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Created by 32 member states in 1963, the OAU  prevented disputes over boundaries. Specifically artificial boundaries of African states (held inviolable even if they were problematic).

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Nelson Mandela & African National Congress

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Nelson Mandela & African National Congress

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Born 1918 with the loss of life in 2013, Nelson Mandela (one of the young leaders in the African National Congress) inspired direct action campaigns against apartheid in manners of protest.

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Islamic values were very important for those who followed the culture and religion. This is why Muslims in many countries (sometimes violently) began to seek the revival of Islamic values in politics and society in the 1970's.

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Hussein's troops managed to invade Kuwait and incite the Gulf War. A military defeat of Iraq was caused at the hands of an international coalition led by the U.S.

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As many as one million soldiers were killed at the hands of the Iraq and Iran war. Discontent was shown in young people after the war. This caused a revolution which killed thousands

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Indira Gandhi (daughter of Nehru who became leader of the Congress Party and also started a green revolution) ordered an army to attack the Sacred Golden Temple. Those who used this temple were Sikhs, who wanted a greater autonomy in the Punjab region. Due to this incident, 2 Sikh bodyguards assassinated her a couple months later.

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Taking place in 1979, the Iranian Revolution demonstrated Islam potential to stave off secular foreign influences and it's power. With the help of the U.S., Iran had enough military equipment to become a bastion of anticommunism in it's region.

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0Because of Mexico's political development, they served as a great role model to Latin America. Argentina soon followed in their footsteps by using cattle raising and agriculture in order to expand the economy. It was mostly out of U.S. control and independent.

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As Juan Peron (a former colonel in the army) was elected president in 1946, he became popular with a large percentage of the Argentine people due to downtrodden applied. Evita Peron (his wife) allowed that percentage grow even more by ministering to the needs of the poor. She was first lady from 1946-1952.

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Economic and Political Reforms post-revolution

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Economic and Political Reforms post-revolution

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Land reforms and redistribution were brought by president Lazaro Cardenas. Returning 45 million acres to peasants, he created a peak in Mexico and fought against oil industry control of foreigners. PEMEX was called "El Milagro Mexicano" due to it's rapid contribution towards economic growth.

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Latin American woman were given opportunities to fight for both national and women's liberation. Revolutionary ideologies and political activism was used in order to achieve that goal. FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front) was named in honor of Augusto Cesar Sandino and renamed AMNLAE (Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women) and forwarded woman's right movements in Nicaragua.

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The "Dependency" Theory created by Raul Prebisch was focused on economic development. He hoped to advance Latin America in a world which was dominated by industrialized nations with fast growing economies who benefited from consumers.

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Chinese students were sent abroad in order to rebuild the professional, intellectual, and managerial elite needed for modern development. Soon exposed in democratic societies (U.S. and Britain), pro-democracy demonstrations were staged in the square which erupted in a massacre.

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The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

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The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

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The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was placed by Mao Zedong in order to develop China further in politics and economy. Instead it subjected people to humiliation, persecution, and death. This costed China years of stable development and and education system to fall.

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Although originally designed to push industrial development, the Great Leap Forward program actually made the lower class suffer greatly and instituted famine. It impacted agriculture production, farming industries, and abolished private ownership as well.

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Mao Zedong was a ruler who reunified, industrialized, and developed China socially and economically. Policies such as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward allowed such political and economic changes in China.

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Deng Xiaoping Library Houjie Community Library, Houjie Street, Guang'an District, Guang'an, Sichuan, China

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From identifying himself as a petit-bourgeois at the hands of Mao to coming into power in order to revolutionize China, Deng Xiaoping allowed China into the financial trading system.

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As development allowed job availability for black people and a better status in society, white South Africans got worried. The Afrikaner National Party was to destroy any black movements and placed laws and systems known as apartheids. It placed white supremacy in society and separated those of varying races in order to keep colored people from reaching their full potential. Once the U.N. got involved, F.W. de Klerk became president and dismantled the apartheid system.

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Clashing between white settlers and nationalist/communist groups in Kenya (mostly Kikuyu which were labeled Mau Mau) were very violent. Direct action and labor strikes also took place as well as the incarceration of nationalist leader. Bombs, artillery, and jet fighters were used against the people by the British but Kenya still won independence in 1959.

