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Prenatal - Muhd Zulhakeem (1620231)

Quranic verses on prenatal:

“ God created you in stages “ (71:4)

“(God) creates you inside the bodies of your mothers, in stages, one after another” (39:6)

“ God created man from a sperm “ (16:4)

“ Verily, We created man from a small quantity of mingled liquids “ (76:2)

“ We have created the sperm into something which clings “ (23:14)

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No, this warning is not about the rising abuse of opioids gripping our nation and now killing more than 100 Americans a day.

No, this is a silent public health crisis within our families and communities - the prenatal alcohol exposure of our children. PAE is a major cause of birth defects - brain damage causing neurodevelopmental impairments and learning problems, which are commonly known now as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD).

How common is this disability? Until recently, we did not have a reliable answer. However, a new study on the prevalence of FASD published in the Feb. 6 online edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association reveals a more startling picture of the problem.

Researchers assessed 6,639 first-graders in four U.S. regions and found a range of 1 percent to 5 percent of children with an FASD (an average of one child out of 50). They also suspected substantial underreporting of prenatal alcohol use and that "we are missing kids." In short, these results are likely to be a conservative estimate of FASD prevalence.

This new study is particularly important in that 1) researchers physically screened youth, whereas other prevalence studies have been based on birth record reports and record reviews; 2) they also learned that youth with this disability can be readily identified in U.S. mainstream populations; and 3) they found that race, ethnicity and socio-economic status were not significant factors. The youth with FASD mirrored the demographics of their communities.

Youth with FASD often have chronic health care problems, need special education and disability services, mental health and substance abuse treatment and may end up in our foster care and juvenile or adult criminal justice systems. Obviously, these services are costly.

A 2002 estimate on extra lifetime costs for someone with FASD was $2 million, for total annual U.S. costs of $4 billion. It is estimated that for every child born with FASD, three additional children are born who may not have the physical characteristics of FASD but who, as a result of prenatal alcohol exposure, suffer neurobehavioral deficits that affect learning and behavior. These cost estimates could dramatically increase based on the new prevalence data.

Identifying youth with FASD can prevent school failure, getting into trouble with the law, mental health problems, etc. We have found that these youth can lead meaningful and successful lives with compassion and understanding of their disability.

The message to not drink alcohol during pregnancy is well known. Since 1981, the U.S. surgeon general has provided the warning that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption for pregnant women. So why do women drink during pregnancy?

It happens for many reasons. Some women may be unaware of the extent of damage that can occur; some underestimate the harm because they have heard of other women who drank alcohol while pregnant and whose children appear healthy. Others may suffer from alcohol use disorder. Still others may engage in excess or binge drinking before knowing of a pregnancy.

In my 20 years of involvement in this issue, I have never heard a mother say that she intentionally drank alcohol to harm her child.

Studies have shown that women who have given birth to one child with FASD are at greater risk of giving birth to another child with FASD. Such women may also have FASD themselves or face serious social, mental and physical health issues.

Twenty years ago I founded the Minnesota Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (MOFAS), which has received state funding for programs that provide outreach and support to these women in obtaining alcohol and drug treatment, staying in recovery and resolving myriad complex problems related to their substance abuse. These programs have shown excellent results preventing future children with FASD and need to be the standard of care in all Minnesota communities.

The prevalence study also confirmed that binge drinking is driving up the numbers of children with FASD. Particularly alarming is that Minnesota ranks higher in binge and excessive drinking than do the states in this study. A 2017 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study found Minnesota women to have the fourth-highest level of binge drinking in the U.S. at 22.6 percent.

Minnesota will need to target its prevention efforts on the drinking behaviors of the mothers of youth with FASD and their husbands or partners. It is critical that we have a renewed focus on binge drinking and other alcohol abuse and its harmful effects on our children.

Preventing FASD and helping those affected will require an energetic local, state and federal focus. It cannot happen soon enough.

Susan Shepard Carlson is founder and president of the Minnesota Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, a retired Hennepin County judicial officer and former first lady of Minnesota.

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A silent crisis in need of urgent attention: Prenatal alcohol exposure

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See more of the story No, this warning is not about the rising abuse of opioids gripping our nation and now killing more than 100 Americans a day. No, this is a silent public health crisis within our families and communities - the prenatal alcohol exposure of our children.

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https://www.parents.com/baby/development/problems/https://www.parents.com/baby/development/problems/

Here had been discussed issue particularly on the infancy growth that we can observe, and look upon. Growth of infants are varies between individuals, so to expect same period of development occurance is likely inappropriate. Development of infants are slightly between each other. It is best to refer to medical consultation if anything that slightly abnormal happens.

http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2524

Here had been discussed in the tafsir ibn kathir on the development of human from infant stage, which is still weak in hearing, sight etc. Then Allah gradually gave strength to the infant to grow and become man.

https://www.google.com.my/amp/s/agyapw.wordpress.com/2010/02/26/jesus-in-the-quran-and-the-infancy-gospel-of-thomas/amp/

Here had been discussed the miraculous birth of jesus that had been depicted in the Quran and the Bible.

