole process of writing your paper, as it is unlikely you will remember that error you made two weeks ago. Give your in-text references one last look before turning in your paper for a grade.

DON'T forget to ask your teacher. If you are unsure of how to get started making your in-text citations for your paper, it is always a good idea to speak with your teacher. They can direct you to their preferred citation style, whether it's MLA formatting, or a different style. It is likely that the assignment directions they provide contain details on how to make citations the way that they expect.

DO use Cite This For Me for your next writing assignment! Cite This For Me contains a bibliography builder as well as in-text citation formatting. Check out the site, and you will have access to thousands of styles, including a Harvard referencing generator, and many source types.

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What Are In-Text Citations? | Cite This For Me

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An in-text citation is a reference made within the body of text of an academic essay. The in-text citation alerts the reader to a source that has informed your own writing. The exact format of an in-text citation will depend on the style you need to use, for example, APA.

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this resource gives you insight into what is right and wrong when writing.

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Academic writing is a formal style of writing used in universities and scholarly publications. You'll encounter it in journal articles and books on academic topics, and you'll be expected to write your essays, research papers, and dissertation in academic style.

Academic writing follows the same writing process as other types of texts, but it has specific conventions in terms of content, structure and style.

Types of academic writing

Academics mostly write texts intended for publication, such as journal articles, reports, books, and chapters in edited collections. For students, the most common types of academic writing assignments are listed below.

Different fields of study have different priorities in terms of the writing they produce. For example, in scientific writing it's crucial to clearly and accurately report methods and results; in the humanities, the focus is on constructing convincing arguments through the use of textual evidence. However, most academic writing shares certain key principles intended to help convey information as effectively as possible.

Whether your goal is to pass your degree, apply to graduate school, or build an academic career, effective writing is an essential skill.

Academic writing is...

Academic writing aims to convey information in an impartial way. The goal is to base arguments on the evidence under consideration, not the author's preconceptions. All claims should be supported with relevant evidence, not just asserted.

To avoid bias, it's important to represent the work of other researchers and the results of your own research fairly and accurately. This means clearly outlining your methodology and being honest about the limitations of your research.

The formal style used in academic writing ensures that research is presented consistently across different texts, so that studies can be objectively assessed and compared with other research.

Because of this, it's important to strike the right tone with your language choices. Avoid informal language, including slang, contractions, clichés, and conversational phrases:

It's important to use clear and precise language to ensure that your reader knows exactly what you mean. This means being as specific as possible and avoiding vague language:

Avoid hedging your claims with words like "perhaps," as this can give the impression that you lack confidence in your arguments. Reflect on your word choice to ensure it accurately and directly conveys your meaning:

This could perhaps suggest that...

This suggests that...

Specialist language or jargon is common and often necessary in academic writing, which generally targets an audience of other academics in related fields.

However, jargon should be used to make your writing more concise and accurate, not to make it more complicated. A specialist term should be used when:

It conveys information more precisely than a comparable non-specialist term.

Your reader is likely to be familiar with the term.

The term is commonly used by other researchers in your field.

The best way to familiarize yourself with the kind of jargon used in your field is to read papers by other researchers and pay attention to their language.

Focused and well structured

An academic text is not just a collection of ideas about a topic-it needs to have a clear purpose. Start with a relevant research question or thesis statement, and use it to develop a focused argument. Only include information that is relevant to your overall purpose.

A coherent structure is crucial to organize your ideas. Pay attention to structure at three levels: the structure of the whole text, paragraph structure, and sentence structure.

Overall structure

Always include an introduction and a conclusion.

Divide longer texts into chapters or sections with clear headings.

Make sure information is presented in a logical order.

Paragraph structure

Start a new paragraph when you move onto a new idea.

Use a topic sentence at the start of each paragraph to indicate what it's about, and make clear transitions between paragraphs.

Make sure every paragraph is relevant to your argument or question.

Sentence structure

Academic writing uses sources to support its claims. Sources are other texts (or media objects like photographs or films) that the author analyzes or uses as evidence. Many of your sources will be written by other academics; academic writing is collaborative and builds on previous research.

It's important to consider which sources are credible and appropriate to use in academic writing. For example, citing Wikipedia is typically discouraged. Don't rely on websites for information; instead, use academic databases and your university library to find credible sources.

You must always cite your sources in academic writing. This means acknowledging whenever you quote or paraphrase someone else's work by including a citation in the text and a reference list at the end.

In-text citation

Elsewhere, it has been argued that the method is "the best currently available" (Smith, 2019, p. 25).

Reference list

Smith, J. (2019). Statistical analysis methods (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Norton.

There are many different citation styles with different rules. The most common styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago. Make sure to consistently follow whatever style your institution requires. If you don't cite correctly, you may get in trouble for plagiarism. A good plagiarism checker can help you catch any issues before it's too late.

You can easily create accurate citations in APA or MLA style using our Citation Generators.
APA Citation Generator MLA Citation Generator
As well as following the rules of grammar, punctuation, and citation, it's important to consistently apply stylistic conventions regarding:

In some cases there are several acceptable approaches that you can choose between-the most important thing is to apply the same rules consistently and to carefully proofread your text before you submit. If you don't feel confident in your own proofreading abilities, you can get help from Scribbr's professional proofreading services or Grammar Checker.

Academic writing is not...

Academic writing generally tries to avoid being too personal. Information about the author may come in at some points-for example in the acknowledgements or in a personal reflection-but for the most part the text should focus on the research itself.

Always avoid addressing the reader directly with the second-person pronoun "you." Use the impersonal pronoun "one" or an alternate phrasing instead for generalizations:

As a teacher, you must treat your students fairly.

As a teacher, one must treat one's students fairly.

Teachers must treat their students fairly.

The use of the first-person pronoun "I" used to be similarly discouraged in academic writing, but it is increasingly accepted in many fields. If you're unsure whether to use the first person, pay attention to conventions in your field or ask your instructor.

When you refer to yourself, it should be for good reason. You can position yourself and describe what you did during the research, but avoid arbitrarily inserting your personal thoughts and feelings:

In my opinion...

I think that...

I like/dislike...

I conducted interviews with...

I argue that...

I hope to achieve...

Many students think their writing isn't academic unless it's over-complicated and long-winded. This isn't a good approach-instead, aim to be as concise and direct as possible.

If a term can be cut or replaced with a more straightforward one without affecting your meaning, it should be. Avoid redundant phrasings in your text, and try replacing phrasal verbs with their one-word equivalents where possible:

Interest in this phenomenon carried on in the year 2018.

Interest in this phenomenon continued in 2018.

Repetition is a part of academic writing-for example, summarizing earlier information in the conclusion-but it's important to avoid unnecessary repetition. Make sure that none of your sentences are repeating a point you've already made in different words.

An academic text is not the same thing as a literary, journalistic, or marketing text. Though you're still trying to be persuasive, a lot of techniques from these styles are not appropriate in an academic context. Specifically, you should avoid appeals to emotion and inflated claims.

Though you may be writing about a topic that's sensitive or important to you, the point of academic writing is to clearly communicate ideas, information, and arguments, not to inspire an emotional response. Avoid using emotive or subjective language:

This horrible tragedy was obviously one of the worst catastrophes in construction history.

The injury and mortality rates of this accident were among the highest in construction history.

Students are sometimes tempted to make the case for their topic with exaggerated, unsupported claims and flowery language. Stick to specific, grounded arguments that you can support with evidence, and don't overstate your point:

Charles Dickens is the greatest writer of the Victorian period, and his influence on all subsequent literature is enormous.

Charles Dickens is one of the best-known writers of the Victorian period and has had a significant influence on the development of the English novel.

