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Abstract

Have you ever seen a geodesic dome? Geodesic domes are approximately sphere-like (or partially sphere-like) structures made up of interconnected triangles. A famous geodesic dome is Spaceship Earth at EPCOT in Walt Disney World, Florida, but geodesic domes are also commonly found as climbing domes at playgrounds. In this science project, you will get to build a geodesic dome using rolled-up newspapers and tape. How much mass do you think your dome will be able to support? Build one and find out!

Objective

Build a geodesic dome using struts made from rolled-up newspaper and determine the strength-to-weight ratio of the resulting dome.

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Last edit date: 2017-07-28

Introduction

A geodesic dome is a structure made of struts that are connected to each other to approximate the shape of a sphere (or part of a sphere). Spaceship Earth at EPCOT in Walt Disney World, Florida, shown in Figure 1, below, is a famous example of a geodesic dome that is a complete sphere shape.

Many geodesic domes are only part of a sphere, such as climbing domes at playgrounds and the Desert Dome at Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo, Nebraska, shown in Figure 2, below.

Typically, the struts of a geodesic dome are joined together in triangles, with the points of the triangles being approximately on the sphere's surface. The edges of the triangles form great circle-like shapes, or geodesics, over the surface of the dome. The struts form a rigid network that transmits stress forces throughout the structure.

Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller, an American inventor, architect, author, engineer, designer, and futurist, patented the geodesic dome in the 1940s and made it popular. The geodesic dome's design gives it some very interesting properties. Since the structure approximates a sphere, geodesic domes have very low surface-area-to-volume ratios (i.e., its volume is relatively large compared to its surface area). In fact, geodesic domes enclose more volume (e.g., cubic centimeters [cm ³]) per unit of mass (e.g., grams [g]) of the dome than any other structure made from straight pieces. They are also the only known structure built that increases in strength as the size of the building is increased. As you can see with the geodesic dome, R. Buckminster Fuller was interested in ideas that maximized efficiency in design by "doing more with less."

In this science project, you will build your very own geodesic dome by taping together tubes made from rolled-up newspaper and then investigate your dome's strength-to-weight ratio.

Terms and Concepts

Geodesic dome

Geodesics

R. Buckminster Fuller

Surface-area-to-volume ratio

Volume

Mass

Strength-to-weight ratio

Questions

What are the basic shapes used in most geodesic domes?

How much mass do you think your geodesic dome will be able to support?

Can you think of some examples of geodesic domes that you have seen or used before?

Geodesic domes are sometimes used as greenhouses. Why do you think they would be useful for this, or other, specific applications?

Bibliography

Take a look at these resources for more information on geodesic domes:

Check out the Science Buddies resource Stress, Strain, & Strength: An Introduction to Materials Science.

For more advanced students, if you want to try designing your own geodesic dome, check out this references:

Materials and Equipment

Sheets of newspaper (44)

Measuring tape, metric

Masking tape or painter's tape (1 roll)

Scissors

Markers (2 different colors)

Optional: Glitter, beads, and glue for decorating.

Kitchen or bathroom scale. This can be purchased locally or at Amazon.com.

A large tray that will fit the geodesic dome on it. This is for weighing the dome on the scale. The dome will have a diameter of about 58 cm. Alternatively, you could use a small cardboard box and weigh the dome upside down with the top in the box, placed on the scale.

Many magazines

Lab notebook

Remember Your Display Board Supplies

Experimental Procedure

Making the Geodesic Dome

Stack two flat sheets of newspaper together. Starting on the top (long) edge, roll the sheets up together as tightly as you can to form a tube. When you reach the bottom edge, tape the tube to keep it from unrolling. The tube should be about 58 centimeters (cm) long, or the length of the newspaper sheets, and look similar to the one in Figure 4, below.
Note: Newspaper sheets can vary in size. Your tube does not need to be exactly 58 cm long to work for this science project; as long as the tube is at least 54 cm long, you can use the newspaper sheets in this science project.
If your tube is less than 54 cm long, you could either use more sheets of newspaper (see step 3.a.iii., below, for details) or check out the T. Landry resource in the Bibliography in the Background section to figure out how to make a smaller geodesic dome. (Tip: The type of dome you are building in this science project is called a 2V.)

Repeat step 1 until you have 22 tubes.

Now cut down the tubes to make 35 "longs" and 30 "shorts." You should end up with a pile of newspaper tubes like the one shown in Figure 8, below. Be careful when using the scissors to cut the tubes.