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http://open.lib.umn.edu/intropsyc/chapter/6-5-late-adulthood-aging-retiring-and-bereavement/http://open.lib.umn.edu/intropsyc/chapter/6-5-late-adulthood-aging-retiring-and-bereavement/

Surah Ar-Rum (30:54)
“Allah is the one who created you from weakness, then made after weakness strength, then made after strength weakness and white hair. He creates what He wills, and He is the Knowing, the Competent.”

Surah Al-Isra’ (17:23)
“And your Lord has decreed that you not worship except Him, and to parents, good treatment. Whether one or both of them reach old age [while] with you, say not to them [so much as], "uff," and do not repel them but speak to them a noble word.”

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AHMA BAZLI ADIB B RUSLI (1610937)- midle chilhood

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AHMA BAZLI ADIB B RUSLI (1610937)- midle chilhood

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http://www.psychologycampus.com/child-psychology/middle-childhood.htmlhttp://www.psychologycampus.com/child-psychology/middle-childhood.html

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Raising children correctly is a vitally important issue for every parent and every educator because it is an amānah from Allāh. Allāh has ordered us:

O you who believe save your own selves and your families from the hellfire.
[Sūrah at-Tahreem, 66:6]

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Adolescents - Muhd Zulhakeem (1620231)

Quranic verses on adolescents :

"And we had taken the covenant of Adam, but he forgot and We found in him no firm resolve" (Taha, 20:11 20:115).

"The human being is created in haste, I will show you My signs, but ask Me not to hasten" (al Anbiya, 21:37)

"And test the orphans until, at adulthood, if you see maturity in them, then give them their property" (al-Nisa, 4:6)

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Visakhapatnam: It might sound strange, but adolescent boys, not girls, are reluctant to share their health and sexual issues with the health counsellors. This was observed during a study conducted by the Population Research Centre functioning under Ministry of health and family welfare on health issues among adolescents.

As many as 200 school and intermediate students, (10-19 years old), of which 130 females and 70 males, were studied as part of the exercise to understand the health issues among the adolescents. "What we observed is that girls are coming forth to share their problems or doubts that are making them uncomfortable during the counselling. On the other hand, adolescent boys also experience many concerns or worries about growth and puberty. However, they do not always feel comfortable bringing up these issues, said research investigator at Population Research Centre (PRC) Dr K. Srinivas, who led the study. "Boys do not speak out and get tensed about their genital developments. Even if they would have sustained injuries in their private parts while playing or other activities, they do not tell their parents or physicians without some prompting. They feel their friends will tease if they reveal sexual health issues. Things get worse when parents are also unaware," he said.

There could be a frequent concern of boys, who may find their breast development embarrassing or worry that there is something wrong with them. Ejaculations is also some of the issues, but they never bring forth, according to the adolescence counsellors.

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Adolescent boys hide sexual issues, not girls

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Visakhapatnam: It might sound strange, but adolescent boys, not girls, are reluctant to share their health and sexual issues with the health counsellors. This was observed during a study conducted by the Population Research Centre functioning under Ministry of health and family welfare on health issues among adolescents.

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Early adulthood - NUR ALDAN BIN ABD LASA 1625137

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Early adulthood - NUR ALDAN BIN ABD LASA 1625137

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Hadith from the prophet about adulthood :
2)   The Holy Prophet said:

The child is the master for seven years (1st stage) ; and a slave for seven years (2nd stage) and a vizier for seven years (3rd stage) ; so if he builds a good character within 21 years, well and good, otherwise leave him alone because (if you looked after him for 21 years).
http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/its-true-teens-cant-be-punished-like-adults

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In the past decade, advances in neuroscience have given new insights into old problems, ranging from drug addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder to adolescent shenanigans.

For example, if the new neuroscience shows that a drug addict's brain is physically dissimilar to a non-addict's brain in ways that make the former more prone to addiction, then we must ask if his infractions of the law ought to be treated less punitively.

It is with such considerations in mind that The Straits Times is publishing a six-part series starting today, with a focus on what the new neuroscience says that is causing experts to revise how they approach these issues. This week, we focus on the teenage brain. Should teens be treated like mini-adults, deserving of society's harshest punishment, when they break the law? New neuroscience findings suggest not.

PHOTO: ISTOCKPHOTO

For most of the 20th century, experts had fervently held, with little empirical proof, the first three years of life to be the most important for brain development. But from the late 1990s, the new neuroscience began to show that the brain, even in older adolescents, had yet to attain the kind of full maturity seen in adults.

Brain imaging has now established that the brain keeps maturing through adolescence. Not only is the brain's development not done by adolescence, but also it isn't even done until the early 20s.

If the teenage brain is indeed not fully developed, then the teenager cannot be held to be as culpable as an adult. By contrast, in adulthood, when the brain is fully developed, the scofflaw ought to be held fully responsible for his actions.

Back in 1623, Shakespeare had an insight into the tumultuous teen when he wrote in The Winter's Tale: "I would there were no age between ten and three-and-twenty, or that youth would sleep out the rest; for there is nothing in the between but getting wenches with child, wronging the ancientry, stealing, fighting."