Useful tools for academic writing

There are a a lot of writing tools that will make your writing process faster and easier. We'll highlight three of them below.

Paraphrasing tool

AI writing tools like ChatGPT and a paraphrasing tool can help you rewrite text so that your ideas are clearer, you don't repeat yourself, and your writing has a consistent tone.

They can also help you write more clearly about sources without having to quote them directly. Be warned, though: it's still crucial to give credit to all sources in the right way to prevent plagiarism.

Grammar checker

Writing tools that scan your text for punctuation, spelling, and grammar mistakes. When it detects a mistake the grammar checker will give instant feedback and suggest corrections. Helping you write clearly and avoid common mistakes.

Summarizer

You can use a summarizer if you want to condense text into its most important and useful ideas. With a summarizer tool, you can make it easier to understand complicated sources. You can also use the tool to make your research question clearer and summarize your main argument.

Academic writing checklist

Use the checklist below to assess whether you have followed the rules of effective academic writing.

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What Is Academic Writing? | Dos and Don'ts for Students

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Academic writing is used in universities and scholarly publications. It aims to be clear, unbiased, concise, consistent, and well structured.

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this video is valuable because it is by CDU and its also a quick and easy to understand in text citations and refernce lists

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Citing in text and creating a reference list

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This youtube video was soo helpful because it gets right to the point and is short and simple -- yet effective.

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This video was very helpful because it provided clarity on the things I didn't understand from the resources that were given earlier.The video also emphasized hoe important it is to acknowledge someone's hard work

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The Wits website shown above is very useful for anyone, from any faculty to access information on referencing styles and in-text referencing regarding their own faculty rules. It is valuable for my peers and myself as the resource is created by our own university indicating exactly what should be expected from us.

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Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

Law - Referencing Styles used at Wits Law School

These are the styles of referencing used by students at Wits Law School (SA Law Journal or SA Journal of Human Rights)

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Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

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The video was useful because it provides a basic outline of how to reference.

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How to Reference in an Essay (3 Simple Tips)

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This video goes over many of the concepts covered so far in the referencing portion of this Academic integrity course. It is valuable since it can be used as a "refresher" to help refresh ones memory of the referencing process..

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An Introduction to the Harvard Referencing System

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This website covers the Harvard Referencing system as well as gives samples of this.

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Sample In-Text References

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Sample In-Text References

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The Wits Health Science Style guide gives a succinct explanation of why referencing is necessary and what it is. It also provides guidelines on the Vancouver Style, which is somewhat different to the Harvard Style, and used specifically in Health Sciences. It holds a wealth of information on referencing for many formats, such as images and e-publications.

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Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES STYLE GUIDE FOR THESES, DISSERTATIONS AND RESEARCH REPORTS - March 2016 version

TurnitIn: Avoiding Plagiarism

Use TurnItIn to check your writing for plagiarism before handing it in. This can be accessed only on Ulwazi where access has been set up on your specific courses. For help, please phone Wits ICT 0117171717 or email for assistance

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LibGuides: WHSL Vancouver Citation Style Guide for Theses, Dissertations and Research Reports: Faculty of Health Sciences Style Guide

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Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

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I think this video is helpful, because it shows examples of references within a paragraph. This is how I predict we will be doing majority of our work so a demonstrated example helps paint a clearer image on how to do it correctly.

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How to Reference in an Essay (3 Simple Tips)

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Referencing styles

There are four widely-used referencing styles or conventions. They are called the MLA (Modern Languages Association) system, the APA (American Psychological Association) system, the Harvard system, and the MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) system.

If you are producing essays for a particular institution or even a particular department make sure you know what system it is using. Your tutors may specify one of the four listed above or they may use another one entirely. Some departments will produce sheets explaining which system they want you to use.

You can also find detailed guides to these systems in your institution's library or on the internet. The Modern Humanities Research Association also publish the MHRA Style Book which is available from bookshops like Blackwells for around a fiver.

The following sections give the important aspects of the four conventions. For more detail, you will need to look in some of the places I've suggested.

The MLA system is a parenthetical system: i.e. bracketed references in the body of your essay are linked to full length citations in the bibliography at the end of your essay. The bracket in the body of the essay contains only the author's surname and the page number or numbers you are referring to. For example: There are a number of different referencing styles or conventions but there are four that are used most widely. (Kennedy, 17).

If your essay quotes from two or more works by the same author then the bracketed reference should include a shortened version of the title to indicate which book is being referred to. (Kennedy, New Relations, 26)

A bibliography compiled according to MLA conventions lists items alphabetically by the author's last name. Each entry should include, in the following order: the author's name in full, the title of the book, the place of publication, the publisher, and the date. For example: Kennedy, David. New Relations: The Refashioning of British Poetry 1980-1994. Bridgend: Seren, 1996. Pay attention to how the entry is punctuated as that is part of the system too.

The APA system is also a parenthetical system but the bracketed references in the body of your essay are: the author's surname, the date of publication and the page or page numbers you are referring to. For example: There are a number of different referencing styles or conventions but there are four that are used most widely (Kennedy, 2003, p. 17). The reference always goes at the end of the sentence before the full stop.

A bibliography compiled according to APA conventions lists items alphabetically by the author's last name. Each entry should include, in the following order: the author's surname, their first initial, the date of publication in brackets, the title of the book, the place of publication and the publisher. For example: Kennedy, D. (1996) New Relations: The Refashioning of British Poetry 1980-1994. Bridgend: Seren. Again, pay attention to how the entry is punctuated as that is part of the system too.

The Harvard system is another parenthetical system and the bracketed references in the body of your essay are: the author's surname and the date of publication. The list of works at the end of the essay is headed 'References'. The works listed in it appear in alphabetical order by the author's surname and follow the same format as the APA system.

The MHRA system does not use bracketed references in the body of an essay. Instead, superscript numbers like this ¹ are linked to a sequence of notes which appear either at the foot of the page or in a section at the end of your essay. The note contains the full reference for the book or article you are referring to. Here's what an MHRA note reference looks like:

¹ David Kennedy, New Relations: The Refashioning of British Poetry 1980-1994. (Bridgend: Seren, 1996), p.26.

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Referencing styles There are four widely-used referencing styles or conventions. They are called the MLA (Modern Languages Association) system, the APA (American Psychological Association) system, the Harvard system, and the MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) system. If you are producing essays for a particular institution or even a particular department make sure you know what ...

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This source, related to Lund University(2021), mainly focuses on "functions of referencing" and ways on using different referencing styles.

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When and why are references given? In this section, the main functions of sources and references in academic writing are explained.

In order to present your ideas and findings, you have to discuss them in comparison or in contrast to previous research. Depending on what kind of text you are writing and what kind of sources you base your writing on, these sources may have different functions, however. Perhaps you refer to a source as a starting point, for instance, if you wish to challenge previous research. You can also refer to previous research in order to back up your own findings or ideas. Whatever use you make of sources, your reference should always have a clear function and it must be relevant to the argument of your text.

When and why are references given?

References are given whenever a source, which supplies some kind of fact, idea, or evidence, is used. In most academic texts, references have at least one of the following, sometimes overlapping, functions:

To acknowledge previous research in the field

By referring to previous, relevant, studies, you can present opposing views within the field while giving background information on the topic. In doing this, you also provide a basis for your own argument. This means that in your writing, you need to demonstrate your awareness of previous and related research within the field. In some disciplines, there is a designated part in essays and research papers for previous research, whereas such acknowledgements may be given anywhere in the text in other disciplines.

