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In one section of his book The Demon-Haunted World, Carl Sagan decried that way that advertisers try to dazzle us with irrelevant facts and figures. He was mostly concerned with drug advertising; in this case study we explore a more innocuous example.

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if we can extrapolate forward into the future you should be able to extrapolate back into the past as well. The first Olympic games were held in 776 BC in Olympia Greece. Our understanding is that the main running race there covered a distance of one stade, or about 190 meters. Had there been a 100 meter event, though, the regression model that Tatem and colleagues have provided predict a winning time of almost exactly 40 seconds — a speed of 2.5 m/sec and the pace of a reasonably brisk walk. While we don't have hard evidence, we have faith that these ancient athletes would have been able to do considerably better.

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Case Study - The Gender gap in 100-meter dash times

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We examine a 2004 Nature paper predicting that women sprinters will outrun men by the mid-22nd century. In doing so, we see the danger of over-extrapolation, and we get to read a beautiful example of reductio ad absurdum as a means of calling bullshit.

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It's not just that the author has used a line graph for categorical data. Nor is the fact that the visual effect is exaggerated because the vertical axis has been truncated at 25. (This is in fact the right thing to do for many line graphs, but that's a separate story ). What aroused my suspicion was the implausibly large difference in ages at death. I wouldn't be particularly skeptical if the study found 5-10% declines for musicians in some genres and only a bit concerned if they reported 25% declines. But look at the graph. Rap and hip-hop musicians purportedly die at about 30 years of age — half that of most other genres.

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Here we consider what can go wrong as one goes from scholarly article to popular science piece to social media meme. We explore why a data graphic shared widely on social media gives a misleading impression, explain the issue of right-censoring, and discuss how its effects can be seen in the light of correlation analysis.

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This is an example of an assumption made in a survey. The assumption here is that people over the age of 65 have never used the internet due to the fact that they are old and might be considered 'old-fashioned'.

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This estimation is incorrect due to the fact that it is impossible to know where food stamps go and in addition, we have no idea what the exact percentage of food stamps that go anywhere is.

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If Bush Cut Tax Expire: Fox News aired this graph on Live TV. Clearly it is extremely ridiculous. It seems as though the 4% difference is a 60% difference; manipulated to fit their political agenda.

https://flowingdata.com/2012/08/06/fox-news-continues-charting-excellence/

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Hand sanitizers kill 99.99% of germs: this is a widely advertised statement that is greatly inaccurate. This statement is only true with sanitizers when tested in Lab conditions.

http://s3.crackedcdn.com/phpimages/pictofact/0/9/8/529098_v1.jpg

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The link below is an article attacking fastfood places. It states that 2 or 3% of customers demanded changes. This is definitely a spectacular statistic,  since it is a small numbers of a small percentage. (small number of customers)

http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=126450&page=1

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The link below is an article about post partum depression. In the article it says that postpartum anxiety affects more than 1 in 6 women after childbirth. This is an example of a polluted poll as the numbers are very likely biased upwards, as there is no explanation where this statistics came from.

https://www.healthline.com/health/depression/postpartum-depression

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The first graph in the following link is a typical example of  cocky correlation. It shows the results of people’s weight eating eggs for breakfast and people’s weight eating bagels for breakfast. According to the study, eating eggs for breakfast helps you lose 65% more weight than a breakfast that consists of bagels. The researchers relate eggs to drastic weight loss. Many factors contribute to weight loss, it is unreliable to say that eating eggs for breakfast every day will make you lose weight.

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-graphs-with-effective-ways-to-lose-weight#section1

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this article illustrates an example of a polluted poll it mentions that 12% of Americans believe that Obama cut down the taxes last year. however, this statics was only taken from a selected group of people.

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This example shows everything you can do wrong when taking a poll. Another problem that can be clearly seen is the fact that the headline was aiming to get readers attention and not based on real facts.

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The more intelligent a woman is, the more likely she is to be a heavy drinker: Based on a study among female college graduates, and females that didn't attend college, a study deduced that those who attended college drink more frequently. Many media articles took advantage of the results of the study to assume the title "The more intelligent you are as a woman, the more likely you are to be a heavy drinker."

Link:  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-health/7549959/Cleverest-women-are-the-heaviest-drinkers.html

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this graph shows the correlation between sour cream and deaths rate from motorbike accidents. however, there is no link between the two variables

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this graph shows that welfare in the US looks like it is out of control however, its is obvious that the y axıs starts from  94 mıllıon.
http://www.weeklystandard.com/over-100-million-now-receiving-federal-welfare/article/649589

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This poll by Fox News gave a total of 110% about Obama's presidential approval rating.

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This graph shows a very considerable difference between the 2 bars , to the point where 7 million is 5 times more than 6 million.

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This graph indicates that 80% of Syrian asylum applicants approved to stay in Europe. However, according to Eurostat Statistics Explained, , the number of first time asylum applicants in the EU-28 from Syria fell back slightly to 335 thousand from 363 thousand in 2015; the share of Syrian citizens in the total dropped from 28.9 % to 27.8 %.

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Syrians filed more than twice as many asylum applications as any other origin group during Europe's record migration surge in 2015 and 2016. In response, some European countries such as Germany prioritized the review of Syrian asylum applications above other nationalities of asylum seekers and approved a greater share of them than non-Syrians.

In all, more than half a million asylum seekers from Syria during the 2015-16 surge had received permission to stay in Europe, at least temporarily, as of Dec. 31, 2016, according to Pew Research Center estimates of data from Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union.