1. Longs: Cut 12 tubes into three smaller tubes, where each smaller tube is 18 cm long, as shown in Figure 6, below. Add extra tape to the tubes if needed to keep them rolled up tightly. You should end up with 36 long tubes that are each 18 cm long (you only need 35 long tubes so you will have one extra).

1. Use a marker to color all of the cut tubes in some visible way, such as by making a colored mark at each end, so you can tell them apart from the short tubes.

2. Decorate the tubes if you like.

3. Note: If your original newspaper tubes are less than 54 cm long, you could use one tube to make only one or two long tubes. (One long tube is 18 cm long and two long tubes are 36 cm long total.)

Figure 6. To make the long tubes, cut the newspaper tube into three smaller tubes that are 18 cm long each.

2. Shorts: Cut 10 tubes into three smaller tubes, where each smaller tube is 16 cm long, as shown in Figure 7, below. Add extra tape to the tubes if needed to keep them rolled up tightly. You should end up with 30 short tubes that are each 16 cm long.

1. Use a marker to color all of these tubes in some visible way that is different from the long tubes, such as by making a different colored mark at each end.

2. Decorate the tubes if you like.

3. Note: If your original newspaper tubes are less than 48 cm long, you could use one tube to make only one or two long tubes. (One short tube is 16 cm long and two short tubes are 32 cm long total.)

Tape 10 longs together to make the base of the dome, as shown in Figure 9, below.

Tape a long and a short to each joint. Arrange them so that there are two longs next to each other, followed by two shorts, and so on, as shown in Figure 10 and 11, below.

Tape the tops of two adjacent shorts together to make a triangle. Tape the next two longs together, and so on, all the way around, as shown in Figure 12, below.

Connect the tops of these new triangles with a row of shorts, as shown in Figure 13, below. The dome will start curving inward. As you continue to add to the dome, you may want to add additional tape to reinforce the joints.

At each joint where four shorts come together, tape another short sticking straight up. Connect this short to the joints on either side with longs, forming new triangles, as shown in Figure 14, below.

Connect the tops of these new triangles with a row of longs, as shown in Figure 15, below.

Finally, add the last five shorts so that they meet at a single point in the center of the dome, as shown in Figure 16, below. Your geodesic dome is now complete! Feel free to add additional tape to joints where more support is needed.

Testing the Geodesic Dome

1. Weigh your geodesic dome on the scale. Record its mass (in grams [g]) in your lab notebook.

1. To weigh the dome, place a large tray on the scale, zero out the scale, and then place the dome on the tray.

2. Alternatively, you could place a small, open cardboard box on the scale, zero out the scale, and then place the dome upside down with its top in the box.

2. Test how strong your dome is by seeing how many magazines you can load on top. Add magazines, one at a time, on the top of the dome, as shown in Figure 17, below. Observe the dome carefully for signs of impending failure. In your lab notebook, record how many magazines your dome could support before failing.

1. Weigh the stack of magazines that your dome could support. Record the mass (in g) in your lab notebook.

2. What is the strength-to-weight ratio of the dome? In other words, how much mass can the dome support compared to the mass of the dome itself?

3. Did the results surprise you? Why or why not?

Communicating Your Results: Start Planning Your Display Board

Create an award-winning display board with tips and design ideas from the experts at ArtSkills.

Variations

What part of the dome failed during strength testing? How could you strengthen this part (or parts)? Would different materials or a different method of fastening the parts together make the dome stronger? Try your proposed solution and see if it works.

How could you make your dome stronger without blocking the space underneath it? Make a prediction and test it.

Can you use the same materials to make another structure, with a different shape, that is as strong as the geodesic dome - in other words, its strength-to-weight ratio is at least as good as the geodesic dome's? What shape did you choose for your structure? How much does it weigh? How strong is it? What is its strength-to-weight ratio? How do these measurements compare to those that you made for the geodesic dome?

For a much more advanced project, you could try designing your own geodesic dome. The Bibliography in the Background section lists several references to help you get started.

Ask an Expert

The Ask an Expert Forum is intended to be a place where students can go to find answers to science questions that they have been unable to find using other resources. If you have specific questions about your science fair project or science fair, our team of volunteer scientists can help. Our Experts won't do the work for you, but they will make suggestions, offer guidance, and help you troubleshoot.

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Build a geodesic dome using rolled-up newspapers and tape and test its strength-to-weight ratio as a science fair project.

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