The extract below comes from an article on evolutionary responses to anthropogenic changes to ecosystems. It comes from a journal titled Molecular Ecology. By referring to previous research in the field, the authors provide a factual background to their own discussion:

Humanity already captures and uses more than half of the available fresh water on a global basis (Postel et al. 1996), largely through diversions and impoundments to rivers (Vitousek et al. 1997). Major dams typically remain in place for decades to centuries, producing long-lasting changes to natural ecosystems. These effects are pervasive: approximately 40 000 'large' (> 15 m tall) dams are in place worldwide (ICOLD 1998), and the vast majority of major rivers are impounded (McCully 2001). These impoundments have a particularly dramatic effect on the distribution, abundance, and life histories of migratory aquatic species (Merritt & Wohl 2002).
(Waples, Zabel, Scheuerell, & Sanderson, 2007, p. 84-85)

Comment: Here, too, an author-date reference style has been used. The sources referred to are placed in chronological order, thereby providing a brief overview of the progress within the research field.

To position new research in relation to previous publications

A central aim of research is to expand knowledge. In order to show what is new, scholarly writers need to position their work in relation to previous research in the field. This positioning is carried out in different ways, depending on discipline and text type. A common method is to present previous research and then present new facts that either expand the knowledge presented by earlier research, or, indeed, contradict it. In order to show what is new in their essay or article, writers thus need to acknowledge what has previously been published within the field.

To present primary data to support the writer's claim

Depending on discipline, writers use different kinds of primary data to support their claims, and the use they make of such data will differ. A research article within the fields of Medicine or Science will be backed up by clinical or experimental evidence (that is, evidence gathered and analysed for the study that is being reported). Similarly, a literary analysis will be backed up by textual evidence (that is, evidence from the text that is being analysed). As practices vary between disciplines, students are advised to consult their supervisors regarding appropriate ways of presenting primary data.

Danger of over-referencing

It is important to consider the relevance of the references that are being used. In the hope of showing everything that the writer has read, a common beginner's mistake is to insert too many and, thereby, irrelevant references. A common kind of over-referencing occurs when references are given to facts that can be seen as common knowledge; if readers to whom the text is directed can be expected to know a general fact that is being stated in the text, no reference is needed. Consequently, writers need to be aware of the audience for which they are writing. Note that over-referencing does not strengthen the writer's argument but may have the opposite effect!

Videos on related topics

In the videos below, you will find information on why to use sources and how references can help you build your argument.

Instructional videos from the free online MOOC "Writing in English at University" which was developed at Lund University in 2016.

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When and why are references given? In this section, the main functions of sources and references in academic writing are explained. In order to present your ideas and findings, you have to discuss them in comparison or in contrast to previous research.

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https://youtu.be/vZIu2pfbN6Q

This video is short and simple. It covers the basics of referencing and also included how each referencing style looks different so it is important to ensure the correct referencing style you're expected to use, is used correctly.

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How to Reference in an Essay (3 Simple Tips)

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https://ecu.au.libguides.com/referencing/in-text-citations

The resource was useful as it explained the difference between in-text referencing and a referencing list and also gave a guide as to how to reference.

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An in-text citation is the brief form of the reference that you include in the body of your work. It gives enough information to uniquely identify the source in your reference list. The brief form usually consists of:

family name of the author(s), and

year of publication.

In-text citations will look the same, regardless of whether you're referencing a journal article, a report, or a video.

For a brief (4-minute) introduction to in-text referencing, view the video below:

Please note that the closed captions might obscure some of the detail in this video. If viewing the video with subtitles, we recommend you click on the diagonal arrow on the video toolbar to watch the video in Panopto.

In-text citations can either be in parenthetical form, or have part of the citation included in the narrative of your work:

Social media users will share different types of content on different sites, often basing their decisions on a mental model of how their audience on each site will react (Pitcan et al., 2018).

Social media users "attempted to curate their shared content depending on how they imagined their audience on different social media platforms" (Pitcan et al., 2018, p. 170).

Participants in a 2018 study by Pitcan et al. shared different content on different social media sites, basing their decisions on a mental model of how their audience on each site would react.

Participants in a study by Pitcan et al. (2018) "attempted to curate their shared content depending on how they imagined their audience on different social media platforms" (p. 170).

Parenthetical citation

The general form is (Author, date), within parentheses. Parenthetical citation is also known as information-prominent citation: it is used to emphasise the information being cited.

A parenthetical citation should directly follow the idea being cited. Include it within the punctuation of the sentence. For instance:

... as has been shown in a recent study (Mihrshahi & Baur, 2018), and discussed at length in the literature in years past (Smith, 2007).

Narrative citation

You do not necessarily need to use parenthetical citations in your work, but you must include both the author and the date of the work you wish to cite within the body of your text. There are multiple ways to include a citation within the narrative. Here are two examples:

Kessler (2014) found that among epidemiological samples . . .

In 2014, Kessler's study of epidemiological samples showed that . . .

Narrative citation is also known as author-prominent citation. Narrative citations place more emphasis on the author of the work you are using. This type of citation can introduce some variety into your writing, and will sound more natural in an oral presentation than a citation at the end of the sentence. However, it does require more skill to use clearly.

Academic Skills Essentials has tip sheets and tutorials on writing clearly and appropriately in a variety of academic writing genres, and on integrating others' ideas into your work with appropriate attribution.

Number of authors

If the work you are citing has one or two authors, include them in your citation every time. Separate two authors with an ampersand (&) in parenthetical citations, but write out the word 'and' if discussing the work in-text.

If the work has 3 or more authors, your brief in-text citation will give only the family name of the first author, followed by "et al." (which means "and others").

If the author is a company, government organisation, or other group, use the full name in your citation.

If you have multiple authors with the same name or no author, click on the appropriate question under In-Text Citations: Advanced below.

Direct quotations

If you are including a word-for-word quote from another work, you must enclose the quote in quotation marks and add the page number or numbers to your citation. For electronic sources where there is no page number, use the paragraph number or section heading.

You may also optionally include a page or paragraph number when it would help the reader locate the relevant information in a long or complex text, even when you have paraphrased instead of quoting. Note: Some Schools prefer that you only provide a page number for a quotation, so check with your lecturer to understand their preference.

If your quote spans more than one page in the source, use the abbreviation "pp." instead of "p.":

(Pitcan et al., 2018, pp. 170-171).

To cite information from a work with no page numbers, click on "How do you cite a specific part of a text?" below.

For quotations with 40 or more words, the formatting of both the quotation and the citation are slightly different. The quotation is offset from your text, and the punctuation of the quote comes before the in-text citation.

Social media users will share different types of content on different sites, often basing their decisions on a mental model of how their audience on each site will react.

Many participants curated a respectable online presence by avoiding sexual innuendo and censoring opinions on controversial topics. Aviva was "very wary about the things [she] puts online." . . . She described her online self as a different "form." She chose to present a fragment of herself, because certain facets of her being would be unacceptable to her imagined audience. (Pitcan et al., 2018, p. 170)

Note the ellipsis (. . .) in the quote above. This indicates that some text from the original work was omitted for this quotation. For more information on quotations in APA 7th style, refer to Sections 8.25 - 8.36 in the Publication Manual, the APA Style website here, or the tutorial below.

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An in-text citation is the brief form of the reference that you include in the body of your work. It gives enough information to uniquely identify the source in your reference list. The brief form usually consists of: family name of the author(s), and year of publication.

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There is value and virtue in acknowledging the experts whom produce and substantiate facts. The above YouTube video makes provision for individuals to learn how to reference in an essay in 3 simple steps. ( How to reference in an essay (3 Simple Tips) | Helpful professior (2019;03))

Reference list
https://youtu.be/vZIu2pfbN6Q

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How to Reference in an Essay (3 Simple Tips)

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Easy and quick video that simply explains in text referencing

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How to Reference in an Essay (3 Simple Tips)

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why do you have to both in text reference and list reference ?