Syrians not only filed the most applications, they also had the highest share of approved applications of any asylum-seeker origin group. Among nationalities with the most asylum applications in 2015 and 2016, estimates show the share of Syrians (80%) permitted to stay in the European Union, Norway and Switzerland was far higher than the share among Eritreans (68%), Somalians (38%), Iraqis (36%), Sudanese (36%) and Afghans (22%).

Overall, about 40% of Europe's 2.2 million asylum seekers during this time had their applications approved as of Dec. 31, 2016. About half (52%) are still waiting for an application decision, according to the Center's estimates. Meanwhile, about one-in-five Syrian applicants (20%) are still waiting for a decision, a much smaller share than other nationalities.

The conflict in Syria has displaced an estimated 12.5 million Syrians worldwide over the past six years. The resulting migration crisis drew widespread attention around the world in 2015, with the publication of a photo of a 3-year-old Syrian boy's body lying face down on a beach in Turkey.

In 2015 and 2016, Europe became a destination of choice for an estimated 650,000 Syrians. However, this represents only about 5% of all Syrians displaced by the conflict worldwide. Most displaced Syrians continue to live away from their homes within Syria or in Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon. These Europe-bound Syrian refugees crossed the Eastern Mediterranean from Turkey to Greece and applied for asylum in Europe. Most Syrian asylum seekers who arrived in Europe did not stay in Greece but instead continued their journey into Northern and Western Europe after Germany temporarily withdrew from the Dublin Regulation, which requires member states to register asylum seeker applications in the first European country they enter.
See Pew Research Center's interactive on the refugee status of Europe's asylum seekers by nationality and country of application.
Asylum seekers seeking refugee status in Europe must apply individually and demonstrate to government officials that they would, at minimum, face serious persecution due to race, religion or other factors if they returned to their home country. Approved refugees receive work permits and some may begin the process of applying for family members to join them.

Decision times on applications for Syrian asylum seekers varied by country across Europe. In Belgium, for example, Syrian applicants were prioritized but decision wait times still averaged several months. Many Syrians applying in Germany received decisions within three to four months of their initial application, much shorter than many other nationalities. This drove down the average wait times in Europe, since Germany accounted for more than seven-in-ten Syrian application approvals (72%). In many other countries, the wait times for Syrians, as well as asylum seekers of other nationalities, took longer - sometimes a year or more.

In most European countries, a majority of Syrian asylum seekers had their applications approved in 2015 and 2016. However, the highest and lowest shares of Syrians given permission to stay varied by EU country. For example, estimates show that nearly all Syrian applicants in Sweden (96%) could legally stay in that country as of the end of 2016. Germany - the country with the highest number Syrian asylum seekers in 2015-16 - had approved 89% of asylum applications filed by Syrians, nearly matching Sweden's share of approved applicants. At the lower end, about one-in-ten Syrian asylum seekers in Greece are estimated to have had their applications approved, with most others still waiting for a decision on whether they can stay in Europe.

Unsuccessful first-time applicants may appeal a rejection and wait for a final decision on their future in Europe. Estimates show that most Syrian asylum seekers whose application has been rejected appeal the decision, with few returning to Syria or moving to a non-EU country.

Topics: Europe, Immigration, Wars and International Conflicts, Immigration Trends, Middle East and North Africa, Migration

Phillip Connor is a senior researcher focusing on demography and migration studies at Pew Research Center.

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After record migration, 80% of Syrian asylum applicants approved to stay in Europe

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Syrians filed more than twice as many asylum applications as any other origin group during Europe's record migration surge in 2015 and 2016. In response, some European countries such as Germany prioritized the review of Syrian asylum applications above other nationalities of asylum seekers and approved a greater share of them than non-Syrians.

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This graph shows the correlation between births outside of marriages among the foreign born and the gap between immigrant and U.S born moms. But actually there is no evidence that prove the correlation between them.

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Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project

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As births outside of marriage decline among the foreign born, the gap between immigrant and U.S.-born moms widens

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Graphic: As births outside of marriage decline among the foreign born, the gap between immigrant and U.S.-born moms widens

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This graph shows people’s perspective on the health effect of organic food and GM food. But the problem with this graph that it does not include any information about the sample.

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Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech

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Mirroring perspectives on the health effects of organic food and GM foods

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Graphic: Mirroring perspectives on the health effects of organic food and GM foods

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This chart is showing the huge difference between 35% and 39.6&

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This graph shows a correlation between divorce rates in Maine per capita and the consumption of Margarine per capita. The correlation is a shocking 99%. People get divorced for many various and distinct reasons, but the consumption of margarine, logically, can't be one. There is no proof that although the 2 phenomenas correlate, that one causes the other. Correlation doesn't necessarily mean causality.

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Here is an example of media Bias. The issue is that sometimes media post misleading headlines which convey totally wrong meaning. In addition, some people just read the headline, so they will predict another meaning if the headline has nothing to do with the content.

https://www.studentnewsdaily.com/example-of-media-bias/misleading-headline/

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CNN gave 110% when they reported on a poll of Scotland

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CNN featured a graphic on screen on Thursday night which showed that 110 percent of the country's population had been polled

According to the graphic, 58 percent of Scots had said 'yes' and 52 percent voted 'no'

Later, the network realized their error and switched to a more accurate graphic which showed 52 percent voting 'no' and 48 percent voting 'yes'

The St. Andrew's Bar in New York City was filled to capacity on Thursday night as anxious Scots from all over the city awaited the final results

Turnout in Scotland's independence referendum is expected to be very high, but surely not as big as CNN was predicting on Thursday night.

