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Article from The Guardian(refute evolution)

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Article from The Guardian(refute evolution)

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https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/mar/19/evolution-darwin-natural-selection-genes-wrong

This is a news article from The Guardian that strongly refutes evolution by supporting creationism and the bible's credibility. I chose this article as i found the manor in which the writing addressed creationism as being accurate, and Darwin being simply wrong, very interesting. This writing refutes evolution by regarding the bible as truth, and shows many experiments that prove inconsistencies within the theory of evolution. It also brings up occurrences where astronomers were "in an uproar" about proof of creationism.

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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/09/darwin-evolution-crispr-microbiome-bacteria-news/#close

This is an article from national geographic that speaks about inconsistencies in the theory of evolution, aswell as the idea of creationism. I chose this article because it speaks about a different perspective than most hear about and proves that creationism is actually a theory followed by many. It refutes evolution by not necessarily disproving every idea, but instead proposes small changes that could attempt to make the work more accurate. It also speaks about creationism which is an idea that opposes evolution.

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https://www.pnas.org/content/105/1/3

This is a research article from PNAS, which is a highly credible source of information, that outlines key concepts of evolution such as natural selection aswell as recognizes different ideas such as religion while maintaining the theory of evolution as accurate. I chose this article as not only does it support evolution with factual evidence, it also recognizes other ideas, and how they do not disprove the theory of evolution. It supports the theory of evolution by providing major supporting evidence such as natural selection and Darwin's work.

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Transference of genes between isolated populations.

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Transference of genes between isolated populations.

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This demonstration depict the transference of genes within 2 population isolated by some sort of physical separation. I chose this demonstration to help viewers visualize how the transference of genes may occur in the real world. This demonstration supports evolution by depicting the transference of genes among different populations which is directly responsible for genetic diversity. Due to this, Gene Flow can become a catalyst for change within the genepool of a population causing the evolution of similar species that are isolated as different populations.

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Gene flow is an important mechanism of the transference of genes within populations, thus creating genetic diversity within a specific population.

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Chance reduction of a specific gene within a population

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Chance reduction of a specific gene within a population

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This is a demonstration of one of many potential causes of genetic drift within a population. I chose this demonstration as the chance-dependent fashion aswell as the effect of this situation are made very clear and understandable. This demonstration supports evolution by proposing the idea of chance within populations as not every change within a gene pool has a reasonable explanation such as natural selection. When a specific gene (green color in this case) is suddenly removed or greatly reduced within a population, the population/genepool may lean towards a different gene (brown color) creating change.

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Variation within the frequency of different genotypes within a population due to loss of specific genes as a result of the gene-carrying group's mass death/inability to reproduce.

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The diversification of an organism from a common ancestor 

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The diversification of an organism from a common ancestor 

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This is a diagram showing the large variety of species that can root from a single organism/common ancestor. I chose this diagram because it helps show the various differences and adaptations of each branching organism while still maintaining resemblance to the original. This supports the theory of evolution as being a grounds of evolutionary change due to different environmental pressures. Members of the same species adapt to different environments giving them their unique traits aswell as distinguishing them from the common ancestor and one another.

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adaptive radiation is a process in which an organism diversifies into various different forms with unique adaptations specific to different environments/parts of an environment.

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Speciation is the evolutionary process in which a population evolves into multiple different species potentially due to a specific environmental pressure/occurrence.

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Evolution into different species as a result of different environments caused by a physical barrier

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Evolution into different species as a result of different environments caused by a physical barrier

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This is an image of a situation where speciation occurred due to the natural construction of a physical barrier separating members of the same population. I chose this representation as it help us understand the various unique situations that may cause speciation. This supports evolution as it shows the development of the same species into different species ( as a result of different environmental pressures) therefore contributing to the diversity of life which is largely dependent on evolution as represented by this situation.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230201/

This is an article from NCBI which is a source for databases and research, this article talks about the science behind evolution aswell as presents many proofs that support evolution. I selected this item as it covers a lot of content we have been working through in class, and therefore makes it appropriate for the subject matter. This article supports evolution by demonstrating and explaining many pieces of evidence such as comparative anatomy, biogeography and fossil evidence (etc.) that strongly support the theory of evolution.