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why do you have to both in text reference and list reference ?

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This resource is valuable as it explains the purpose of in-text referencing, some examples as well as guidelines on how to reference correctly using APA referencing style.

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Skip to Main Content

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Library Guides: APA Quick Citation Guide: In-text Citation

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Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

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What is referencing? Why is referencing important in academic writing? Check this blog post and learn about referencing, its importance and the different types of referencing styles used in academic writing.

Writing an assignment is an important part of academic life.If you want to score high marks for your assignments, then you need to submit high-quality, plagiarism-free and error-free content. To submit error-free content, you must have good language knowledge. But when it comes to writing unique content, it is usually tough, and so you can refer to the work of others related to your topic and write the content based on those references. Remember, referencing is different from copying. When you take references or get inspired by other writer's work, then make it a habit to cite those sources in your work or else, it will be treated as copied content. In order to make your work genuine, it is mandatory to do referencing.

What is Referencing?

Referencing or citation is a method of giving credit to someone's work that you have used in your research. It helps in identifying the originality of the thoughts and ideas used in the research activity. For your academic assignment or research work, you can take references from the following sources.

Books

Journal articles

Magazines

Newspapers

Websites

Online discussion forums

Interviews

Brochures

Documentaries

Printed pictures or diagrams

How to do Academic Referencing?

As said earlier, when you submit your academic writing, make sure to include the references list in your paper. The referencing can be done in any particular academic referencing style and format.

While using any referencing style, you should include the below-mentioned things.

The Author's Name

Date of Publication

Details of the publishing company

Name of the book or the title of the journal

Title of the chapter's name or research

Digital Object Identifier(DOI)

Usually, when you do reference, you should follow the 2 basic methods.

Method 1: In the body section, you need to provide a brief reference to the work as "in-text citation".

Method 2: You need to mention a detailed reference list containing all the references at the end of the paper in a list format.

What are the different types of referencing or citation styles?

Referencing styles or citation styles are the various standard referencing methods that you can use to cite the original source of work. Listed below are the different types of referencing styles.

Harvard

American Psychological Association (APA)

Modern Language Association (MLA)

Chicago/ Turabian

Vancouver

Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC)

American Chemical Society (ACS)

American Medical Association (AMA)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Council of Science Editors/Council of Biology Editors (CSE/ CBE)

Harvard, APA and MLA are some commonly used referencing styles in academic writing. The referencing styles generally differ based on their formatting, order of information and punctuation. Always be sure to follow the referencing or citation styles as prescribed by your academic institution or publisher.

Purpose of Referencing in Academic Writing

Till now, we have learned about referencing and the different types of citation styles. Now, let us move on and see the purpose of referencing.

Academic writing always refers to the presentation of ideas, information, arguments or counterarguments on any topic. When writing academic assignments, in order to raise your opinions or share any information about a topic, you may need the support of other writers' work or research ideas as evidence. So, in order to give credits to the original author, you are required to include referencing in your paper.

When you do referencing, your readers can easily spot the original sources of research work, and then they can easily access and understand the information presented in the sources. Also, referencing adds uniqueness to your paper.

Importance of Referencing in Academic Writing

So, why is referencing important in academic writing? The referencing is one of the credible sections that need to be included in the academic papers because it holds a lot of advantages. Not just academic writers, the readers and the authors of the original sources can also earn benefits from referencing.

Discussed below are some key points on why you should do referencing.

Adds value to the author

Giving credits to the original author of the source material using a proper citation style is important because when you mention their name in your paper, then obviously their work will get exposed to a larger set of audience.

Opens a new door of knowledge

When you write an academic paper, it is common for you to search for more information about your topic in relevant sources like books, research papers, magazines, etc. By referring to other sources, you will definitely earn more knowledge about your topic, but when you cite all those referred sources in your paper, your readers will also gain more knowledge about that topic along with you by checking those sources.

Improves authenticity

Referencing or Citation will make your work authentic. Especially, your readers will become more interested when they see any source material from the renowned author in the relevant field is mentioned in your reference list. Also, the citation list helps your readers to believe that your work is genuine.

Stands as evidence

Referencing supports the ideas of your work with evidence. In order to highlight your argument or opinion about a topic, strong evidence is needed. So, you can use the ideas or points discussed in the external resources relevant to your topics evidence and then cite those sources in your paper. The sources in your citation list will stand as a piece of evidence for your work.

Persuades the readers

With the help of references from published sources, you can develop a persuasive argument and defend them strongly by using the finding and proved points from the completed studies or research.

Eliminates plagiarism

Plagiarism is a legal issue. If you add a references list in your paper, then you can easily avoid plagiarism troubles. Also, your academic paper will look original.

Must read: What is Emotive Language? Definition, Example, Use and Benefits

Final Words

As a student, you should understand the importance of referencing in your academic writing. We hope that this blog post would have helped you in learning about referencing, referencing styles and the importance of referencing in academic writing.

Referencing usually shows how well you have understood the topic you are working on. You will be counted as a better writer only if you write academic papers with proper citation styles. Also, your work will be considered credible only if you use references. So, be sure to add the references list as per the citation methods and styles in your academic paper.

If you have any doubt on how to use referencing styles in your academic paper, then reach out to us and get assignment help from our experts.

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Know the Importance of Referencing in Academic Writing - Blog - Assignment Help Pro

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What is referencing? Why is referencing important in academic writing? Check this blog post and learn about referencing, its importance and the different types of referencing styles used in academic writing. Writing an assignment is an important part of academic life.If you want to score high marks for your assignments, then you need to submit high-quality, plagiarism-free and error-free content.

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The source is valuable because it simplifies the steps on how to reference and makes things far more understandable and easier to grasp

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Referencing allows for your readers to track back to the original sources. Referencing should always be accurate and the best way to do this is by keeping track of all the sources used and referencing them (The University of New South Wales )

The University of New South Wales, year of publication unknown, Why is Referencing Important?, published online, available at: https://www.student.unsw.edu.au/why-referencing-important. [Accessed 13 February 2022]

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Citations are not used simply to avoid plagiarism; they have other important roles too.

Referencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and researchers in your work. Any university assignments that draw on the ideas, words or research of other writers must contain citations.

Referencing is also a way to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and ideas. By citing the work of a particular scholar, you acknowledge and respect the intellectual property rights of that researcher. As a student or academic, you can draw on any of the millions of ideas, insights and arguments published by other writers, many of whom have spent years researching and writing. All you need to do is acknowledge their contribution to your assignment.

Referencing is a way to provide evidence to support the assertions and claims in your own assignments. By citing experts in your field, you are showing your marker that you are aware of the field in which you are operating. Your citations map the space of your discipline and allow you to navigate your way through your chosen field of study, in the same way that sailors steer by the stars.

References should always be accurate, allowing your readers to trace the sources of information you have used. The best way to make sure you reference accurately is to keep a record of all the sources you used when reading and researching for an assignment.

Citations also make your writing more persuasive.

Exercise: Look at the two paragraphs below: which one seems more authoritative?

Paragraph one

The importance, or otherwise, of lyrics in popular music, and academic approaches to song lyrics, is subject to much debate. The supposed 'poor' standard or presumed meaninglessness of popular music lyrics, become a means to critique popular music. Conversely, it could be argued that too much attention is given to a song's lyrics, to the point where the music itself is overlooked; it is also possible to overestimate the degree to which the music listener actually listens to the words, or perceives them to be the site of meaning in a song. Nonetheless, Simon Frith suggests that lyrics do allow songs to be 'used in particular ways': lyrics facilitate certain 'creative articulations'. In the case of protest music, the lyrics allow a song to be made to speak to political issues.