In a news report on the network's evening broadcast, a graphic appeared on screen which showed that Scotland has given the independence referendum 110 percent.

According to the graphic, 58 percent of Scots had said 'yes,' and 52 percent voted 'no,' which adds up to 110 percent of the country's populace.

Later, the network realized their error and switched to a more accurate graphic which showed 52 percent voting 'no' and 48 percent voting 'yes'.

The St. Andrew's Bar in New York City was filled to capacity on Thursday night as anxious Scots from all over the city awaited the final results of the referendum.

After the polls closed late on Thursday, turnout in the referendum was expected to be extremely high - although not quite as high as CNN's projections.

The first numbers released early in the early hours of Friday morning in Scotland were turnout totals for two regions - 84 percent and 89 percent - suggesting that the number of voters could hit a record high.

Eager voters had lined up outside some polling stations even before they opened on Thursday. More than 4.2 million people had registered to vote - 97 percent of those eligible - including residents as young as 16.

For some, it was a day they had dreamed of for decades. For others, the time had finally come to make up their minds about the future - both for themselves and for the United Kingdom.

'Fifty years I fought for this,' said 83-year-old Isabelle Smith, a Yes supporter in Edinburgh's maritime district of Newhaven, a former fishing port. 'And we are going to win. I can feel it in my bones.'

The question on the ballot could not be simpler: 'Should Scotland be an independent country?'

Yet it has divided Scots during months of campaigning, generating an unprecedented volume and intensity of public debate and participation. The Yes side, in particular, has energized young people and previously disillusioned working-class voters.

Polls suggest the result was too close to call. A final Ipsos MORI poll released on Thursday put support for the No side at 53 percent and Yes at 47 percent. The phone survey of 991 people has a margin of error of plus or minus three percentage points.

Many questions - the currency an independent Scotland would use, its status within the 28-nation European Union and NATO, the fate of Britain's nuclear-armed submarines, based at a Scottish port - remain uncertain or disputed after months of campaigning.

One thing was known: A Yes vote would trigger 18 months of negotiations between Scottish leaders and London-based politicians on how the two countries would separate their institutions before Scotland's planned Independence Day on March 24, 2016.

For Smith, who went to the polling station decked out in a blue-and-white pro-independence shirt and rosette, statehood for Scotland was a dream nurtured during three decades living in the U.S. with her late husband.

'The one thing America has that the Scots don't have is confidence,' said Smith, who returned to Scotland years ago. 'But they're getting it, they're walking tall.'

After polls closed, some No campaigners said they were confident they had swayed enough undecided voters to stave off independence. They may have been helped by a last-minute offer from Britain's main political parties for more powers for Scotland if they reject secession.

Yes campaigners insisted Scots would not allow a return to the status quo, even if the independence bid failed.

'Whatever happens, Scotland is going to be different,' said Luke Campbell, a member of the Radical Independence Movement. 'People aren't going to go back to their sofas after this.'

After weeks in which the British media talked of little else, the television airwaves were almost a referendum-free zone Thursday due to electoral rules. On the streets, it was a different story, with rival Yes and No billboards and campaigners outside many polling places.

At one Edinburgh polling station, Thomas Roberts said he had voted Yes because he felt optimistic about Scotland's future as an independent country. He was looking forward to learning the outcome from the warm confines of a pub.

'Why not roll the dice for once?' he asked. 'I'm going to sit with a beer in my hand watching the results coming in.'

But some No supporters said the pro-independence campaign had fueled bad feeling among neighbors.

'The country is divided with a hatchet. It's so awful - and it was completely unnecessary,' said Fiona Mitchell, distributing No leaflets outside a polling station.

If the Yes side prevails, First Minister Alex Salmond will have realized a long-held dream of leading his country to independence from an alliance with England that was formed in 1707.

'This is our opportunity of a lifetime and we must seize it with both hands,' Salmond said in his final pre-vote speech.

Pro-independence forces got a last-minute boost Thursday from tennis star Andy Murray, who signaled his support of the Yes campaign in a tweet to his 2.7 million followers.

Anti-independence leaders, including former Prime Minister Gordon Brown, himself a Scot, have implored Scots not to break their links with the rest of the United Kingdom and have stressed the economic uncertainties that independence would bring.

There have been fierce disputes over whether an independent Scotland could use the pound and several companies have said they would move their headquarters from Scotland to England if the Yes vote prevails.

Many Yes supporters were heading to symbolic spots like Calton Hill overlooking Edinburgh - hoping the sun would rise Friday on a new dawn of independence and not just a hangover.

But financial consultant Michael MacPhee, a No voter, said he would observe the returns coming in 'with anxiety.'

Scottish independence is 'the daftest idea I've ever heard,' he said.

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CNN reports 110% turnout in Scottish independence vote

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CNN featured a graphic on screen on Thursday night which showed that 110 percent of the country's population had been polled According to the graphic, 58 percent of Scots had said 'yes' and 52 percent voted 'no' Later, the network realized their error and switched to a more accurate graphic which showed 52 percent voting 'no' and 48 percent voting 'yes' The St.

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Despite the fact that people with very dark skin are more prone to the sickle cell disease, there is no concrete evidence that dark skin always causes this ailment. It makes no sense.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3116635/

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This graph illustrates the poverty rate in different Egyptian regions. Rural upper Egypt has the highest rate (49.4), and urban frontier governorates has the lowest rate of poverty (11.4).

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All of these are examples of "not-so spectacular statistics". Take number 17 for example, the headline reads "Study says that White Extremists have killed more Americans in the U.S. than Jihadists since 9/11." When you read that it seems like it's a huge deal when in fact "It is mathematically impossible not to be this way because white people are America's largest demographic and Muslims makeup just less then 1% of the adult population" (according to the site).