But what the Bard couldn't have known then is that a teenager cannot manage his own behaviour in a way the adult can because his brain is not yet fully developed and mature in a biological sense. There is still a lot of child in the teenager. Thus the law ought not to treat teens as if they were adults.

This flies against conventional wisdom of much of the 20th century, whose experts held that the first years of life were the most critical for cognitive development, and that it was too late to make a difference to a person's cognitive development by adolescence.

That dogma came from French psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) who even argued that "children have adult-like reasoning by age 15". It became an article of faith that teens have cognitive abilities like those of adults. This view has now been discredited by empirical neuroscience studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Hitherto, there was no empirical research into the teen brain or teen cognitive development since the notion that things were set in stone in early childhood was entrenched.

So through the 20th century, the courts and policymakers as well as public opinion continued to abide by the ideas about adolescents fostered by Piaget and his followers. Policymakers often rely on common-sense beliefs which are frequently based on and circulated in mass media reports. So it did not seem inappropriate to pass laws that treated teens as mini-adults.

However, 21st-century neuroscience evidence suggests this was all wrong because, in adolescence, the brain changes in a few specific ways that make the teen brain distinct from the brains of the child and the adult.

First, teen brain cells begin to use more dopamine, a chemical related to pleasurable experiences. This is why teens take more risks, even when they have an adult-level cognitive understanding of potential danger, because they value rewards more than adults do when the anticipated act is potentially pleasurable - take sex, fast cars or illicit drugs, for example. Or perhaps, as in the case of the teenager Amos Yee, making and uploading offensive videos.

Research also shows this is true especially when teens are in the company of their peers. This is clear to see today on social media.

Second, the connections between the brain regions for processing emotions and those for self-control begin to increase. This means strong feelings are modulated better as the teen grows. But while still developing, that control can be spotty.

Third, the prefrontal cortex behind the forehead is where the brain circuits for higher cognitive functions like weighing risks and long-term planning are located. In teenagers, white matter in that region increases, which becomes more efficient functionally. Critically, this increase in white matter continues well into early adulthood, which means it is not quite done yet in late adolescence.

It is in middle adolescence that a teen brain's response to rewards peaks. However, its systems for self-regulation are still growing. So the pedal is to the floor but the brakes aren't working too well yet.

That is why it is around the age of 17 that teens first try alcohol and marijuana, attempt suicide or drown by accident. Or just get into trouble with the law.

Here's the rub: The teen brain changes in both structure and function but the timing and rate of such changes are not uniform. So there is no bright line for a specific age at which an adolescent brain becomes an adult one. But it is clear that such maturation is not largely complete in early childhood, as previously held so dogmatically.

It is also clear that in adolescence, intellectual maturity develops faster than social or emotional maturity. So teens who are astute in some areas may remain impetuous and short-sighted in others. They may be able to reason like adults but are inconsistent in doing so.

All this means there is more biological evidence that the law ought to afford more protection to minors since they are neurologically immature in ways that make them take more risks, be more impulsive and less able to control their emotions than adults.

It also suggests that teens deserve special protection in criminal law because their brains are not fully biologically mature.

Because the brain undergoes massive changes between the ages of 12 and 21, we're now told, there are structural and functional immaturities in the adolescent brain which give rise to behavioural immaturities. So minors are not in the same position as adults.

We have long known that teens are more likely than adults to be thrill-seeking and impulsive. Now science is telling us this is because the teen brain is still maturing.

It all suggests that, on biological grounds, there may be a case for not treating teens like adults in law.

*This is the first of a six-part series by Andy Ho on new scientific findings about the brain.
NEXT WEEK: The concussed brain

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It's true, teens can't be punished like adults

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In the past decade, advances in neuroscience have given new insights into old problems, ranging from drug addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder to adolescent shenanigans. For example, if the new neuroscience shows that a drug addict's brain is physically dissimilar to a non-addict's brain in ways that make the former more prone to addiction, then we must ask if his infractions of the law ought to be treated less punitively.

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Muhammad Shafiq bin Rosli
1624855

Quranic verse about Middle Adulthood

أَنَّمَا الْحَيَاةُ الدُّنْيَالَعِبٌ وَلَهْوٌوَزِينَةٌ وَتَفَاخُرٌ بَيْنَكُمْ وَتَكَاثُرٌ فِي الْأَمْوَالِ وَالْأَوْلَادِ ۖ ُُ

“Know that the life of this world is but amusement and diversion and adornment and boasting to one another and competition in increase of wealth and children .”Al hadeed (57:20)

this ayah, beautifully comprehends the 4 phases. لَعِبٌ وَلَهْوٌ  1 st phase being of amusment and joy, in other words childhood ,then وَزِينَةٌ   2 nd phase of adolescence (adornment) , and the 3 rd phase Adult hood وَتَفَاخُرٌ بَيْنَكُمْ  when one tries to boast and the fourth phase being middle aged وَتَكَاثُرٌ فِي الْأَمْوَالِ وَالْأَوْلَادِwhen everyone is busy children and earning more and more money.

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Erikson stated that the primary psychosocial task of middle adult‐ hood-ages 45 to 65-is to develop generativity, or the desire to expand one's infl