Paragraph two

The importance, or otherwise, of lyrics in popular music, and academic approaches to song lyrics, is subject to much debate (Frith, 1998; Shepherd, 1999; Fornas, 2003). The supposed 'poor' standard or presumed meaninglessness of popular music lyrics, become a means to critique popular music. Conversely, it could be argued that too much attention is given to a song's lyrics, to the point where the music itself is overlooked; it is also possible to overestimate the degree to which the music listener actually listens to the words, or perceives them to be the site of meaning in a song (Shepherd, 1999:172). Nonetheless, Simon Frith suggests that lyrics do allow songs to be 'used in particular ways' (cited in Martin, 1995:273): lyrics facilitate certain 'creative articulations' (Johnson, 2000). In the case of protest music, the lyrics allow a song to be made to speak to political issues.

The paragraphs are identical, except for the absence of citations from paragraph 1.

The first paragraph may be just as interesting as the second, but within an academic context, a context that requires you to show from where you have taken ideas, the second has far more authority, it is more persuasive. It shows that the ideas you are discussing are matters that are important to your particular academic community.

What kind of information do I need to reference?

Printed books are not the only sources that require acknowledgement. ANY words, ideas or information taken from ANY source requires a reference.

Reference when you are using words or ideas from:

books and journal articles

newspapers and magazines

pamphlets or brochures

films, documentaries, television programs or advertisements

websites or electronic resources

letters, emails, online discussion forums

personal interviews

lecturers or tutors. (Not always necessary but check with your lecturer or tutor about their preferences before you draw on their ideas.)

You also need to reference when you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts or pictures.

No need to reference when you are:

writing your own observations or experiment results, for example, a report on a field trip

writing about your own experiences, for example, a reflective journal

writing your own thoughts, comments or conclusions in an assignment

evaluating or offering your own analysis

using 'common knowledge' (facts that can be found in numerous places and are likely to be known by a lot of people) or folklore

using generally accepted facts or information. This will vary in different disciplines of study. If in doubt, ask your tutor.

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Referencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and researchers in your work. Any university assignments that draw on the ideas, words or research of other writers must contain citations. Referencing is also a way to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and ideas.

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This resource is extremely helpful as it shows you exactly how to maintain academic integrity and it assists you on the skills to validate your argument

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For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide.

Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles.

There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

Bad referencing is a common way for students to lose marks in assignments so it is worth taking the time and effort to learn how to reference correctly.

Why Do We Cite and Reference?

When writing any academic essay, paper, report or assignment, you need to highlight your use of other author's ideas and words so that you:

Give the original author credit for their own ideas and work

Validate your arguments

Enable the reader to follow up on the original work if they wish to

Enable the reader to see how dated the information might be

Prove to your tutors/lecturers that you have read around the subject

Avoid plagiarism

Referencing Styles

There are many different styles of referencing, including Harvard, APA (from the American Psychological Association), Chicago and Vancouver. The Harvard referencing system is of the most popular styles and the remainder of this article deals with this system. However, your university may prefer the use of a different system so check with your lecturer or in your course information as to which referencing style to use.

What is Plagiarism?

Presenting another's ideas as if they are your own - either directly or indirectly

Copying or pasting text and images without saying where they came from

Not showing when a quote is a quote

Summarising information without showing the original source

Changing a few words in a section of text without acknowledging the original author

WARNING:

Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. You are likely to be awarded 0% for an assignment which has evidence of plagiarism. If you continue to plagiarise then you may be excluded from your course.

Most universities will want a signed declaration with submitted work to say that you have not plagiarised.

Universities use anti-plagiarism software to quickly find plagiarised work. This software usually draws on huge databases of web sources, books, journals and all previously submitted student work to compare your work to so you will be found out.

Therefore, if you plagiarise, you are likely to be caught so don't take the risk and reference properly.

Be Organised

When writing an essay, report, dissertation or other piece of academic work, the key to referencing is organisation. As you go along, keep notes of the books and journal articles you have read and the websites you have visited as part of your research process.

There are various tools to help here. Your university may be able to provide you with some specialist software (Endnote - www.endnote.com) or you can simply keep a list in a document or try Zotero ( www.zotero.org) a free plugin for the Firefox browser.

What Needs to be Recorded?

Record as much information as possible in references to make finding the original work simple.

Author/s

Include the author/s name/s where possible. You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'.
Examples:
For one, two or three authors:
Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C

For more than three authors
Jones A et al.

For some sources, especially websites, the name of the author may not be known. In such cases either use the organisation name or the title of the document or webpage.

Example: SkillsYouNeed or What Are Interpersonal Skills.

Date of Publication

You should include the year of publication or a more specific date if appropriate, for journal or newspaper articles/stories. For webpages look for the when the page was last updated. Include dates in brackets (2020) after author information. If no date can be established, then put (no date).

Title of Piece

Include the title of the piece; this could be the name of the book, the title of a journal article or webpage. Titles are usually written in italics. For books you should also include the edition (if not the first) to make finding information easier. Often when books are republished information remains broadly the same but may be reordered, therefore page numbers may change between editions.

Publisher Information

Usually only relevant for books, but for these you should include the publisher name and place of publication.

Page Numbers

If you are referencing a particular part of a book, then you should include the page number/s you have used in your work. Use p. 123 to indicate page 123 or pp. 123-125 to indicate multiple pages.

URL and Date Accessed

For webpages you need to include the full URL of the page (http://www... etc.) and the date you last accessed the page. The web is not static and webpages can be changed/updated/removed at any time, so it is therefore important to record when you found the information you are referencing.
Once you have recorded the information, you have everything you need in order to reference correctly. Your work should be both referenced in the text and include a reference list or bibliography at the end. The in text reference is an abbreviated version of the full reference in your reference list.
Direct Quotes

If you are directly quoting in your text you should enclose the quote in quotation marks, and include author information:

"Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another." SkillsYouNeed (2019)

For longer direct quotations it may be neater to indent the quotation in its own paragraph.

Your reference list should then include the full version of the reference:

SkillsYouNeed (2022) What is Communication? [online] available at www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/what-is-communication.html (Accessed October 14 2022)

For a book you would use, in your text:

"Long before the twelfth century rhetoricians had collected quotations, particularly from classical authors, into anthologies called florilegia..." (Clanchy, M.T, 1993)

The reference list would then include the full reference:

Clanchy, M.T. (1993) From Memory to Written Record England 1066 - 1307 Oxford, Blackwell, p. 115

The same rules also apply when you are referencing indirectly and you have not included a direct quote. If you have used the ideas of another source, reference both in your text at the relevant point and in your reference list or bibliography at the end of your document.

Further Reading from Skills You Need

The Skills You Need Guide for Students
Develop the skills you need to make the most of your time as a student.

Our eBooks are ideal for students at all stages of education, school, college and university. They are full of easy-to-follow practical information that will help you to learn more effectively and get better grades.

Additional Information

When quoting you may sometimes want to leave out some words, in which case use ... (three dots).

"Communication is ... transferring information from one place to another"

If you need to add words to a quote for clarity, then square brackets are used:

"Communication is simply the act [in communication skills] of transferring information from one place to another."

You can use [sic] to note an original error and/or foreign spelling, SkillsYouNeed is a UK site and therefore uses UK spellings:

"The color [sic] of the water..."

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For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide. Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles. There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.