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Congrats, Randallw. You win money.

We are offering so many opportunities for you to win some dough that it'd be insane if you didn't get in on this. Aside from our photoplasties ($100 per contest) and GIFs ($150 per contest) we are paying out 10 winners for our macro contests. And YES, you can win all 10 spots ($350 payout) if you've got the skills to blow our minds that many times.

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19 Most Misleading Statistics (That Are Technically Correct)

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Congrats, Randallw. You win money. We are offering so many opportunities for you to win some dough that it'd be insane if you didn't get in on this. Aside from our photoplasties ($100 per contest) and GIFs ($150 per contest) we are paying out 10 winners for our macro contests.

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http://vaccinepapers.org/review-of-jain-et-al-jama-2015-and-comments-on-mmr-autism/http://vaccinepapers.org/review-of-jain-et-al-jama-2015-and-comments-on-mmr-autism/. The MMR vaccine causes autism and there is no obvious evidence for that , eventhough children really suffers neurodevelopmental regressionafter taking the MMR vaccine .

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http://study.com/academy/lesson/negative-correlation-in-psychology-examples-definition-interpretation.htmlhttp://study.com/academy/lesson/negative-correlation-in-psychology-examples-definition-interpretation.html    this graph shows the relation between getting a high GPA and the hours spent on playing Video games . It shows that as the hours spent on playing video games increases , as the GPA decreases.

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As we can see in the first graph ( left side) , they are using a wrong correlation, and justifying that creating more Iphones, let people die from falling down the stairs, which doesn't make sense at all, it has nothing similar

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Most hand sanitizes claim that they kill 99.9% of the germs. However, they do not mention that this is the case under laboratory conditions and that in real world, this percentage becomes as low as 46%

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Kills 99.9% of Germs -- Under Some Lab Conditions

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Dozens of products tout the ability to kill 99.9% of common bacteria and fungi. But the tests used to come to this number are often skewed.

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This pie chart has several problem. First of all it doesn't add up to 100 (it adds up to 99). Secondly the 49% part is clearly given more than half the chart which is an entirely incorrect scale

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in this article, they mentioned a certain percentage without mentioning how many people were involved "Even as they take this information to heart, 86% of health seekers say that they worry about getting health information from an unreliable source online." we can't say this 86% was done on a 100 persons or thousands
http://www.pewinternet.org/2001/01/11/testimony-to-the-national-committee-on-vital-and-health-statistics/

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In this graph, we can see that the high number in the right is lower than the other number while the graph represents it as if it is a bigger number
https://www.datapine.com/blog/misleading-statistics-and-data/

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This article suggests that there is a 100% probability of having an economic recession in the US within the next 12 months based on the fact that recessions take place every 4-7 years and no recession took place in 7 years. In fact, the article was published more than 18 months ago and the US hadn't experienced a recession which proves that such articles should never be trusted.

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High profile US investor, Rogers Holdings chairman Jim Rogers, says he is certain that the US economy will be in recession in the next 12 months.

During an interview on BloombergTV, the famous investor said that there was a 100 percent probability that the US economy would be in a downturn within one year.

"It's been seven years, eight years since we had the last recession in the US and normally, historically we have them every four to seven years for whatever reason - at least we always have," he said.

"It doesn't have to happen in four to seven years but look at the debt, the debt is staggering."

Most Wall Street economists see a much smaller chance of a US recession within this span, with odds typically below 33 per cent.

Rogers was not specific on what could trigger a disorderly deleveraging process and recession, but claimed that sluggish or slowing economies in China, Japan, and the eurozone mean that there are many possible channels of contagion.

The former partner of George Soros suggested that if investors focus on the right data, there are signs that the US economy is already faltering.

"If you look at the payroll tax figures [in the US], you see they're already flat," he concluded. "Don't pay attention to the government numbers, pay attention to the real numbers."

In light of the economic turmoil envisaged by Rogers, he is long the US dollar.

"It might even turn into a bubble," he said of the greenback. "I mean, if markets around the world are crashing, let's just say that scenario happens, everybody's going to put their money in the US dollar - it could turn into a bubble."

Rogers added that a strengthening US dollar has historically been negative for commodities - the asset class that the investor is most well-known for.

While the yen is often designated as a risk-off currency, it won't benefit in the event of a flight to safety due to the massive, continued expansion of the Bank of Japan's balance sheet, according to Rogers, who said he exited his position in the yen last Friday.
Bloomberg

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'100pc probability of a US recession within a year'

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High profile US investor, Rogers Holdings chairman Jim Rogers, says he is certain that the US economy will be in recession in the next 12 months. During an interview on BloombergTV, the famous investor said that there was a 100 percent probability that the US economy would be in a downturn within one year.

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The first graph's y-axis is in reverse (the 0 is on top)!

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Katie Notopoulos is a senior editor for BuzzFeed News and is based in New York. Notopoulos writes about tech and internet culture is cohost of the Internet Explorer podcast.

Contact Katie Notopoulos at katie@buzzfeed.com.

Got a confidential tip? Submit it here.

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Katie Notopoulos is a senior editor for BuzzFeed News and is based in New York. Notopoulos writes about tech and internet culture is cohost of the Internet Explorer podcast. Contact Katie Notopoulos at katie@buzzfeed.com. Got a confidential tip? Submit it here.

