# data[].attributes.body
The Forced Removal of the Myaamia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Brief Overview: Before, During, and After the Myaamia Forced Removal · The Forced Removal of the Myaamia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Koreans in Post-war Japan Libraries Around the World Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily Spanish Refuge in the Soviet Union The Forced Removal of the Myaamia Welcome

# data[].attributes.body
The Forced Removal of the Myaamia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Brief Overview: Before, During, and After the Myaamia Forced Removal · The Forced Removal of the Myaamia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Koreans in Post-war Japan Libraries Around the World Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily Spanish Refuge in the Soviet Union The Forced Removal of the Myaamia Welcome

# data[].attributes.body
The Forced Removal of the Myaamia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Brief Overview: Before, During, and After the Myaamia Forced Removal · The Forced Removal of the Myaamia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Koreans in Post-war Japan Libraries Around the World Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily Spanish Refuge in the Soviet Union The Forced Removal of the Myaamia Welcome

# data[].attributes.body
The Forced Removal of the Myaamia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Brief Overview: Before, During, and After the Myaamia Forced Removal · The Forced Removal of the Myaamia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Koreans in Post-war Japan Libraries Around the World Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily Spanish Refuge in the Soviet Union The Forced Removal of the Myaamia Welcome

# data[].attributes.body
The Forced Removal of the Myaamia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Brief Overview: Before, During, and After the Myaamia Forced Removal · The Forced Removal of the Myaamia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Koreans in Post-war Japan Libraries Around the World Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily Spanish Refuge in the Soviet Union The Forced Removal of the Myaamia Welcome

# data[].attributes.body
The Forced Removal of the Myaamia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Brief Overview: Before, During, and After the Myaamia Forced Removal · The Forced Removal of the Myaamia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Koreans in Post-war Japan Libraries Around the World Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily Spanish Refuge in the Soviet Union The Forced Removal of the Myaamia Welcome

# data[].attributes.body
The Forced Removal of the Myaamia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Brief Overview: Before, During, and After the Myaamia Forced Removal · The Forced Removal of the Myaamia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Koreans in Post-war Japan Libraries Around the World Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily Spanish Refuge in the Soviet Union The Forced Removal of the Myaamia Welcome

# data[].attributes.body
The Forced Removal of the Myaamia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Brief Overview: Before, During, and After the Myaamia Forced Removal · The Forced Removal of the Myaamia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Koreans in Post-war Japan Libraries Around the World Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily Spanish Refuge in the Soviet Union The Forced Removal of the Myaamia Welcome

# data[].attributes.body
The Forced Removal of the Myaamia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A Brief Overview: Before, During, and After the Myaamia Forced Removal · The Forced Removal of the Myaamia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Koreans in Post-war Japan Libraries Around the World Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily Spanish Refuge in the Soviet Union The Forced Removal of the Myaamia Welcome

# data[].attributes.body
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The history of Sicily is documented in its inscriptions. Predominated by Latin inscriptions from over seven hundred years of occupation, we also see Greek, Sikel, Punic and other lang uages documented in Sicily's epigraphs. The story of Sicily is a story of migration, people moving from around the Mediterranean, descending on this little isle.

# data[].attributes.body
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The history of Sicily is documented in its inscriptions. Predominated by Latin inscriptions from over seven hundred years of occupation, we also see Greek, Sikel, Punic and other lang uages documented in Sicily's epigraphs. The story of Sicily is a story of migration, people moving from around the Mediterranean, descending on this little isle.

# data[].attributes.body
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The history of Sicily is documented in its inscriptions. Predominated by Latin inscriptions from over seven hundred years of occupation, we also see Greek, Sikel, Punic and other lang uages documented in Sicily's epigraphs. The story of Sicily is a story of migration, people moving from around the Mediterranean, descending on this little isle.

# data[].attributes.body
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The history of Sicily is documented in its inscriptions. Predominated by Latin inscriptions from over seven hundred years of occupation, we also see Greek, Sikel, Punic and other lang uages documented in Sicily's epigraphs. The story of Sicily is a story of migration, people moving from around the Mediterranean, descending on this little isle.

