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Phonics is the ability to understand letter and sound relationships.

A strategy to reinforce phonics could be giving students CVC nonsense words to help them connect the letters and sounds.

This pillar supports reading and writing because it helps students to decode words as well as spell words using their sounds.

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Fluency is the ability to read words with automaticity.

A strategy to support fluency could be shared/choral reading (Antonacci & O'Callaghan, 2011).

This pillar supports reading and writing because students need to be able to read fluently in order to read for understanding. The more fluently they can read, then the more fluently they can write and spell words to get thoughts on paper.

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Vocabulary is the ability to determine word meanings.

A strategy to support vocabulary could be word mapping (Antonacci & O'Callaghan, 2011). I particularly used the Frayer model with my gifted students in order to get them to think deeper about topics which helped to expand their vocabulary and thinking.

This pillar supports reading and writing because it helps build their knowledge of a particular topic in order to make sense of what they are reading and expand their vocabulary to write about their reading.

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Comprehension is the ability to understand what is read.

A strategy to support comprehension could be a read aloud and stopping to model thinking and prompting turn and talks in order to get the students talking about what is being read.

This pillar supports reading in the form of modeling and prompting students to understand what they are reading. It supports writing because it helps them to make sense of reading and various other strategies that are helpful in writing, such as purpose, theme, craft, etc.

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Antonacci, P. A., & O′Callaghan, C. M. (2011). Promoting Literacy Development: 50 Research-Based Strategies for K-8 Learners (1st ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.

Chapman, Marilyn. (2003). Phonemic Awareness: Clarifying What We Know.

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Phonemic Awareness is the ability to detect even the smallest sound in written words and spoken language (Chapman, 2003).

A strategy to reinforce phonemic awareness could be word sorts and rhyming activities.

This pillar supports reading and writing because it allows students to stretch out words when they are both reading and writing.