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This graph is not drawn to scale. For Germany, the picture of two medals corresponds to 499 medals. However,  for Britain, 615 medals are represented by 4 medals in the graph and 6 medals represent 1975 medals won by the USA.

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Although the graph shows a correlation coefficient of 0.992558 between the Divorce rate in Maine and the per capita consumption of margarine in the US, there is absolutely no proof that one caused the other and it makes no sense!

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In an ongoing and geekily hilarious collection of evidence in defense of the fact that correlation does not imply causation, Harvard law student Tyler Vigen shares charts showing "spurious correlations" - high correlation between two random, unrelated statistics.

Divorce and Margarine

Bedsheet Deaths and Ski Profits

Norwegian Oil and Train Accidents

Miss America and Murder

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Funny Graphs Show Correlation Between Completely Unrelated Stats

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In an ongoing and geekily hilarious collection of evidence in defense of the fact that correlation does not imply causation, Harvard law student Tyler Vigen shares charts showing "spurious correlations" - high correlation between two random, unrelated statistics.

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The problem with this graph is that it isn't drawn to scale. Although the y axis is labelled, it doesn't start from zero. Additionally, the 1.5 m mark starts from the shoes of the figures which makes no sense. The graph shows that the average male in Netherlands is  about 20 % taller than the American whereas the difference is only about 7 cm ( less than 4 percent)

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The Y axis starts from 94M! (Federal Welfare Received in US). It makes people believe that it has increased a lot, while it only did from 94M to 108M.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7EvBxRYNME

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we don't know such percentage was done on how many persons, that's why we can't agree with those numbers because such percentage can be the result from a total of 100 people or a thousand

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This graph is supposed to show babies born by Muslims will begin to outnumber Christian births by 2035. First of all, in 2035 the difference between both of them is only 1M. Also, it is written on the graph that they are testing it during each five-year period but this is not reliable, because the mean of the 5 years won't be that reliable
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/10-demographic-trends-shaping-the-u-s-and-the-world-in-2017/

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"Professor Bem, of Cornell University in New York State, carried out nine different experiments involving more than 1,000 volunteers."
1) he used students that are enrolled in the university, so this sample may be a biased sample.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1330596/Humans-psychic-powers-New-study-proves-future.html

Also there is an ad that states that 9 out of 10 dentists prefer this type of toothpaste . 10 dentists are not a representative sample.

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1) no y-axis
2)abortion increased to 327,000 in 2013 and cancer screening & prevention services decreased to 935,573 but the line is drawn below the abortion line, it decreased but its still above it.
3) they use different scale

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Even though there is a correlation coefficient of 0.9357 between Japanese passenger cars sold in the US and suicides by crashing of motor vehicle, there is no direct link that could show that one is causing the other.

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There might be a correlation between global warming and the increasing in the number of pirates, but there is no proof that one causes the other!

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This is a correlation between the consumption of cheese and the number of people dying by becoming tangled in their bedsheets. Even though, the correlation coefficient is fairly high, 0.947. it is totally unreliable as it conflicts with how science (and how the world) works.

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Colgate did a misrepresentative advertisement: "80% of Dentists recommend Colgate". In the survey that the company conducted, dentists had the chance to recommend other brands than Colgate. So it does not mean that 80% chose Colgate and the other 20% suggested other brands.
https://www.datapine.com/blog/misleading-statistics-and-data/

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Global air temperature change. There are 3 graphs , the first one shows that from 1998 ro 2012, there was a decrease in the global mean temperature. Thus if we only look at the first graph, it claims that global warming is disproved. However, in the 3rd graph which illustrates the global warming on the long run from 1900 to 2010, it showa clearly that there is a gradual warming.
https://www.datapine.com/blog/misleading-statistics-and-data/

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The x-axis on this bar graph starts at 55 billion dollars rather than zero. This is extremely misleading because by looking at the length of the bar we can determine its value, and this cannot be done if it is not done a proper scale.

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This is the first post in a new blog designed to help you recognize misleading and deceptive graphs as well as become familiar with some common graphical mistakes. How many problems can you identify in this company valuation visual? I'll return to the graph after I briefly introduce myself.

I'm Naomi Robbins - author of Creating More Effective Graphs(Wiley 2005). Jon Bruner, an editor at Forbes, invited me to write this blog after a presentation I gave on graphical mistakes at the Strata Conference in New York. In addition to pointing out errors in published graphs, I'll also explain how to choose the right graph form to make your point when you're creating your own graphs. Despite the fact that graphs are now ubiquitous in virtually every field of business, very few people have received any training on how to read or design a graph. I will share with you my favorite graph forms, the ones that communicate data in the most informative way. I'll also discuss my favorite books and blogs on communicating data clearly. You'll learn more about all of these topics in the coming weeks and months.

Although I may occasionally mention software, my approach will mainly be software agnostic. That is, the principles I emphasize apply no matter what software you use, just as the rules of grammar apply no matter what word processor you use.

Let's return now to the figure. Did you notice that the bars start at $55 (billion) rather than zero? This may seem like a minor point, but in fact it's a critical factor in how we perceive the information in a bar graph. We judge the value of the bars in a bar graph by their lengths. We cannot do a very good job if we're only shown parts of the bars. More specifically, the second bar appears to be twice as high as the first bar, suggesting a doubling of valuation from December to January. but a closer look shows that the difference between the two is much less drastic: an increase from $60 billion to $66.2 billion. The takeaway: every bar graph needs a zero on its scale. If you see one without a zero, be careful. In a future post I'll discuss whether line graphs and other graphs also need a zero on their scales.