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As independence was gained from colonial rule, its economy developed into an important center for growing and exporting cacao. The separation from the British crown was only made possible by Kwame Nkrumah who `provided strategies for mass action and helped allow reforms. This idependence inspired others to form nationalist movements and Nkrumah symbolized the change of the times.

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African nationalism began to arise before WW1 in order to revive Africa's traditions, culture, poets, writers, etc.. This was named the Negritude Movement that turned away from European culture.

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Liberation War Against the French/Nationalism

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Liberation War Against the French/Nationalism

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Africa resisted French colonization which led to a war. The National Liberation Front (FNL) began the war which led to French troops being sent in and hundreds of thousands of deaths. Frantz Fanon, a Algerian revolutionary, helped gain independence by providing support behind ideology and supporting the use of violence.

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The abolishment of British military rights to the Suez Canal led to the British, French, and Israeli to gain control. Although they did they tore a fabric of the cold war system due to uninvolved U.S. and Soviet Union. These forces attacked and forced the British, French and Israeli to withdraw.

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Gamal Abdel Nasser was determined to oppose against Israel rule and began political revolutions revolving around militarism, ideology suppression, and religious opposition (by communists and Muslim Brotherhood). He proclaimed himself prime minister of Egypt and extracted pledges of economic and military assistance from the U.S. and Soviet Union.

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As Arabs fought for independence under Arab rule, Jews fought with resistance against the British to complete demands. The British gave the land to the U.N. and a decision was reached to split Palestine into two. This angered the Palestine people which led to Jews and Arabs fighting. Israel was created to be the land of the Jews May 1948 and fought against Palestine which led to gaining more land. Intifadas were held to protest Israel rule.

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Great Britain was a mandate power in Palestine and made to both Palestine Arabs and Jews to protect them from persecution. Due to the Balfour Declaration of 1917, and Zionist movements, they opted to help Jewish people rather than Palestine Arabs. In fear of upsetting Palestine Arabs, they then limited Jewish migration and protected Arabs. Even so, many Jews still migrated to Palestine due to the Holocaust in Germany.

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End of the Vietnam War, Unification, & Vietnamization

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End of the Vietnam War, Unification, & Vietnamization

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Richard Nixon turned the war towards South Vietnam and was coined
Vietnamization. The U.S. withdrew in 1973 and South Vietnam won which united the nation.

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U.S. democratic and anti-communist reforms were not very popular in Vietnam so they increased their involvement. Lyndon Johnson bombed Vietnam and allowed troops and armies to enter but only accomplished a draw with Vietnam.

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A peace conference was formed and ended in the separation of North Vietnam (communist and led by Ho Chi Minh) and South Vietnam (noncommunist). In fear of communism spreading, South Vietnam and U.S. violated the terms of the Geneva Conference. The National Liberation Front (NLF) was formed, the Soviet Union and China backed up North Vietnam, and a cold war stalemate ensued.

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The Japanese took Vietnam land from the French with the help of Ho and created the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence. Then the French attempted to gain the land again but was only able to get temporary control of some cities in 1947. Along side China, nationalist and communist leader Ho Chi Minh was able to fight against the French and even take down their fortress in Dienbienphu.

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At the Bandung Conference of April 1955, leaders from 23 Asian and 6 African nations met in order to find a way to avoid the U.S. and Soviet Union. Named "the first international conference of coloured peoples in the history of mankind" by Achmad Sukarno, this meeting soon developed the Nonaligned Movement. This discussed matters between them plus the U.S. and Soviet Union.

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The fear of Muslim minority getting lost in a Hindu populated state led to the Great Calcutta killing of 6,000 thousand. This led to the separation of India into 2; Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India (The Muslims were backed by Jawaharlal Nehro and Hindus by Muhammad Ali). Mass migrations began and about a million people died due to the violence and strong opinions between both sides.

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India: Independence Movement + Hindu/Muslim Disagreement

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India: Independence Movement + Hindu/Muslim Disagreement

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Before World War 2, reforms were made by the British government to please the people of India and their aspirations for independence. Once the war started, Britain was no longer financially stable enough to have India under there control. The Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah negotiated Indian independence in August 1946. A Day of Direct Action was a protest that helped support the independence.