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Leeds University - Referencing Explained

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Leeds University - Referencing Explained

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https://library.leeds.ac.uk/info/1402/referencing/47/referencing_explained

This covers the full spectrum for referencing, with follow up pages.

Sections included are:
1. Why and when to reference
2. References and citations
3. Reference lists and bibliographies
4. How to use quotations
5. Types of sources

The information is provided in a clear way, with examples to help with understanding.

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Referencing is an important part of academic work. It puts your work in context, demonstrates the breadth and depth of your research, and acknowledges other people's work. You should reference whenever you use someone else's idea.

View video using Microsoft Stream (link opens in a new window, available for University members only)

These webpages explain what referencing is, why it is important and give an overview of the main elements of how to reference. Our Referencing made simple tutorial opens in a new window and covers how to identify your source and create a reference with interactive examples.

Why reference?

Referencing correctly:

helps you to avoid plagiarism by making it clear which ideas are your own and which are someone else's

shows your understanding of the topic

gives supporting evidence for your ideas, arguments and opinions

allows others to identify the sources you have used.

When to reference

Whenever you use an idea from someone else's work, for example from a journal article, textbook or website, you should cite the original author to make it clear where that idea came from. This is the case regardless of whether you have paraphrased, summarised or directly quoted their work. This is a key part of good practice in academic writing.

Read more on:

University and school policies

The University referencing policy (PDF) sets out the referencing requirements that all taught students and tutors are expected to follow.

Each school in the University requires students to use a specific style of referencing. Check the referencing style used in your school before you begin.

All your citations and references should match the style you are using exactly, including any punctuation, capitalisation, italics and bold, and you should use the same referencing style throughout your assignment.

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Advice on why, when and how to reference correctly. Includes guidance on references, citations, bibliographies and how to use quotations.

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this is effective as it answers the major questions(what,why,when&how) and thoroughly explains referencing and its importance .

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For most subjects you will be told which referencing style to use - check the subject guide or ask the teaching staff. Depending on the style you are using, there are two ways to acknowledge sources within your writing:

In-text citations - the author and the date are mentioned within the text
At La Trobe APA and Harvard referencing styles use in-text citations

Footnotes - small numbers in the text correspond to numbers at the bottom (or foot) of the page
At La Trobe AGLC and Oxford referencing styles use footnotes

If you are using in-text citations there are two ways you can include the author's surname and the year:

Put them in brackets at the end a sentence like this (Malik, 2020).

Or you can choose to mention Malik (2020) as the author within your text. In that case include the year directly after the author's name.

Whatever style you use you will have a reference list at the end of your document that includes detailed information for all the sources that you used in your writing.

Academic Referencing Tool

La Trobe Library's Academic Referencing Tool is your key to referencing success. Follow the links to see examples and explanations for referencing a wide variety of sources.

This video introduces you to the Academic Referencing Tool. (Duration: 1:16) (Note: screenshots from this video are from a previous version of the Academic Referencing Tool)

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LibGuides: Referencing: What, why, when and how

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For most subjects you will be told which referencing style to use - check the subject guide or ask the teaching staff.

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The best part about this website is that not only is it from a reliable source but it also provides you with examples for both in-text references and for reference lists using the Harvard Referencing Style.

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Sample In-Text References

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Sample In-Text References

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Importance of referencing in academic writing (greatassignmenthelp.com)

I think this resource is valuable because of the company's backing of 3949 PhD Experts.

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Importance of referencing in academic writing

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So, you want to secure high marks? College time is the crucial time to think about how to score good grades and grab the wonderful opportunities for better future progress. For good marks, it is quite important to submit error-free work as your project submission.

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https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/citing-references/referencingstyles
This resource is very useful as it walks you through each referencing style.

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Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

Styles of referencing

Particular referencing styles are preferred by particular academic disciplines because they work better with the kind of texts that are most commonly used in that discipline. This page includes brief details of each style of referencing used by different departments at Reading. You should always check your course handbook to see which is their preferred style. Remember that if you are studying modules in different departments or schools, they may each prefer a different referencing style.

Find out which style is used in your Department:

Watch this brief video tutorial on Which referencing style should I use?

AMS (American Meteorological Society)

The Department of Meteorology recommend using the AMS style for citations. See your student handbook for more detailed guidance.

Note that AMS style requires that journal names are abbreviated. The following is a source of suitable abbreviations:

APA (American Psychological Association)

APA referencing is a variant on Harvard style. Many of the conventions are the same, with brief author-date citations in brackets in the body of the text and full citations in the reference list. It is usual to include a reference list only rather than a bibliography in APA style. Citations for websites are also slightly different, with no need to include an access or retrieval date unless the page content is likely to change over time.
Sources for more information 7th edition guidance
A new version of the APA style was published in 2019. Departments will gradually switch to this version - check your course handbook.

APA 7th edition differs significantly from APA 6th edition and other Harvard styles in that the place of publication is usually omitted from the reference.

Chicago

Chicago style referencing offers two options for citations:

Notes and bibliography: a numbered style, where a number in the text corresponds to a footnote or endnote containing the full reference, (as in Oxford referencing.) A bibliography lists all referenced sources, plus anything you read but didn't reference.

or

Author-date references: brief author-date citations are inserted in parentheses in the body of the text, (as in Harvard referencing.) A corresponding reference list which only includes sources you have cited in your text.

So if you are asked to use Chicago style referencing, it is especially important to check which format your department wants you to use - notes and bibliography or author-date. You should be able to find more information in your course or module handbook. If you cannot find anything there, do ask your course tutor.
Sources for more information

Harvard

Also known as 'author-date' style. In Harvard style the in-text citation can be in brackets in the body of the text or in footnotes, and uses the author's surname and the date of publication, with the page number if it is a reference to a particular page. Full details are only listed in the bibliography or reference list.

Note that because Harvard is a 'style' rather than a system or set of rules, the preferred punctuation and formatting of the text may differ and your School/Department might have their own preferred version. Check your course handbook or the information in your subject guide for details of any local variations:

Sources for more information

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LibGuides: Citing references: Different styles & systems of referencing

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Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

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Here is a wonderful resource that explains academic writing https://www.su.se/english/education/student-support/academic-writing-service/resources-for-academic-writing-1.440427?open-collapse-boxes=ccbd-paragraphstructure

Furthmore, here is also a comprehensive resource explaining Harvard referencing along with examples https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/harvard/sample-in-text-references#:~:text=The%20full%20details%20of%20your,(Veit%20%26%20Gould%202010).

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Resources for academic writing - Stockholm University

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A collection of links to useful resources for academic writing and thesis writing in English.

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https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/harvard/getting-started-with-harvard-referencing

This video was helpful as it shows how to use in-text referencing for different scenarios. It also shows how to make a reference list at the end.

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This is the most comprehensive and relevant referencing resource that I have seen so far.

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https://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/staffroom/teaching-and-learning/centres_tl/centrestl-students/our-resources/academic-integrity-student-guide/how-do-i-maintain-academic-integrity/how-do-i-maintain-academic-integrity_home.cfm

This source is helpful as it explains fully how to ensure integrity when compiling research.

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How do I maintain Academic Integrity?

To maintain a high standard of academic integrity conduct yourself honestly, fairly, truthfully, ethically and responsibly; learn the conventions of academic writing; learn to reference and cite using the standard used in your discipline. Take advantage of the resources the university offers, the resources on the website, consult a learning consultant and your lecturers.
Understand the nature of academic integrity
Ensure you read these pages thoroughly, and in particular, the Academic integrity resources for students and the Student Academic Integrity Policy
Ask your lecturer for advice
Ask your lecturer, tutor, supervisor, or other advisor what you can and can't do in each course:

* How to cite and reference? Which referencing style is expected? Each discipline may want you to use particular styles - find out what style is appropriate.