Now let's look at the horizontal axis. The bars are evenly spaced but the dates they represent are not. There is one bar for December, one for January, none for February, two for March, and so on. Therefore, the trend that results from following the top of the bars is distorted. In particular, the high valuation of $84 billion appears to hold for a lengthy period of time, when in fact the total time period at this value was less than a month (June 22 to July 19). Evenly spaced bars or tick marks for uneven intervals is a common problem. Whether the distortion was intentional or not, the reader receives misleading information.

The last thing you may have noticed about this graph is the excessive use of dollar signs on the vertical axis as well as in the data labels. All told, we are reminded that the data represent dollars twenty times (once in the label for the vertical axis, eight times with the tick mark labels and eleven times with the data labels on the bars.) Another unnecessary feature is the decimal point and zero on each tick mark label. Both contribute to a growing trend that I call "chart clutter." It is not as serious a problem as the two issues discussed above but it does make the numbers themselves more difficult to decipher.

Do you see anything else wrong with the figure? Have you seen other examples of "chart clutter"? Use the comments to share your thoughts. In addition, I welcome any questions on charts and graphs for inclusion in future blog posts.

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This is the first post in a new blog designed to help you recognize misleading and deceptive graphs as well as become familiar with some common graphical mistakes. How many problems can you identify in this company valuation visual? I'll return to the graph after I briefly introduce myself.

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This statistic was a prediction that was supported by the World Bank, UN and the IMF
The figure was used as a rallying cry to raise funds to alleviate the wave of poverty said to be about to sweep the poor world – something that was deemed particularly unfair, since it was the rich world that caused the crisi

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Climate change could push more than 100 million people into extreme poverty by 2030 by disrupting agriculture and fueling the spread of malaria and other diseases, the World Bank said in a report Sunday.

Released just weeks ahead of a U.N. climate summit in Paris, the report highlighted how the impact of global warming is borne unevenly, with the world's poor woefully unprepared to deal with climate shocks such as rising seas or severe droughts.

"They have fewer resources and receive less support from family, community, the financial system, and even social safety nets to prevent, cope and adapt," the Washington-based World Bank said.

How to help poor countries - and poor communities within countries - deal with climate change is one of the crunch issues in talks on a global climate accord that's supposed to be adopted next month in Paris.

Those who say that rich countries aren't doing enough to help the poor said the report added emphasis to demands for billions of dollars in so-called climate finance to developing countries.

Global effort needed

"The statistics in the World Bank report are suitably shocking and I hope they force world leaders to sit up and take notice," said Mohamed Adow of Christian Aid. "The Paris deal needs to support the poor and vulnerable communities to cope with unavoidable climate crises better, and to be more resilient to a changed climate."

There was fresh evidence out of Britain's national weather service on Monday to suggest that the earth's climate is, indeed, warming. The agency said this year's global average temperature is on track to reach 1 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels for the first time ever.

That's a symbolically important level as it's halfway to the 2 degrees C that governments have set as a limit to avoid dangerous levels of warming.

Despite pledges to rein in emissions of carbon dioxide and other global warming gases, climate change isn't likely to stop anytime soon. Carbon emissions are expected to rise for many years as China, India and other developing countries expand the use of fossil fuels to power their economies.

But efforts to protect the poor, such as generally improving access to health care and social safety nets, and targeted measures to upgrade flood defences and deploy more heat-tolerant crops could prevent most of the negative consequences of climate change on poverty, the bank said.

"Absent such good development, climate change could result in an additional 100 million people living in extreme poverty by 2030," the report said. Stephane Hallegatte, one of the authors, told The Associated Press that one of the unique features of the report was that instead of analyzing the macro-economic impact of climate change it was based in part on surveys of 1.4 million people in 92 countries.

"When we ask people why they fall into poverty there are three major factors," he said. "Agricultural shocks, including an increase in food prices; natural disasters such as floods, droughts, storms; and health issues, including malaria, diarrhea."

Crop yield losses

The report referred to studies showing climate change could result in global crop yield losses as large as 5 per cent by 2030 and 30 per cent by 2080. It also referenced studies showing warming temperatures could increase the number of people at risk for malaria by 150 million.

Hallegatte said the "hotspots" for climate impacts on poor people were sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The U.S. and other countries have collectively pledged to scale up climate financing to developed countries to $100 billion annually by 2020 to help them adapt to climate change and reduce their emissions.

Developing countries are calling for commitments beyond 2020 in the Paris agreement but rich nations are reluctant to make firm promises, in part due to budget uncertainties. A recent report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development estimated climate finance flows to developing countries reached $62 billion in 2014.

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organization for economic co-operation and development

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World Bank says climate change threatens to push 100 million people into destitution

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Climate change could push more than 100 million people into extreme poverty by 2030 by disrupting agriculture and fueling the spread of malaria and other diseases, the World Bank said in a report Sunday. Released just weeks ahead of a U.N.

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This statistic was a prediction that was supported by the World Bank, UN and the IMF. However, it is not a proven fact. This was done to raise the funds for foreign to save the world from this poverty wave.

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Climate change could push more than 100 million people into extreme poverty by 2030 by disrupting agriculture and fueling the spread of malaria and other diseases, the World Bank said in a report Sunday.

Released just weeks ahead of a U.N. climate summit in Paris, the report highlighted how the impact of global warming is borne unevenly, with the world's poor woefully unprepared to deal with climate shocks such as rising seas or severe droughts.

"They have fewer resources and receive less support from family, community, the financial system, and even social safety nets to prevent, cope and adapt," the Washington-based World Bank said.

