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Research is not based on the terms emic or etic 

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Research is not based on the terms emic or etic 

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Emic and peic concepts (?)

They are approaches to research
when describing a study with reference to any question state the specific aim - keep things simple

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Introduced from linguistics by Pike (1954), research in social psychology is based on the terms etic and emic. For example, in the study of depression, symptoms of depression in a specific culture (emic) will differ from a general symptoms of depression (etic).

An investigation into the distinction of cultural influences on the diagnosis' of psychopathy was done by Tanaka-Matsumi (2001).

Studying the etic approach, researchers assumed that the classification of symptoms in psychological illness are universal. Hence, assuming that psychological mechanims and disorders are experienrenced similarly, if not universally. Tanaka-Matsumi (2001) established an assumption (etic point of view) that abnormal behaviour and psychiatric diagnosis are only influenced by culture.

Whereas in emic perspectives:

The emic approach is based on individualistic variables (the "m" in emic refers to me/the personal or individualistic attributes) that can only be understood by understanding the specific context within the culture. The emic approach opposes the assumption of the etic approach, where the distinction abnormal behaviour and psychological illness is cross cultural, will differ according to cultural norms.

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Emic and epic concepts are used to find similarities in behaviour. The difference between them is that an etic approach aims to find common behaviours of all humans (universal), while the emic approach is used to find similarities in behaviour between people of a certain culture (specific). Research with an etic approach use cross-cultural comparison to find similarities between cultures. Research with an emic approach studies culture specific phenomena.

An example of behaviour that is studied with both an emic and etic approach is depression.

WHO carried out an etic approach study in Switzerland, Iran, Japan and Canada on the classification of depression. Standard diagnostic schemes were used to investigate symptoms of patients in these four countries. Results showed that several patients reported experiencing symptoms that were the same in all four countries.

Manson et al. carried out a study on the development of the American Indian Depression Scale. The study followed an emic approach. They used interviews with native informants to derive 5 Hopi illness categories related to depression: worry sickness, unhappiness, heartbroken, drunken-like craziness and disappointment. Most participants reported not finding a Hopi word equivalent to the term depression, however they were all familiar with the symptoms of the illness (depression). Some were similar to western characteristics of depression while others were completely different.
Both these studies suggest that while depression is a universal disease that people suffer from in every part of the world, the way that they describe it and the symptoms they experience are unique to specific cultures.

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There are two different approaches used in psychological research. One is etic approach, which tends to research and explain behavior that is universal, thus prevalent cross-culturally and shared between people of different cultures. The other approach is emic approach, which tends to study behavior in specific cultures and supposes that behavior will only be explainable with psychological theories of that particular culture.

Etic approach in research is demonstrated in a study conducted by the World Health Organisation(1983), where the researchers aimed to study diagnosis and symptoms of depression using a universal diagnostic manual. The cross-cultural study included 573 patients from Switzerland, Canada, Japan and Iran, which described the symptoms they were experiencing as the result of depression. Most symptoms were found to be the same across different cultures(76% reported feelings of sadness, anxiety, joylessness and a sense of insufficiency). However, cultural distinctions were shown in 40% of patients reporting somatic symptoms, which was not part of the standard universal diagnostic manual.
A study that used emic approach was the study of depression in Native Americans conducted by Manson et. al.(1985). The study interviewed Native Americans on symptoms they were experiencing as a result of depression. They reported feelings of worry sickness, unhappiness, heartbroken, drunken-like craziness and disappointment. The researchers found that Native Americans reported their culturally specific symptoms such as drunken-like craziness, which didn't fit into Western diagnostic schemes.

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The two terms, etic and emic were first introduced by the linguist Pike, who based these two terms on the distinction between phonetics and phonemics. Phonetics is the study of all sounds in languages, while phonemics is the study of sounds that are specific to certain languages. Pike based the distinction of the two terms, generalising it beyond the study of language, using it to define "two different approaches to research in the social sciences".

Etic approaches to discover what all humans, from all countries, have in common: universal human behaviour. In these kinds of studies, a theory is developed in one culture and tested cross-culturally.

Emic approaches are focused on culture-specific phenomena. Distinct behaviours of a culture are explored.