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http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150803-how-do-we-know-evolution-is-real

This is a short news article from BBC that talks about the science behind evolution, through explaining Darwin and his work. I selected this article as it effectively outlines the major theories/ideas of evolution, and how it works all together over time. It supports the theory of evolution by touching on the science behind evolution and explaining why things work as they do and regarding the theory of evolution more so as a fact, than an idea.

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Members of the camel family around the world

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Members of the camel family around the world

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This is an imagine that depicts different early members of the camel family spread out across the early continents. I selected this item because it both accurately and effectively represents the global distribution of animals which is the key factor of the study of biogeography itself. This representation and biogeography as a whole supports evolution by providing information about the geographical distribution of animals as well as when and where different species (camels in this case) have undergone significant evolutionary change.

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Biogeography, connects information on where species are located geographically to when and where evolution occured in the past and is still occuring

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This image is a comparative representation of visible embryological similarities (in early development of organisms). I chose this image because it compares a variety of very different organism at a very early stage which helps effectively prove embryological similarities. Embryological similarities as represented by this image support evolution through evidence of structural similarities(such as the tail), as well as things such as gill slits (which humans have as well) that evolve differently depending on the organism. This supports evolution through proof of early development similarities which many species share.

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This is a visual representation of fossil similarities of similar aquatic, semi aquatic, and terrestrial species. I chose this visual because of the clarity in which it displays the transition between terrestrial mammals to aquatic mammals while still highlighting the linking traits. This piece of evidence supports evolution by showing the structural similarities that are visible through fossils which prove a terrestrial to aquatic transition over time. This is proved through not only visual similarities, but also vestigial structures including the whales pelvis which would have once served a purpose on land, but no longer does so in the ocean.

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The field of comparative embryology looks at different species at early development stages and creates connections from the visible similarities to a common ancestor.

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Fossils are important evidence for evolution because they not only prove that life has changed over time, they also provide evidence of similarities throughout different species that demonstrate a timeline of evolutionary change/development.

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Natural selection can cause specific genes/traits to be superior to another in regard to giving the organism a higher chance of survival, thus allowing the group with the gene/trait to reach the age of offspring production more often.

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The study of Comparative anatomy looks at the structural similarities and differences throughout different species. Similar structures/purposes may be a result of either divergent or convergent evolution.

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This is an image that compares the skeletal structure of the forelimbs of various species and portrays the overwhelming similarities. I chose this image because of its clarity and simplicity in portraying these structural similarities through not only the visible overall similarity, but also the colour coding of the same structure. This image supports evolution by representing divergent evolution which entails the outward distribution of a species into various different habitats, which causes evolutionary adaptation to different environments.

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Molecular similarities provide evidence for the shared ancestry of life. Dna sequencing can demonstrate and help us understand similarities between organisms.

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This is a chart that compares the amino acid sequence within proteins of various different species, with a human. I chose this chart as it compares various different species with humans therefore making it stronger in proving similarities between more closely related species. This chart supports evolution by showing that species that closer to one another biologically, are also similar on the genetic level within their dna. This proves a genetic connection between species such as humans and chimpanzee, and mouses and rats which strongly suggests a closer common ancestor which validates the theory of evolution.

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Mutations are random changes in the arrangements of nucleotides within DNA that can impact the life of the organism positively, negatively or neutrally.

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survival of the fittest within a specific environment

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survival of the fittest within a specific environment

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This is an illustration showing a scenario of natural selection can be a deciding factor of the direction in which a population evolves. I chose this illustration as it outlines how change occurs over time as a result of natural selection, aswell as showing the positive affects of certain gene-dependent traits which is the essence of natural selection. This supports evolution as it is a way in which positive adaptations to an environment become more prevalent resulting in adaptations that contribute to the betterment of the species. This is very important to evolution as it ensures that negative traits do not carry through risking the survival of the population, natural selection instead contributes to the expansion/survival of populations.

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Change in nucleotide sequence causing Sickle Cell anemia

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Change in nucleotide sequence causing Sickle Cell anemia

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This diagram provides a short demonstration of how/where mutations occur and the effects it has on the protein and person. I selected this item as it is not only very simple, but also very clear with its representation which is something most diagrams of amino acid sequencing fail at being. This diagram represents mutations which are one of the largest factors of evolution. Mutations that cause random changes including positive, negative and neutral mutations are the main cause of change within a species that along with other factors such as natural selection, result in adaptation and evolution.