How to help poor countries - and poor communities within countries - deal with climate change is one of the crunch issues in talks on a global climate accord that's supposed to be adopted next month in Paris.

Those who say that rich countries aren't doing enough to help the poor said the report added emphasis to demands for billions of dollars in so-called climate finance to developing countries.

Global effort needed

"The statistics in the World Bank report are suitably shocking and I hope they force world leaders to sit up and take notice," said Mohamed Adow of Christian Aid. "The Paris deal needs to support the poor and vulnerable communities to cope with unavoidable climate crises better, and to be more resilient to a changed climate."

There was fresh evidence out of Britain's national weather service on Monday to suggest that the earth's climate is, indeed, warming. The agency said this year's global average temperature is on track to reach 1 degree Celsius above pre-industrial levels for the first time ever.

That's a symbolically important level as it's halfway to the 2 degrees C that governments have set as a limit to avoid dangerous levels of warming.

Despite pledges to rein in emissions of carbon dioxide and other global warming gases, climate change isn't likely to stop anytime soon. Carbon emissions are expected to rise for many years as China, India and other developing countries expand the use of fossil fuels to power their economies.

But efforts to protect the poor, such as generally improving access to health care and social safety nets, and targeted measures to upgrade flood defences and deploy more heat-tolerant crops could prevent most of the negative consequences of climate change on poverty, the bank said.

"Absent such good development, climate change could result in an additional 100 million people living in extreme poverty by 2030," the report said. Stephane Hallegatte, one of the authors, told The Associated Press that one of the unique features of the report was that instead of analyzing the macro-economic impact of climate change it was based in part on surveys of 1.4 million people in 92 countries.

"When we ask people why they fall into poverty there are three major factors," he said. "Agricultural shocks, including an increase in food prices; natural disasters such as floods, droughts, storms; and health issues, including malaria, diarrhea."

Crop yield losses

The report referred to studies showing climate change could result in global crop yield losses as large as 5 per cent by 2030 and 30 per cent by 2080. It also referenced studies showing warming temperatures could increase the number of people at risk for malaria by 150 million.

Hallegatte said the "hotspots" for climate impacts on poor people were sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The U.S. and other countries have collectively pledged to scale up climate financing to developed countries to $100 billion annually by 2020 to help them adapt to climate change and reduce their emissions.

Developing countries are calling for commitments beyond 2020 in the Paris agreement but rich nations are reluctant to make firm promises, in part due to budget uncertainties. A recent report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development estimated climate finance flows to developing countries reached $62 billion in 2014.

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organization for economic co-operation and development

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World Bank says climate change threatens to push 100 million people into destitution

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Climate change could push more than 100 million people into extreme poverty by 2030 by disrupting agriculture and fueling the spread of malaria and other diseases, the World Bank said in a report Sunday. Released just weeks ahead of a U.N.

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Low number of participants taking the poll at the beginning and at the end of the graph

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The pie chart doesn't add up to 100%!!!

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Fox Chicago's shows fuzzy math GOP candidate support pie chart

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Although there might be high correlation factor between both variables, there is no proof for the causation of one due to the other

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The research exaggerates the percentage of blacks(88%) who say so and do not include the number of participants who actually said so.
http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/06/27/on-views-of-race-and-inequality-blacks-and-whites-are-worlds-apart/

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This research indicates that most victims of US mass shootings are black, stating that you are more likely to die in a mass shooting if you're black but then goes on to contradict itself by saying that "In these shootings the majority of victims and perpetrators were white"
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/23/mass-shootings-tracker-analysis-us-gun-control-reddit

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The graph indicates that the stocks have gone up by 3.35% but in the descriptions it is exaggerated by 0.5% to show greater growth
http://www.businessinsider.com/egypt-unpegs-the-egyptian-pound-from-us-dollar-2016-11

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https://inflationdata.com/Inflation/Inflation_Rate/Long_Term_Inflation.asphttps://inflationdata.com/Inflation/Inflation_Rate/Long_Term_Inflation.asp.      A graph that shows the rate of inflation rate

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Hania Teima                             There is a lady who heard about a poll taken that said "12% of Americans don't believe that the Obama Administration cut taxes last year." She found out later that the poll was only done on a selected group (the tea party which shows a bad example of random sampling 

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Hania Teima                             There is a lady who heard about a poll taken that said "12% of Americans don't believe that the Obama Administration cut taxes last year." She found out later that the poll was only done on a selected group (the tea party which shows a bad example of random sampling 

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I heard about this statistic on my drive into work this morning listening to NPR's Morning Edition, according to a CBS News poll:

12% of Americans don't believe that the Obama Administration cut taxes last year.

Once I got to work, I did some more research on this because I found it to be extremely troubling. The data was in fact from a CBS News/New York Times poll, the news article of which is entitled: "Poll Reveals Most Americans Don't Know They Got a Tax Cut." Although, if you notice, in the first paragraph of the article, there is a link to the actual poll article (I thought I was already on the page of the poll?), so I click through and I'm greeted with this headline: "Poll: Who Are the Tea Partiers?"

Well, now this changes everything. A poll of those in the Tea Party will provide much different results than that of all Americans. And that's exactly what it is: "44 percent of Tea Party supporters believe Mr. Obama has already raised taxes this past year, while most Americans think the president has kept them the same." This poll was designed to figure out which people comprise the Tea Party and what they believe, which means that the figure of only 12 percent represents of the Tea Partiers who were polled, not the general population. This makes much more sense and is also rather relieving. To think that nearly 90% of all Americans were so completely factually incorrect and in the dark was too much for me to accept.