There are two major distinctions, according to Tanaka-Matsumi, in the research that addresses the cultural influences in the diagnosis of psychological disorders: the epic approach assumes that all effects caused by disorders are similar universally, while the mic approach explains that these effects are in fact different depending on the country. This is thought because since there are different behavioural norms in every country, what would be considered normal or abnormal is very different in every country.

An example pertaining the epic approach is the study conducted by the WHO on the classification and diagnosis of depression. People from countries such as Switzerland, Canada, Japan and Iran took part in the study, with a total of 573 participants. Most patients exhibited several common symptoms such as sadness, joylessness, anxiety and a sense of insufficiency (76%). A different study observing patients from Hungary and comparing them to patients from Canada and America.

40% of patients from the WHO study also showed additional somatic symptoms and obsessions that were not a part of the symptoms measured for a diagnosis of depression. Marsella et al. thought of these findings as a "strong demonstration of cultural factors". Other studies have also found evidence to confirm that depressive symptoms are felt differently in different cultures.

An example of an epic approach to the study of depression is a study conducted by Manson et al. who explored the development of depression of the America Indian Depression Scale. He conducted interviews with native informants who derived the five translated Hopi illness categories that were relative to this disorder:
- worry sickness
-unhappiness
-heartbroken
-drunken-like craziness
-disappointment

Hopi participants could not identify a Hopi word that was a direct translation of the word depression, though they were all familiar with the Hopi illness categories.

Some of the characteristics identified by Manson et al. "were similar to to the western ways of looking at depression", while others were completely different.

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Etic and emic concepts both define two different approaches to research in psychology. Etic approach aims to discover what all humans have in common and the behaviours that are exhibited universally. Theories developed in one culture, most usually the Western, are tested in other cultures to compare the behaviours cross-culturally. The etic approach was used in studying depression in the study by the World Health Organization (1983), where the aim was to investigate diagnosis and classification of symptoms of depression in Switzerland, Canada, Japan, and Iran. A standard diagnostic scheme was used to study symptoms of depression of 573 patients, and most of the symptoms experienced were found to be the same as 76% of patients reported feelings of sadness, joylessness, anxiety, and a sense of insufficiency. Although 40% of patients displayed symptoms such as somatic complaints and obsessions that were not part of the diagnostic scheme, this could be evidence for cultural variation between which symptoms are experienced. Another example of an etic approach is cross-cultural research by Berry (1967), whereby Temne people were found to exhibit greater rates of conformity due to the need of cooperation in growing crops to survive, while Innuits in Canada exhibit low rates of conformity as child-rearing focuses on self-sufficiency and survival of an individual. Emic approach on contrary focuses on behaviours exhibited only by a specific culture, which does not use any of techniques or theories developed in another culture. Another assumption is that the meaning of the behaviour can only be defined within the culture studied. This allows for a greater understanding and appreciation of a culture, and acknowledging its unique behavioural patterns.A study that uses emic approach is Manson et al (1985), where Native Americans were interviewed regarding symptoms of depression they were experiencing and then the researchers then derived five Hopi illness categories of depression: worry sickness, unhappiness, heartbroken, drunken-like craziness, and disappointment. Some of the characteristics, like unhappiness, were similar to Western ways of looking at depression, while the category of heartbroken contained a completely unique pattern of symptoms that does not fit into any of the Western diagnostic schemes.

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Emic and etic are two different concepts within the sociocultural level of analysis which look at behavior from two different approaches. Pike came up with these two concepts in 1954, and he based his work off the difference between phonemic and phonetic. In fact, emic looks at culture-specific phenomena, as opposed to etic which takes a universal approach to human behavior and studies the universals of it. Etic is often used to compare behavior across culture; however it also gives a more comprehensive understanding of it.

An example of the etic approach is a WHO study carried out in 1983. They investigated the symptoms of depression of 573 patients from 4 different countries (Switzerland, Canada, Japan and Iran). What they found is that as much as 3/4 of the patients reported similar symptoms about e.g. sadness and anxiety.

Another study on depression which took an emic approach is that of Manson et al. (1985). Their investigation focused on the American Indian Depression Scale. They found that the Hopi language did not include a word for depression, but rather the Hopi participants came up with 5 illness categories of their own. Some of these were in fact similar to Western symptoms of depression, whilst others were completely culture-specific to the Hopi culture.

