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a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany, that started the Reformation, a schism the Catholic Church which profoundly changed Europe. They advance Luther's positions against what he saw as abusive practices by preachers selling plenary indulgences, which were certificates believed to reduce the temporal punishment for sins committed by the purchasers themselves or their loved ones in purgatory.

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John Wycliffe was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, Biblical translator, reformer, and seminary professor at Oxford. He was an influential dissident within the Roman Catholic priesthood during the 14th century.

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the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest.

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say that one no longer holds an opinion or belief, especially one considered heretical.

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a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.

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What was the role of the printing press in the spread of new ideas?

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What was the role of the printing press in the spread of new ideas?

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Role of the printing press

• Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.

• The Bible was printed in English, French, and German.

• These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance.

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What were some of the changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies during the Reformation?

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What were some of the changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies during the Reformation?

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Changing cultural values, traditions, and philosophies

• Growth of secularism

• Growth of individualism

• Eventual growth of religious tolerance

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What were the major economic, political, and theological issues involved in the Reformation

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What were the major economic, political, and theological issues involved in the Reformation

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Reformation in Germany

• Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states.

• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.

• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).

Reformation in France

• Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).

• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.

Catholic Reformation

• Dissenters prior to Martin Luther: Jan Huss, John Wycliffe

• Counter-Reformation:

– The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices.

– The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.

– The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

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What were the beliefs of Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I?

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What were the beliefs of Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Elizabeth I?

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Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition)

• Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God

• Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church

John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition)

• Views: Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic

• Actions: Expansion of the Protestant Movement

King Henry VIII

• Views: Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome

• Actions: Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England

Queen Elizabeth I

• Anglican Church

• Tolerance for dissenters

• Expansion and colonialism

• Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)

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What were the problems and issues that provoked religious reforms in Western Christianity? 

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What were the problems and issues that provoked religious reforms in Western Christianity? 

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Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury.

• German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.

• The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.

• Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.