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He was a dutch merchant and became a great scientist

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He was a dutch merchant and became a great scientist

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Van Leeuwenhoek is best known for his pioneering work in the field of microscopy and for his contributions toward the establishment of microbiology as a scientific discipline.

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Using his handcrafted microscopes , he was the first to observe and describe microorganisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules. It is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. 

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Using his handcrafted microscopes , he was the first to observe and describe microorganisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules. It is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. 

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He made more than 350 microscopes

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There are many types of microscopes, and they may be grouped in different ways. The most common microscope (and the first to be invented) is the optical microscope, which uses light to pass through a sample to produce an image. Other major types of microscopes are the fluorescence microscope, the electron microscope (both, the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the various types of scanning probe microscopes.

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There are many types of microscopes, and they may be grouped in different ways. The most common microscope (and the first to be invented) is the optical microscope, which uses light to pass through a sample to produce an image. Other major types of microscopes are the fluorescence microscope, the electron microscope (both, the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and the various types of scanning probe microscopes.

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He was a German physician and a pionner in bacteriology.  He identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and gave experimental support for the concept of infectious disease,

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He was a German physician and a pionner in bacteriology.  He identified the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax and gave experimental support for the concept of infectious disease,

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Koch investigate how to Isolate and cultivate  bacterial cultures

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Koch investigate how to Isolate and cultivate  bacterial cultures

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Robert Koch became interested in tuberculosis research. in 1880. He was convinced that the disease was caused by a bacterium and was infectious, and tested his four postulates using guinea pigs.Through these experiments, he found that his experiments with tuberculosis satisfied all four of his postulates. In 1882, he published his findings on tuberculosis, in which he reported the causative agent of the disease to be the slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Its importance as a means of detecting a present or past tubercular state was recognized later (see tuberculin test) 

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Robert Koch became interested in tuberculosis research. in 1880. He was convinced that the disease was caused by a bacterium and was infectious, and tested his four postulates using guinea pigs.Through these experiments, he found that his experiments with tuberculosis satisfied all four of his postulates. In 1882, he published his findings on tuberculosis, in which he reported the causative agent of the disease to be the slow-growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Its importance as a means of detecting a present or past tubercular state was recognized later (see tuberculin test) 

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis causal agent of tuberculosis is also called Bacillus of Koch

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis causal agent of tuberculosis is also called Bacillus of Koch

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 1905, Koch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his work with tuberculosis

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 1905, Koch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his work with tuberculosis

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Pasteur produced the first vaccine for rabies by growing the virus in rabbits, and then weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue. The rabies vaccine was initially created by Emile Roux, a French doctor and a colleague of Pasteur, who had produced a killed vaccine using this method. The vaccine had been tested in 50 dogs before its first human trial. 

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Pasteur produced the first vaccine for rabies by growing the virus in rabbits, and then weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue. The rabies vaccine was initially created by Emile Roux, a French doctor and a colleague of Pasteur, who had produced a killed vaccine using this method. The vaccine had been tested in 50 dogs before its first human trial. 

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This vaccine was used on 9-year-old Joseph Meister, on July 6, 1885, after the boy was badly mauled by a rabid dog. This was done at some personal risk for Pasteur, since he was not a licensed physician and could have faced prosecution for treating the boy. After consulting with physicians, he decided to go ahead with the treatment. Over 11 days, Meister received 13 inoculations, each inoculation using viruses that had been weakened for a shorter period of time. Three months later he examined Meister and found that he was in good health.Pasteur was hailed as a hero and the legal matter was not pursued. Analysis of his laboratory notebooks shows that  In 1886, he treated 350 people, of which only one developed rabies.[92] The treatment's success laid the foundations for the manufacture of many other vaccines. The first of the Pasteur Institutes was also built on the basis of this achievement.

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This vaccine was used on 9-year-old Joseph Meister, on July 6, 1885, after the boy was badly mauled by a rabid dog. This was done at some personal risk for Pasteur, since he was not a licensed physician and could have faced prosecution for treating the boy. After consulting with physicians, he decided to go ahead with the treatment. Over 11 days, Meister received 13 inoculations, each inoculation using viruses that had been weakened for a shorter period of time. Three months later he examined Meister and found that he was in good health.Pasteur was hailed as a hero and the legal matter was not pursued. Analysis of his laboratory notebooks shows that  In 1886, he treated 350 people, of which only one developed rabies.[92] The treatment's success laid the foundations for the manufacture of many other vaccines. The first of the Pasteur Institutes was also built on the basis of this achievement.

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 He was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization

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 He was a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization

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He  is popularly known as the "father of microbiology"

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Pasteur was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1853, promoted to Officer in 1863, to Commander in 1868, to Grand Officer in 1878 and made a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor in 1881

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Pasteur was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1853, promoted to Officer in 1863, to Commander in 1868, to Grand Officer in 1878 and made a Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor in 1881

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 She was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.

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 She was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity.

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Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity, techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium.

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Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity, techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium.

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Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion. A material containing such unstable nuclei is considered radioactive.

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Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion. A material containing such unstable nuclei is considered radioactive.

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She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.

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She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.

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Transmission electron microscope

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He was an Austrian biologist and physician and immunologist. He distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups 

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He was an Austrian biologist and physician and immunologist. He distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups 

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Karl Landsteiner found out that the blood of two people under contact agglutinates, and in 1901 he found that this effect was due to contact of blood with blood serum. As a result, he succeeded in identifying the three blood groups A, B and O.