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Etic concepts refer to the universals of human behaviour. It focuses on a global perspective that aims to distinguish similarities between humans in different cultures. In contrast, an emic approach is focused on culturally specific circumstances with regard to human behaviour.
A study conducted by the World Health Organisation in 1983 displays an etic approach on the diagnosis and examinations of depression. Using 573 participants from Switzerland, Canada, Japan and Iran and a standard diagnostic scheme, the symptoms of depression were measured. The results indicated that across distinct cultures 76% of participants displayed the exact same symptoms. Therefore the etic approach assimilated the data and produced a valuable answer to the way that depression evolves with reference to different cultures.
Another study conducted by Manson et. al in 1985 shows the opposite emic approach using American Indians and their depressive states and symptoms. In their Hopi culture, there was no term in their language for the depression. Instead they categorised the sentiments into different phrases but with similar symptoms to depression. This approach being culturally specific provides much more insight into depression in different cultures and how it is formed and evolves, that an etic approach could not decipher.

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Use an example (a behaviour) to explain emic/etic concepts?

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Use an example (a behaviour) to explain emic/etic concepts?

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Add a box of your own.

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A universalist perspective proposes that psychological concepts and theories apply in the same way across cultural groups, but that the way these concepts manifest themselves in behaviours can change.It is important to note that while a universalist perspective assumes that the same psychological processes influence all sociocultural groups, the resulting behaviours may still vary widely from one group to the next.

For example, the two-system thinking model applies equally to Japanese and German culture from a universalist perspective, but the resulting behaviours may be quite different. A German student may solve cognitive conflict using rational thinking, while a Japanese student may use more intuitive thinking to solve the same problem - the background theory is the same, but the resulting behaviour is different. Many cultural factors may shape such behavioural differences, including the ancient philosophical traditions shaping thinking styles in different cultures.

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RESEARCH METHODS USED  While psychologists have developed a variety of methods for studying the influence of culture, including the widespread usage of qualitative methods, most research in cultural psychology can be classified according to whether it takes:a universalist or relativist perspective, oran emic or etic perspective.Each of these perspectives in cultural psychology is discussed below.Universalism/relativismA universalist perspective on cultural psychology assumes that psychological theories and concepts apply to individuals in the same way, regardless of their culture.Social identity theory, for example, unfolds the same way in Croatia as it does in Brazil, according to a universalist perspective. Croatian and Brazilian individuals may end up identifying with different social groups, but in theory the process of how individuals go through social categorisation, social identification, social comparison and positive distinctiveness is the same - even if it ends in differing identities. A universalist perspective proposes that psychological concepts and theories apply in the same way across cultural groups, but that the way these concepts manifest themselves in behaviours can change.It is important to note that while a universalist perspective assu

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RESEARCH METHODS USED  While psychologists have developed a variety of methods for studying the influence of culture, including the widespread usage of qualitative methods, most research in cultural psychology can be classified according to whether it takes:a universalist or relativist perspective, oran emic or etic perspective.Each of these perspectives in cultural psychology is discussed below.Universalism/relativismA universalist perspective on cultural psychology assumes that psychological theories and concepts apply to individuals in the same way, regardless of their culture.Social identity theory, for example, unfolds the same way in Croatia as it does in Brazil, according to a universalist perspective. Croatian and Brazilian individuals may end up identifying with different social groups, but in theory the process of how individuals go through social categorisation, social identification, social comparison and positive distinctiveness is the same - even if it ends in differing identities. A universalist perspective proposes that psychological concepts and theories apply in the same way across cultural groups, but that the way these concepts manifest themselves in behaviours can change.It is important to note that while a universalist perspective assu

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WHAT IS CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY?Cultural psychology is not so much a paradigm of its own as it is a lens that can be used to understand the influence of cultural on individual attitudes, identity and behaviour. That means that cultural psychology influences almost every domain of psychology, with cultural factors linked to the biological approach, cognition (including memory, thinking and emotion) and more specific influences on human development, abnormal psychology and human relationships. In other words, cultural factors may underlie almost every possible topic in psychology.

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WHAT IS CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY?Cultural psychology is not so much a paradigm of its own as it is a lens that can be used to understand the influence of cultural on individual attitudes, identity and behaviour. That means that cultural psychology influences almost every domain of psychology, with cultural factors linked to the biological approach, cognition (including memory, thinking and emotion) and more specific influences on human development, abnormal psychology and human relationships. In other words, cultural factors may underlie almost every possible topic in psychology.