* What is common knowledge and can be used in assignments without citing and referencing

* What equipment is permitted in tests and exams? Ensure
Seek help from the Centre for Teaching and Learning on campus
Learning consultants will help with:

* Using and citing sources

* Referencing appropriately

* Assignment pre reading
Consult Massey's Online Writing and Learning Link (OWLL)
Guidelines and examples are available on:

* Plagiarism

* Referencing

* Noting taking

* Paraphrasing

* Preparing for exams

See OWLL - Referencing
Ask yourself the questions
* Could my paraphrasing of another source be interpreted as plagiarism?

* Could this be interpreted as an attempt to deceive? Taking notes or a mobile phone into an exam is an attempt to deceive.

Remember: inadvertent breaches of plagiarism are still actual breaches. If the answer to either of these two questions is "Yes", or even "Possibly", rethink what you're doing and consider asking for clarification.
Full disclosure, particularly of your process, can avoid problems
Talk to someone, ideally your lecturer, tutor, or supervisor before writing an assignment, working on a group project or thesis proposal and thesis so you can be sure you are doing the right thing.

* Some potential breaches of AI become actual breaches early in the process; for example, if you collect data before getting necessary ethics committee approval for your survey, you can't fix the breach by seeking approval after collecting the data.

* If you're unsure whether you've adequately paraphrased a source's findings, your lecturer will be able to provide advice before you hand in your assignment, but only if you show them the source and your proposed paraphrasing.

* Always keep drafts of assignments so you can show your working/writing process until after an assignment is marked.

Page authorised by Director, National Centre for Teaching and Learning
Last updated on Wednesday 04 January 2017

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How do I maintain Academic Integrity? - Massey University

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To maintain a high standard of academic integrity conduct yourself honestly, fairly, truthfully, ethically and responsibly; learn the conventions of academic writing; learn to reference and cite using the standard used in your discipline. Take advantage of the resources the university offers, the resources on the website, consult a learning consultant and your lecturers.

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https://library.leeds.ac.uk/info/14011/writing/106/academic_writing

Useful as it gave a short and informative definition of academic referencing

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Skip to main content

Sorry - we cannot find the page you are looking for.

Try searching the website here to see if you can find it:

If you are looking for books, journals or other resources, check our Library Search

If you still have problems, please contact us. We like to help.

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The Library is transforming student study with state-of-the-art learning spaces where knowledge is shared and new skills learnt with our Skills@Library service. We create, manage and make available huge digital and print collections for study and research.

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What happens if you are accused of plagiarism 

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What happens if you are accused of plagiarism 

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Useful as it explains the consequences of plagiarism

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What Happens in a University Plagiarism Hearing?

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This is a fun video on how to avoid plagiarism, quotations and citations, and why we do these things.

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Citations and Quotes: Study Hall Composition #7: ASU + Crash Course

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This source provided a variety of rules accompanied with examples on how to correctly cite references.

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Subject guides: Citing and referencing: In-text citations

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A guide to the styles recommended by Monash schools and departments for students and researchers

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Very direct explanation of how to reference using the Harvard style

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How to write a reference for a website using Harvard referencing style

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This PDF is very helpful as it goes into depth on referencing as well as plagiarism.

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This source was useful as it describes what in text referencing is. It outlines the different ways to use in text referencing and also explains the importance of doing this. It gives examples of how in text referencing is used to give clearer understanding. It also has links providing you with more information regarding similar topics that have to do with referencing.

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https://youtu.be/oW0DdWTx29

Truly helped me understand in text referencing.

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Harvard Referencing (In-text citation): Academic Writing Skills

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Department of Communications, Information Technology Andarts Staff; Snooks and Co. Staff (Editor)

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Subject and Research Guides: Referencing : Harvard

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Subject and Research Guides: Referencing : Harvard

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This resource is quite valuable as it shows you how to reference many things and not just a book for example.

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Modifying a direct quote

If you need to omit a word or words from a quote, indicate this with an ellipsis (three dots) with a space before and after the ellipsis ( ... ). A direct quote should neither start nor end with an ellipsis. Words should only be omitted from a quote if they are superfluous to the reason why you are using the quote and the meaning of the quote is not affected by the change.

For example (in a block quote):

The modernist view of the individual voice has been debated:

As with an early modernist like Lautréamont ... the subject or "character" is always an unstable collective, perpetually on the make, on trial and in degeneration, as much as it is in productive process, riven by contradiction and interruption, and by virtue of the textual mosaic, it hosts a crazed polyphony with no "originary" voice. (Campbell 2014, pp.157)
Square brackets
If you need to add a word or words to a quote, or change the capitalisation of a word to fit with your syntax, put the word(s)/letter in square brackets [ ]. Words should only be added to a quote for explanatory reasons (e.g. a name might be added to explain who a pronoun is referencing).

For example:

The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured, as '[t]he soul also finds sustenance in more domestic settings, like the family home' (Jones 1998, p. 89).
Sic
If you need to indicate a misspelling, grammatical error or lack of inclusive language, insert the word [sic] (meaning so or thus) in square brackets immediately following the error but do not change the error in the quote.

For example (non-inclusive language):

According to Havelock (1986, p. 63), the written word can be looked at as an extension of conversation where the author 'writes down what he [sic] is saying so that another person can read what he [sic] says instead of just hearing it.'

For example (spelling):

The claim that 'confiscation of these lands was both illegal and sacrilegious [sic]' takes the approach that the church should be involved in these decisions (Hamilton & Strier 1996, p. 165).

See also the following Learning Zone (Academic Skills) quick guides:
How to define and use concepts in your writing

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LibGuides: Harvard Referencing Guide: Citing in text

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A general guide to Harvard referencing style

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This better expained the use of intext referencing with very understandable examples

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Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

In-Text Citations

In-text citations are brief references in your text that not only acknowledges a source you've consulted, but it** In-Text Citations:
attributes credit to your source any ideas, paraphrasing, and direct-quotes you are using in your paper. In most
circumstances, the in-text citation consists of only the author's last name and the page number within
parentheses. If the author's last name is written in the sentence, then only the page number is required in the
in-text citation.

(Author and Page Number):
Your in-text citation must include the author's last name and page number (in parentheses).

(Page Number):
Your in-text citation does not require the author's last name if you mention the author's name in the sentence or if your
last in-text citation was from the same source.

The Work-Cited Entry for the Above In-Text Citations:

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LibGuides: Citation Guide: In-Text Citations

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Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

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https://libguides.northampton.ac.uk/partnerstudents/referencingchecklist  I found this useful because it gave me a short checklist I can use before any of my research assignments.

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https://libguides.northampton.ac.uk/partnerstudents/referencingchecklist  I found this useful because it gave me a short checklist I can use before any of my research assignments.

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Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

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LLS Home: Library support for students studying at partner locations: Referencing Checklist

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Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

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https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/harvard/books-and-e-books ,among many others, is a resource(specifically a website) that provides information on how to reference different types of sources.

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https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/harvard/books-and-e-books ,among many others, is a resource(specifically a website) that provides information on how to reference different types of sources.

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Material Type | In-text example | Reference List Examples

Direct Quote

Book: Single Author

Indirect Quote

‘I have enclosed a lake in lips, lapped it with crystal tongues’ (Hasler 2018, p. 39).
OR

In her prose, Emily Hasler talks about enclosing a lake in lips (2018,  p. 39).

Paraphrasing often uses page numbers to locate the source.

Hasler, E 2018, The built environment, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.

