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Buoys are floating aids to navigation.they float on the surface of the water and are anchored to the bottom.Buoys are used to indicate possible dangers and obstacles to navigation such as sandbanks,rocks and wrecks. In 1976 IALA(International Association of Lighthouse Authorities) unified the world's buoyage system putting an end to the 30 dissimilar system existing at the time.
This system was adopted internationally, and currently consists of six types of buoys or marks: lateral marks,cardinal marks,isolated danger marks,safe water marks,special marks and wreck marcks,wich are added in 2002.

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-Lateral marks indicated the edges of a channel.
-Cardinal marks indicate the direction of safe water at dangerous spot.
-Safe water marks indicated deep waters and the open end of channel.
-Isolated danger marks indicate a hazard to shipping
-Special marks indicate an area used for special purposes.

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All marks within the IALA system are distinguished by:shape,colour,topmark and light.

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Lateral marks indicate the port-hand side and the starboard-hand side of a channel or harbour.Whan a ship enters a channel,she must keep port-hand to the port side anda the starboard-hand to the starboard side.
In the region A,port-hand side are red,while starboard-hand marks are green.

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There are two regional system with different standards for painting the lateral marks.
The countries that use green colour for the portside mark are incluted in Region A.
The countries that use the green colour fot the portside mark are incluted in Region B.

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Cardinal marks indicate the position of a hazard and the direction of safe water.
In short,a cardinal mark indicates the safe side on which to pass a danger.
They can be pillar or spar-shaped and they are always black and yellow in colour. Their topmark consists of two black cones arrangedin different positions.
At night they flash a white light.

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These buoys indicate deep and safe water.
Safe water are spherical,pillar-shaped or spar-shaped.Notice that the safe water buoy is vertically striped. They are red with white vertical stripes.
The topmarks is a red sphere.
At night they flash a white light

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This type of buoy indicate the position of an isolated danger.All Isolated Danger Marks are black with one or more red bands. The most important feature is the topmark which consists of (2) round balls (or spheres,) aligned vertically one above the other.

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Special marks indicate an area used for special purpose, such as a waterskiing area,or the position of pipelines and sewerage pipes.
Special marks are painted yellow and they have a yellow X topmark.

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All vessels which are under way between the times of sunset and sunrise must show certain lights.
Large ship of under 50 metres long carry three white lights and two coloured ones.There is a masthead light forwardwhich is a white light on the centreline of vessel,while for the ship of over 50 metres long there is a second masthead light aft. The mast head must be visible for six miles.
At the stern is another white light called sternlight.This should be visible for at least three miles.
The two coloured lights are known as the sidelights,they must visible at least three miles.The one on the starboard side is green,at the portside is red.