# data[].attributes.body
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The history of Sicily is documented in its inscriptions. Predominated by Latin inscriptions from over seven hundred years of occupation, we also see Greek, Sikel, Punic and other lang uages documented in Sicily's epigraphs. The story of Sicily is a story of migration, people moving from around the Mediterranean, descending on this little isle.

# data[].attributes.body
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sicilian Migrations: The Early History of Sicily

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The history of Sicily is documented in its inscriptions. Predominated by Latin inscriptions from over seven hundred years of occupation, we also see Greek, Sikel, Punic and other lang uages documented in Sicily's epigraphs. The story of Sicily is a story of migration, people moving from around the Mediterranean, descending on this little isle.

# data[].attributes.body
Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Explore the Archives

An Irish person once told me that emigration is integral to Irish national identity, the way Manifest Destiny, the Protestant Ethic, or the Melting Pot tropes are integral to American national identity. From the slave trade by conquering Vikings in the 8th-11th centuries, to the infamous Potato Famine of 1845-49, to the modern-day exodus of young adults searching for better opportunities elsewhere, Ireland has seen a near-constant flow of people leaving its shores. One of its main exodus stories, though, is also about people arriving on its shores. Scottish settlers sent by the British crown established plantations in Northern Ireland, simultaneously merging with and displacing the native Irish people. Eventually the lure of a better life there faded and they began to look West to America, ultimately arriving in and settling southern Appalachia. Narratives of this migration are rare in traditional memoir or autobiographical format, although they are abundantly preserved in folk songs. In America, these songs transformed into what we now know as bluegrass and "old time" music. The musical tradition of the Scots-Irish and the oral histories contained within reflect the migration experience of an entire group as poignantly as more traditional memoirs and autobiographies. Further, it is a transgenerational gathering point for the Scots-Irish diaspora in America, a way to perform one's heritage and remember the migration of one's ancestors.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Introduction · Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore the Archives An Irish person once told me that emigration is integral to Irish national identity, the way Manifest Destiny, the Protestant Ethic, or the Melting Pot tropes are integral to American national identity.

# data[].attributes.body
Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Explore the Archives

An Irish person once told me that emigration is integral to Irish national identity, the way Manifest Destiny, the Protestant Ethic, or the Melting Pot tropes are integral to American national identity. From the slave trade by conquering Vikings in the 8th-11th centuries, to the infamous Potato Famine of 1845-49, to the modern-day exodus of young adults searching for better opportunities elsewhere, Ireland has seen a near-constant flow of people leaving its shores. One of its main exodus stories, though, is also about people arriving on its shores. Scottish settlers sent by the British crown established plantations in Northern Ireland, simultaneously merging with and displacing the native Irish people. Eventually the lure of a better life there faded and they began to look West to America, ultimately arriving in and settling southern Appalachia. Narratives of this migration are rare in traditional memoir or autobiographical format, although they are abundantly preserved in folk songs. In America, these songs transformed into what we now know as bluegrass and "old time" music. The musical tradition of the Scots-Irish and the oral histories contained within reflect the migration experience of an entire group as poignantly as more traditional memoirs and autobiographies. Further, it is a transgenerational gathering point for the Scots-Irish diaspora in America, a way to perform one's heritage and remember the migration of one's ancestors.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Introduction · Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore the Archives An Irish person once told me that emigration is integral to Irish national identity, the way Manifest Destiny, the Protestant Ethic, or the Melting Pot tropes are integral to American national identity.