Although it shows, once again, just how polls can be extremely misleading. It's even worse in this case because CBS News made a huge error in stating that this poll of Tea Partiers is indicative of the feelings of all Americans. Perhaps if the Tea Party were a huge section of the population this could be a more reasonable supposition, but according to their own poll, only 18 percent of Americans self-identify with the Tea Party.

As our culture keeps shifting toward placing importance and validity on opinions over facts - going so far as to even discredit facts simply because one doesn't want to believe the truth (see: climate change, evolution, the definition of torture) - and news organizations more interested in juicy headlines than reporting the new properly, more and more polls will be given way too much weight to their findings. Remember to always take poll and survey results with very fine grains of salt or investigate them enough to really put the numbers and data in the proper perspective. At the end of the day, they only gauge public opinion, which doesn't always reflect reality.

We are all entitled to our own opinions, but like Sen. Al Franken said, "we're not entitled to our own facts."

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Another Misleading Poll: 12% Don't Believe Obama Cut Taxes

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I heard about this statistic on my drive into work this morning listening to NPR's Morning Edition, according to a CBS News poll: 12% of Americans don't believe that the Obama Administration cut taxes last year. Once I got to work, I did some more research on this because I found it to be extremely troubling.

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Hania Teima                          This graph shows the correlation between people who drowned after falling out of a fishing boat and marriage rate in Kentucky from 1999 till 2010 which does not make any sense because these two variables are totally unrelated 

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Hania Teima                          This graph shows the correlation between people who drowned after falling out of a fishing boat and marriage rate in Kentucky from 1999 till 2010 which does not make any sense because these two variables are totally unrelated 

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Hania Teima                          This graph is designed to show the unemployment rate during Obama's administration; and the value for November (8.6) has not been plotted correctly. It’s placed at the 9.0 position

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Hania Teima                          This graph is designed to show the unemployment rate during Obama's administration; and the value for November (8.6) has not been plotted correctly. It’s placed at the 9.0 position

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This graph shows that the more people use Internet explorer, the more murder rates increase.

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The latest polls show johnson with 51 percent of the vote and Smith with 49 percent , with a 3 percent margin of error"? If there is a 3 percent margin of error, and Johnson leads Smith by only two percentage points, then isn't the poll useless? Isn't it equally possible that Smith is winning by one point?

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HowStuffWorks People contains articles and information on topics related to culture, government and public works. Check out HowStuffWorks People.

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The famous algorithm for simulation of Gaussian RVs introduced by George Box and Mervin in 1958.

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This graph suggests that the lack of pirates has increased global temperature. However, this is completely absurd because pirates have decreased throughout the years because throughout the years, sea laws have become more strict and being a pirate isn't really compatible with modern life.

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It's true. This extremely scientific graph proves it:

You can see that as the number of pirates in the world has decreased over the past 130 years, global warming has gotten steadily worse. In fact, this makes it entirely clear that if you truly want to stop global warming, the most impactful thing to do is -- become a pirate.

Hope you're laughing. My husband told me this wonderful premise a few months ago, and I couldn't resist sharing it with you, for a very specific reason. I'm fascinated by why it's so funny. I believe it's because it's an only slightly more extreme version of the fake logic we hear every day -- the conclusions that pass for critical thinking in these days of completely unleashed 24-7 communication. For example:

Someone who has cancer drinks gallons of lemon water and their cancer goes into remission: they create a website to talk about how lemon water cures cancer.

A business is doing badly and they move to a new building and things start to pick up: the CEO writes a book about how changing your environment is the key to success.

Statistics show that people who leave their jobs after less than a year are more likely to smoke: someone starts a campaign to reduce smoking by encouraging people to stay at their jobs longer.

My older sister, a very wise and smart woman who is a political scientist at Syracuse University, teaches a statistics class to freshmen, where she endeavors to teach them critical thinking. She talks about this as being the most common error in logic: confusing simultaneity with causality. In other words, assuming that because two things are happening at the same time, they exist in a cause and effect relationship with each other.

Because anyone can say anything anywhere these days (pretty much), there's a lot of fuzzy thinking floating around that seems more legitimate than it would have in former times because it's in print. Now, don't get me wrong: I'm a huge proponent of free speech. I just feel we all have to be more discriminating than ever before about what we believe. Not cynical or negative: discriminating.

So, when someone proposes a cause and effect relationship between two things - reduction in pirates causing global warming; Obama creating the global economic crisis; young people ruining American business - ask for the data that shows they're related, rather than simply that they're happening at the same time.

But if you're dead set on becoming a pirate, I'm not going to stop you.

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True Fact: The Lack of Pirates Is Causing Global Warming

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It's true. This extremely scientific graph proves it: Photo via http://bama.ua.edu/ You can see that as the number of pirates in the world has decreased over the past 130 years, global warming has gotten steadily worse. In fact, this makes it entirely clear that if you truly want to stop global warming, [...]

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Post 1 example for at LEAST 3 of each of the "statistical lies" that are used to trick us into believing strange things! AND seen in newspapers and online every day.
1-Add your NAME
2-Add your EXPLANATION
3-Add the link or image

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How to defend yourself against misleading statistics in the news | Sanne Blauw | TEDxMaastricht

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I have added a site with some GOOD data representation to look at from the PEW research center below

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I have added a site with some GOOD data representation to look at from the PEW research center below

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http://www.pewsocialtrends.org

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Social & Demographic Trends - Pew Research Center

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The Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends project studies behaviors and attitudes of Americans in key realms of their lives, including family, c

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This headline is generally exaggerated due to racism and islamophobia and explains why it is almost impossible to be true.