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Karl Landsteiner found out that the blood of two people under contact agglutinates, and in 1901 he found that this effect was due to contact of blood with blood serum. As a result, he succeeded in identifying the three blood groups A, B and O.

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The blood type (A, B, AB, or O) or the blood product is identified. This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell's surface.

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The blood type (A, B, AB, or O) or the blood product is identified. This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell's surface.

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He has been described as the father of transfusion medicine

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He has been described as the father of transfusion medicine

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This dicocery allows to transfuse blood without endangering the patient's life.

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In 1930, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

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In 1930, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

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He was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays.

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He was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays.

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X-rays were found emanating from Crookes tubes, experimental discharge tubes invented around 1875,created free electrons by ionization of the residual air in the tube by a high DC voltage.

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X-rays were found emanating from Crookes tubes, experimental discharge tubes invented around 1875,created free electrons by ionization of the residual air in the tube by a high DC voltage.

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 Print of Wilhelm Röntgen's first "medical" X-ray, of his wife's hand, taken on 22 December 1895 and presented to Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik Institut, University of Freiburg, on 1 January 1896

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 Print of Wilhelm Röntgen's first "medical" X-ray, of his wife's hand, taken on 22 December 1895 and presented to Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik Institut, University of Freiburg, on 1 January 1896

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Today, Röntgen is considered the father of diagnostic radiology, the medical speciality which uses imaging to diagnose disease.

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Today, Röntgen is considered the father of diagnostic radiology, the medical speciality which uses imaging to diagnose disease.

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In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics.

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In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics.

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He was a Scottish physician, microbiologist, and pharmacologist. His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world's first antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium notatum.

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He was a Scottish physician, microbiologist, and pharmacologist. His best-known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the world's first antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium notatum.

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On 3 September 1928, Fleming returned to his laboratory having spent August on holiday with his family. Before leaving, he had stacked all his cultures of staphylococci on a bench in a corner of his laboratory. On returning, Fleming noticed that one culture was contaminated with a fungus, and that the colonies of staphylococci immediately surrounding the fungus had been destroyed, whereas other staphylococci colonies farther away were normal, famously remarking "That's funny".

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On 3 September 1928, Fleming returned to his laboratory having spent August on holiday with his family. Before leaving, he had stacked all his cultures of staphylococci on a bench in a corner of his laboratory. On returning, Fleming noticed that one culture was contaminated with a fungus, and that the colonies of staphylococci immediately surrounding the fungus had been destroyed, whereas other staphylococci colonies farther away were normal, famously remarking "That's funny".

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Fleming grew the mould in a pure culture and found that it produced a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria. He identified the mould as being from the Penicillium genus, and, after some months of calling it "mould juice", named the substance it released penicillin on 7 March 1929. The laboratory in which Fleming discovered and tested penicillin is preserved as the Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum in St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington.

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Fleming grew the mould in a pure culture and found that it produced a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria. He identified the mould as being from the Penicillium genus, and, after some months of calling it "mould juice", named the substance it released penicillin on 7 March 1929. The laboratory in which Fleming discovered and tested penicillin is preserved as the Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum in St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington.

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Fleming, Florey and Chain jointly received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945.

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Fleming, Florey and Chain jointly received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1945.

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J.Watson 1928

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In 1953, Cambridge University scientists James D. Watson and Francis H.C. Crick announced that they had determined the double-helix structure of DNA, the molecule containing human genes.

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They showed how the different components of DNA interact in three dimensions to form a long spiraling molecule, with a double ‘backbone’ of sugar and phosphates.

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They showed how the different components of DNA interact in three dimensions to form a long spiraling molecule, with a double ‘backbone’ of sugar and phosphates.

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The discovery immediately suggested the way in which DNA is replicated: the two strands are ‘unzipped’ to allow the ‘code’ of bases to be copied. “It is this specific pairing between bases that is the heart of the replication process”. The unraveling of the helical structure of DNA is hailed as one of the most significant landmarks of the 20th century.

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The discovery immediately suggested the way in which DNA is replicated: the two strands are ‘unzipped’ to allow the ‘code’ of bases to be copied. “It is this specific pairing between bases that is the heart of the replication process”. The unraveling of the helical structure of DNA is hailed as one of the most significant landmarks of the 20th century.

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Among the developments that followed directly from it were pre-natal screening for disease genes; genetically engineered foods; the ability to identify human remains; the rational design of treatments for diseases such as AIDS; and the accurate testing of physical evidence in order to convict or exonerate criminals.

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Among the developments that followed directly from it were pre-natal screening for disease genes; genetically engineered foods; the ability to identify human remains; the rational design of treatments for diseases such as AIDS; and the accurate testing of physical evidence in order to convict or exonerate criminals.

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In 1962 Watson, Crick , and Wilkins (1916–2004) jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 

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In 1962 Watson, Crick , and Wilkins (1916–2004) jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 

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 He is a French virologist, who discovererd  the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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 He is a French virologist, who discovererd  the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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Montagnier and members of his group at the Pasteur Institute examined samples taken from  AIDS patients and found the virus that would later become known as HIV in a lymph node biopsy. They named it "lymphadenopathy-associated virus", after called HIV virus.

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Montagnier and members of his group at the Pasteur Institute examined samples taken from  AIDS patients and found the virus that would later become known as HIV in a lymph node biopsy. They named it "lymphadenopathy-associated virus", after called HIV virus.

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HIV is transmitted through the following body fluids (Blood, Semen ....).

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HIV is transmitted through the following body fluids (Blood, Semen ....).

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Currently, there is no effective HIV vaccine but many research projects managing clinical trials seek to create one.