# data[].attributes.body
Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Explore the Archives

An Irish person once told me that emigration is integral to Irish national identity, the way Manifest Destiny, the Protestant Ethic, or the Melting Pot tropes are integral to American national identity. From the slave trade by conquering Vikings in the 8th-11th centuries, to the infamous Potato Famine of 1845-49, to the modern-day exodus of young adults searching for better opportunities elsewhere, Ireland has seen a near-constant flow of people leaving its shores. One of its main exodus stories, though, is also about people arriving on its shores. Scottish settlers sent by the British crown established plantations in Northern Ireland, simultaneously merging with and displacing the native Irish people. Eventually the lure of a better life there faded and they began to look West to America, ultimately arriving in and settling southern Appalachia. Narratives of this migration are rare in traditional memoir or autobiographical format, although they are abundantly preserved in folk songs. In America, these songs transformed into what we now know as bluegrass and "old time" music. The musical tradition of the Scots-Irish and the oral histories contained within reflect the migration experience of an entire group as poignantly as more traditional memoirs and autobiographies. Further, it is a transgenerational gathering point for the Scots-Irish diaspora in America, a way to perform one's heritage and remember the migration of one's ancestors.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Introduction · Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore the Archives An Irish person once told me that emigration is integral to Irish national identity, the way Manifest Destiny, the Protestant Ethic, or the Melting Pot tropes are integral to American national identity.

# data[].attributes.body
Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Explore the Archives

An Irish person once told me that emigration is integral to Irish national identity, the way Manifest Destiny, the Protestant Ethic, or the Melting Pot tropes are integral to American national identity. From the slave trade by conquering Vikings in the 8th-11th centuries, to the infamous Potato Famine of 1845-49, to the modern-day exodus of young adults searching for better opportunities elsewhere, Ireland has seen a near-constant flow of people leaving its shores. One of its main exodus stories, though, is also about people arriving on its shores. Scottish settlers sent by the British crown established plantations in Northern Ireland, simultaneously merging with and displacing the native Irish people. Eventually the lure of a better life there faded and they began to look West to America, ultimately arriving in and settling southern Appalachia. Narratives of this migration are rare in traditional memoir or autobiographical format, although they are abundantly preserved in folk songs. In America, these songs transformed into what we now know as bluegrass and "old time" music. The musical tradition of the Scots-Irish and the oral histories contained within reflect the migration experience of an entire group as poignantly as more traditional memoirs and autobiographies. Further, it is a transgenerational gathering point for the Scots-Irish diaspora in America, a way to perform one's heritage and remember the migration of one's ancestors.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Introduction · Scots-Irish Migration To Appalachia · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore the Archives An Irish person once told me that emigration is integral to Irish national identity, the way Manifest Destiny, the Protestant Ethic, or the Melting Pot tropes are integral to American national identity.

# data[].attributes.body
Koreans in Post-war Japan

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Explore the Archives

Overview: Colonization and Liberation
Korean migration to Japan has a long history, but this movement of people greatly increased during the period of Japan's colonial rule of Korea. On August 22, 1910, the Empire of Japan formally annexed the Korean Peninsula. The colonization of Korea was another step in Japan's imperial ambitions which began decades earlier with the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and the acquisition of Taiwan. Japan's imperial expansionism would later be articulated as the concept of the "Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere". The reasons for migration to Japan during the colonial period were numerous and complex. However, in the period before the Second World War, the motivations for migration were primarily economic. As is the case with many colonized lands, the imperial Japanese government sought to extract resources from Korea rather than promote overall economic development. Economic strategies such as land acquisition impoverished the Korean countryside, which caused many to look to Japan for greater economic opportunity. Unskilled Korean workers provided a source for cheap labor in expanding Japanese industries, particularly in Osaka and Kobe. In the mid-1920s, there were about 100,000 Koreans who migrated to Japan. This number increased yearly, and by 1938, there were around 800,000 Koreans living in Japan. The pattern of Korean migration to Japan began shifted from voluntary to involuntary as the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) expanded. The National Mobilization Law passed in 1938 forcibly conscripted Koreans into the military and the mobilized labor force. As war broke out with the United States in the Pacific, the number of conscripted Koreans dramatically increased. Conscripted Koreans were sent to a myriad of locations on mainland Japan and Japan's occupied territories in east and southeast Asia to fight on the battlefield and labor in key industries. Thousands of Korean women and girls were coerced into sexual slavery as "comfort women" for the Imperial Japanese Army under the pretense that they would be given employment. Between 1939 and 1945 there were approximately 822,000 Koreans forcibly relocated to Japan. In total, at the end of the Second World War there were around 2.1 million Koreans in Japan. The surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945 marked the liberation of the Korean people from Japanese rule. However, liberation did not mean that all problems for Koreans were resolved. After every war the broken pieces of a nation must be put back together. Koreans in Japan faced a difficult decision: return to Korea or remain in Japan. If they chose to return, they would be returning to a divided country occupied by two great powers at odds with each other. If they remained, they were choosing to live with an ambiguous legal status. This exhibit explores the plight of those who were left in the aftermath of a devastating 35 years of suppression and war.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Overview: Colonization and Liberation · Koreans in Post-war Japan · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore the Archives Korean migration to Japan has a long history, but this movement of people greatly increased during the period of Japan's colonial rule of Korea. On August 22, 1910, the Empire of Japan formally annexed the Korean Peninsula.