Book: 2 or 3 Authors

According to Puccio, Cabra and Schwagler (2018)
OR
... this is evident (Puccio, Cabra & Schwagler 2018)

Puccio, GJ, Cabra, JF & Schwagler, N 2018, Organizational creativity: a practical guide for innovators & entrepreneurs, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

Book: More Than 3 Authors

Crauder et al. (2018) have found...
OR
Mathematical tools are important (Crauder et al. 2018)

Show only the name of the first author or body, followed by et al.

Crauder, B, Evans, B, Johnson, J & Noell, A 2018, Quantitative literacy: thinking between the lines, W.H. Freeman, New York, NY.

Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.

Book: No Author

According to the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002, p. 197)...

When there is no author, the title is used as the first element in the reference (Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, p. 197).

Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, AGPS, Canberra, ACT.

If no author or editor, the title is used as the first element of the reference.
Edition number is placed after the title (not necessary for first edition).

Book: Editor

(ed. Smith 2018)
OR
edited by Smith (2018)

Smith, KL (ed.) 2018, Sociology of globalization: cultures, economies, and politics, Routledge, Boulder, CO.

When more than one editor, use (eds.).

Chapter or part of a Book to which a number of authors have contributed

Wang (2018, p. 137) states that ‘Special economic zones were the earliest to be established in China’.
OR
‘Special economic zones were the earliest to be established in China’ (Wang 2018, p. 137).

In the in-text reference, name the author of the chapter.

Wang, S 2018, ‘From special economic zones to special technological zones’, in C Hsieh & M Lu (eds), Changing China: a geographic appraisal, Taylor & Francis, Boulder, CO, pp.137-155.

Book: Translator & Author

(Jablonka 2018)

Jablonka, I 2018,  History is a contemporary literature: manifesto for the social sciences, trans. N Bracher, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

Book: Organisation as Author

(Britannica Educational Publishing 2018)

Abbreviations can be used for long organisational names but be consistent.

Britannica Educational Publishing 2018, Statistics and probability, Britannica Educational Publishing, Chicago, IL.

E-book: From a Library database

(Bowie et al. 2018)
OR
Bowie et al. (2018) regards...

Bowie, D, Buttle, F, Brookes, M & Mariussen, A 2016, Hospitality marketing, Routledge, London.

E-books retrieved from a Library database are referenced in the same way as print books.

E-book: From a Website

(Fetter 1904)
OR
Fetter (1904) stated...

Fetter, FA 1904, The principles of economics: with applications to practical problems, Century, viewed 21 January 2019, <https://www.gutenberg.org/files/40077/40077-h/40077-h.htm>.

For e-books retrieved from a website, replace the place of publication with a 'viewed' date and the URL.

Book on eReader

'I decided to openly fight the machine, the manufacturers of myth...' (McGowan 2018, Author's note, Loc 236)

For direct quotations of online material without pagination, name the major sections, chapter section, and paragraph number.

McGowan, R 2018, Brave, eReader version, accessed 18 May 2018 from Amazon.com.

Brochure, pamphlet, or exhibition catalogue

'Our services are culturally appropriate and delivered by caring and experienced multilingual workers' (Australian Multicultural Community Services 2018, Home care packages and private care section).

Note: If no page number is available, include the location of the quote using a section heading.

Co-created with members of staff of the hospital these works offer personal insights and perspectives about life and death (Bell 2017).

Brochure or Pamphlet

Australian Multicultural Community Services 2018, Multicultural home care & other support services, brochure, Australian Multicultural Community Services, Maidstone, VIC.

Exhibition Catalogue

Bell, C 2017, We die as we live, exhibition catalogue, 1 November - 30 November, St Vincent's Private Hospital Foyer, East Melbourne.

Note: the inclusion of the format 'brochure', 'pamphlet' or 'exhibition catalogue' following directly after the title.

Multiple works same author

Perceptions of an event have more impact than the event itself, so accurate perceptions are key (Fujishin 2016, 2018).

OR

Fujishin (2016, 2018) tells us gesture is critical to creating genuine interpersonal connections.

Fujishin, R 2016, Natural bridges: a guide to interpersonal communication, Routledge, Abbingdon, England.

Fujishin, R 2018, The natural speaker, 9th edn, Routledge, New York.

Note: Order multiple works by the same authors by year of publication, earliest first.

Multiple works same author, same year

The illustrations in Branford & Coutts (2015a, 2015b) highlight how line drawings add to the textual message ...

​Branford, A & Coutts, L 2015a, The precious ring, Walker Books Australia, Newtown, NSW.

Branford, A & Coutts, L 2015b, The wishing seed, Walker Books Australia, Newtown, NSW.

Secondary Sources: When you are referring to the ideas or words of an author who has been referenced in the book you are referencing

'…new forms of oversight and ethical review were integrated into growing bureaucracies of big bioscience’ (Stark, cited in Hurlbut 2017, p.3).

Provide names of both authors.

Hurlbut, JB 2017, Experiments in democracy: human embryo research and the politics of bioethics, Columbia University Press, New York, NY.

Provide the reference for the book that you actually read.

Classical Works

'Remain in me, and I will remain in you. No branch can bear fruit by itself' (John 15:4, New International Version).

If you are quoting a verse or extract, you do not need to provide a reference entry.

If you are referring to a particular edition for a significant reason, reference in the same way as a print book.

William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, act 3, scene 2, line 74 illustrates the involvement of family ...

You do not need to provide a Reference List entry.

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Books & e-books

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Books & e-books

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This website was useful as I was able to see ways to use in-text referencing in the form of examples.

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Sample In-Text References

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Library Guides: Harvard Referencing: Sample In-Text References

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This link accurately gives examples of various referencing styles.

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In the reference list: Write the surname and initials of authors.

Norback, J.S. & Lwellyn, D.C.

Use the ampersand (&) in the reference list and when the names of the authors are not part of the sentence:

When the authors' names form part of the sentence, use 'and':

When reference is made to three or more (up to five) authors, all authors should be indicated in the first instance of mention (in text). Thereafter, use " et al.".

In-text: For more than five authors, list the first five authors followed by et al.

Write the names of all the authors in the reference list:

Example:
Davies, A., Brown, A., Elder, C., Hill, K., Lumley, T. & McNamara, T. 1999. Dictionary of language testing, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Two authors with same surname and year of publication No author

Penguins can dive deeper than 200 metres (Diepste pikkewyn-duik vasgelê, 2016:3).

Double names for authors

Author surnames with prefixes
- - - - - - - - - - -
Corporate bodies and organisations

Write out in full in the reference list.
Use the abbreviated form in-text.
Omit articles in front of names of organisations.
Subordinate units in countries: Write country followed by unit, e.g. South Africa. Department of Eduation.
- - - - - - - - - - -
Anonymous author or interviewee

State as: [Anonymous and their job, situation or affiliation].
For example: [Anonymous patient] or [Anonymous teacher]

Black (in White, 2002:22) gives an outstanding analysis ...

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Library guides / Biblioteekgidse: Find, access and use information effectively: a step-by-step guide: Harvard (Stellenbosch) examples A-Z

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In the reference list: Write the surname and initials of authors. Norback, J.S. & Lwellyn, D.C. Use the ampersand (&) in the reference list and when the names of the authors are not part of the sentence: When the authors' names form part of the sentence, use 'and': When reference is made to three or more (up to five) authors, all authors should be indicated in the first instance of mention (in text).

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This covers all relevant and helpful information such as but not limited to an introduction to Harvard referencing including the importance, examples and the format

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this indicates how to accurately use Harvard referencing

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LibGuides: Harvard referencing quick guide: Citing and referencing material

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An online guide to referencing and citing using the Harvard style