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School Policies That Affect Juvenile Delinquency 

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School Policies That Affect Juvenile Delinquency 

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Delinquency is associated with poor school performance, truancy,
and leaving school at a young age. The topics covered are grade retention, suspension, and expulsion as disciplinary techniques and academic tracking.

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Failure to set clear expectations for children’s behavior, inconsistent discipline, excessively severe or aggressive discipline, and poor monitoring and supervision of children predict later delinquency.

Reductions in delinquency between the ages of 15 and 17 years appear to be related to friendly interaction between teenagers and their parents, a situation that seems to promote school attachment and stronger family ties. Children who have been neglected by their parents have a high risk of delinquency. Abused and neglected children start offending earlier than children who are not abused or neglected

Harsh parenting may be a response to a particular child’s behavior. Children of antisocial
parents are at heightened risk for aggressive, antisocial, and delinquent behavior.

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Where a family lives affects the nature of opportunities that will be
available to its members. Friendly parental guidance seems to protect children from delinquency regardless of neighborhoods. Children reared by parents
who neglect or reject them are likely to be greatly influenced by their community environments. Compared with offenders who are not gang members, gang offenders tend to be younger when they begin their criminal careers, are more likely to be violent in public places,
and are more likely to use guns

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Grade retention refers to the practice of not promoting students to the next grade level upon completion of the current grade at the end of the school year. Low academic achievement is the most frequent reason given by teachers who recommend retention for their students. Dropouts are five times more likely to have repeated a grade than non-dropouts, and students who repeat two grades
have nearly a 100 percent probability of dropping out. There are issues of fairness and equity, in that males and ethnic minority children are more likely to be retained.

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One study reported that involvement with antisocial peers was the only variable that had a direct effect on subsequent delinquency other than prior delinquency. Factors such as peer delinquent behavior, peer approval of deviant behavior, attachment or allegiance to peers, time spent with peers, and peer pressure for deviance have all been associated with adolescent antisocial behavior. Peers appear to be most important during late adolescence, with their importance peaking at about age 17 and declining thereafter. In adolescence, susceptibility to peer influence is inversely related to interaction with parents.

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-School suspension and expulsion is most common in male high school student, whose school difficulties quickly can turn to behavioral issues.
-Those who support school suspension say that it reduces the likelihood of bad behavior and may serve as a deterrent to other students.
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Studies of criminal activity by age consistently find that rates of offending begin to rise in preadolescence or early adolescence, reach a peak in late adolescence, and fall through young adulthood. Some lawbreaking experience at
some time during adolescence is nearly universal in American children, although much of this behavior is reasonably mild and temporary.

in a longitudinal study of a sample of boys in London, the Cambridge Longitudinal Study, found an eight-fold increase in the number of different boys convicted of delinquent behavior from age 10 to age 17, followed by a decrease to a quarter of the maximum level
by age 24. The number of self-reported offenses in the same sample also peaked between ages 15 and 18, then dropped sharply by age 24.

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-Federal programs should be made to promote grade retention and tracking (memory and performance) in schools.
-A  review of the effects of school policies and practices, like grades , tracking performance,
suspension, and expulsion, should be taken. The review
should include the effects of delinquency policies, and the effects on education and school
environment.
-Governments should provide treatment for drug abuse among pregnant women, particularly, adolescents.
-More research on risk factors for delinquency need to be conducted.

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In this movie, Andy gives up all of the toys that he grew up with because he's going off to college. These toys represent Andy's innocence and childhood. When he gives them up, it represents his last stage of his innocence and how it's finally dying away completely.

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Research has often been confined to studies of boys. Between the ages of 3 and 6, boys begin to display higher rates of physical aggression than girls do. Girls tend to use verbal and indirect aggression rather than physical. Girls use physical aggression against peers, but tend to hide it from adults. Rates of bullying by girls and boys are actually the same

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Family interactions are most important during early childhood. A risk factor for early development of juvenile delinquency is separation and divorce in families. Growing up in a single-parent family also has been known for kids ending up getting into trouble. When the parent goes to work to support the family, no one is home to supervise the kid.

Studies have also shown that children born by teenage mothers are more likely to be delinquent and chronic juvenile offenders.

Children raised in families of four or more children have also been found to have an increased
risk of delinquency.

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Neighborhood Level Concentrations of Developmental Risk Factors

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Neighborhood Level Concentrations of Developmental Risk Factors

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Definition= the influence of neighborhood environment on individual development (personal & family characteristics)
Neighborhoods are the environments in which children grow up,so they can effect a kid greatly.
Studies demonstrate neighborhood risk factors can impair physical and mental health and kids can develop antisocial behavior patterns.
Neighborhoods with bad conditions for development have the highest youth crime rates.
Child health problems, parental stress, child abuse, and exposure
to community violence are all considered bad conditions in a neighborhood that lead to delinquency.
Neighborhoods high poverty rates and crime are often have high concentrations of health problems.

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Environmental and Situational Influences 

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Environmental and Situational Influences 

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Drug markets, availability
of guns, and the impact of violence in the media are other factors that may influence the risk of delinquency.
The presence of drug markets increases the likelihood for violence  where drugs are exchanged for money.
Researchers found that juveniles responded to an increased
threat of violence in their neighborhoods by arming themselves or joining
gangs for self-protection.
Protection is the most
common reason given for carrying a gun.
Scientific studies show that children may imitate behavior they see on the media. Exposure to media violence increased fear of victimization.
Violent video games, movies, and music lyrics have been criticized as inciting violence among young people.

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A large number of individual factors and characteristics have been associated with the development of juvenile delinquency. These factors include age, gender, complications during pregnancy and delivery, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and substance use.

To fully understand  the development of these individual characteristics and their relations to delinquency, one needs to study the development of the individual in interaction with the environment.