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‘Black and biracial Americans wouldn’t need to code-switch if we lived in a post-racial society 

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‘Black and biracial Americans wouldn’t need to code-switch if we lived in a post-racial society 

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Skin colour and ethnicity has an impact on the way language is used because the use of the marked term ‘black Americans’ highlights that skin colour has an impact on how people will choose to use language

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‘Black and biracial Americans wouldn’t need to code-switch if we lived in a post-racial society.’ - Declarative, ethnic minorities code-switch to be presented as equal.

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Professor of sociology and race and ethnic studies, meaning she has a valid opinion as she is well educated about the topic. She has interviewed “60 black-white biracial Americans” about how race shaped their lives.

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"I interviewed 60 Black-white biracial Americans and asked them how their lives were shaped by race" she interviewed 60 people which implies she has an authority of voice

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Declarative sentences throughout, gives the impression of fact rather then opinion

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‘Black and biracial Americans wouldn’t need to code-switch if we lived in a post-racial society.’
Collective pronoun ‘we’ creates synthetic personalisation - as a whole society we need to change, assumes the reader holds the same perspective. Synthetic personalisation = Fairclough.

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If you are a POC or from an ethnic minority, are much more likely to resonate with the writer because it is from a much more personal perspective and so will be understanding and much more bias than a white reader

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‘The ability to code-switch is often a prerequisite to becoming a successful black person in America’ - Aziz corporations, 80% of employers judge on dialect and speech codes.

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“The ability to code-switch is often a prerequisite to becoming successful” the verb becoming suggests that’s they are not already successful inferring the oppression of these groups in comparison to their white peers.

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Semantic field of dominance or oppression - ‘segregation’, ‘dominant culture’, ‘outsiders’, ‘racial barriers’

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" the other patrons laughed at him and treated him like an outsider" is a negative example of code-shifting

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Author has a PHD- makes them reliable

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"white people rarely, if ever, feel this same pressure in their daily lives" this is implying that the dominant white culture is prodominantly racist. This can also be linked to Spenders argument implying that language is prodominantly white and androcentric, therefore racist.

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BBC online article, trying to show no political bias, but the topic is likely to gain more attention from leftist people.

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Personal stories/ anecdotes are used to explain people’s experiences of what it means to change language because of the social conditions that have been created for people of colour to do this

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‘(or anywhere in American society)’ - place adverbial highlighting that it is not only in the workplace. Suggesting the dominant white culture is inherently racist.

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“Opportunities and making connections in America today” the noun opportunities presents how code switching is seen as a positive as it is opening up people to each other taking away the division between the groups

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Assertive tone, also presents opinion as a fact.

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‘whiteness has been baked into institutions as natural, normal and legitimate’ - triadic structure emphasising the role that race plays in society. Legal lexis and allusion to ‘natural’ ideas, implies white language is the norm. Spender = androcentric society, white male norm.

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Chandra Waring- professor of sociology

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Overall semantic field of dominance and ethnicity

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"race relations will continue to deteriorate unless our society's script undergoes some serious revisions" Aziz- 80% of employees judge people on their accents, so people code-switch if they do not speak the standard Enflish form. Especially black people
However it is harder for people to code swith to formal lexis

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Suggests that Black people speak entirely different to white people

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Suggests that Black people speak entirely different to white people

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Uses "they", describing difference

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People feel “self conscious about code switching out of fear that someone would witness his behaviour and question his authenticity” the abstract noun “fear” shows how people of ethnic backgrounds feel resented to use code switching due to social tensions

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Constant use of declaratives - the information is true, not a suggestion or hypothesis. Given credibility by the status of the author.

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"there is no room for individually, nuance or variation...." - triadic structure which Implies to Sependers of androcentric norm

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‘white voice’ - marked-term, highlighting the harmful white norm.