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feed should not be given at times with low DO levels (early mornings) because it prevents a normal feed uptake

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Major sites of lipase and protease activity in the digestive tract: Intestines, pancreas, pyloric caeca and liver for amylase activity

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Proximate composition for a milkfish diet

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Proximate composition for a milkfish diet

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Apply 50 kg/ha 16-20-0 (or 25 kg/ha 18-46-0) on a platform. Plankton should bloom after few days, characterized by rich green pond water and visibility of about 15–40 cm. Re-apply fertilizer if plankton does not bloom. If visibility is less than 15 cm due to plankton bloom, stop fertilization and replace ¼ of pond water.

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*FURTHER READING*

The digestive tract of the newly hatched larvae is a simple undifferentiated tube.
- Three days after hatching, differentiation of the oesophagus begins with the development of mucous secreting cells; mucosal folds develop after 14 days.
- In 21-day old larvae, the stomach differentiates into the cardiac and pyloric regions while goblet cells start to develop in the intestine. As the fish undergoes metamorphosis(>42 days old), the mucosal cells of its cardiac stomach develop into two distinct cell types: the columnar cells which make up the folds nearest the lumen, and the cuboidal cells which constitute the gastric glands. The cardiac stomach is the only region in the digestive tract where mucus secretion is not acidic.
- Alkaline phosphatase is localized in the brush border of the intestinal epithelial cells in 3-day old larvae. Aminopeptidase is found only in the brush border of the enterocytes of 21-day old larvae and older fish. Intestinal esterases are found in the brush border and in cystoplasm of enterocyes of 3-day old larvae and older fish.

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40% protein
7-10% lipid

can be weaned onto artificial feed 2-8 days after hatching

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Milkfish are considered opportunistic generalists as they will feed on anything present in the environment eg. detritus, phytoplankton

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Milkfish fry are visual feeders; live feed are typically used at this stage.

Larvae are fed with rotifer and Artemia nauplii and later weaned on artificial larval diets. Milkfish
fry cannot digest the rigid cell wall of chlorella in the juvenile stage

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Milkfish fingerlings or juveniles grow best when fed diets containing:
- 7–10% lipid
1.0–1.5% n-3 fatty acids
- 25% carbohydrate
10.4–14.7 kJ/g diet
- protein energy to total metabolizable energy ratio of 44.4%

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30-40% protein
10% fat
25% carbohydrates

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After metamorphosis, the milfish mucosal cells (in the cardiac stomach) develop further into columnar and cuboidal cells.

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Chanos chanos

Egg diameter: 1.10 - 1.25 mm
Larval length: 3.2 - 3.4 mm