# data[].attributes.body
Koreans in Post-war Japan

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Explore the Archives

Overview: Colonization and Liberation
Korean migration to Japan has a long history, but this movement of people greatly increased during the period of Japan's colonial rule of Korea. On August 22, 1910, the Empire of Japan formally annexed the Korean Peninsula. The colonization of Korea was another step in Japan's imperial ambitions which began decades earlier with the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) and the acquisition of Taiwan. Japan's imperial expansionism would later be articulated as the concept of the "Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere". The reasons for migration to Japan during the colonial period were numerous and complex. However, in the period before the Second World War, the motivations for migration were primarily economic. As is the case with many colonized lands, the imperial Japanese government sought to extract resources from Korea rather than promote overall economic development. Economic strategies such as land acquisition impoverished the Korean countryside, which caused many to look to Japan for greater economic opportunity. Unskilled Korean workers provided a source for cheap labor in expanding Japanese industries, particularly in Osaka and Kobe. In the mid-1920s, there were about 100,000 Koreans who migrated to Japan. This number increased yearly, and by 1938, there were around 800,000 Koreans living in Japan. The pattern of Korean migration to Japan began shifted from voluntary to involuntary as the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) expanded. The National Mobilization Law passed in 1938 forcibly conscripted Koreans into the military and the mobilized labor force. As war broke out with the United States in the Pacific, the number of conscripted Koreans dramatically increased. Conscripted Koreans were sent to a myriad of locations on mainland Japan and Japan's occupied territories in east and southeast Asia to fight on the battlefield and labor in key industries. Thousands of Korean women and girls were coerced into sexual slavery as "comfort women" for the Imperial Japanese Army under the pretense that they would be given employment. Between 1939 and 1945 there were approximately 822,000 Koreans forcibly relocated to Japan. In total, at the end of the Second World War there were around 2.1 million Koreans in Japan. The surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945 marked the liberation of the Korean people from Japanese rule. However, liberation did not mean that all problems for Koreans were resolved. After every war the broken pieces of a nation must be put back together. Koreans in Japan faced a difficult decision: return to Korea or remain in Japan. If they chose to return, they would be returning to a divided country occupied by two great powers at odds with each other. If they remained, they were choosing to live with an ambiguous legal status. This exhibit explores the plight of those who were left in the aftermath of a devastating 35 years of suppression and war.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Overview: Colonization and Liberation · Koreans in Post-war Japan · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Explore the Archives Korean migration to Japan has a long history, but this movement of people greatly increased during the period of Japan's colonial rule of Korea. On August 22, 1910, the Empire of Japan formally annexed the Korean Peninsula.

# data[].attributes.body
Spanish Refugee Children to Soviet Russia

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Overview: Our New Spanish Friends

The Spanish Civil, officially beginning in 1936, was a multi-faceted conflict that put Spanish citizens of varying political, class, and religious affiliations in danger. While many adults fled the country because of these dangers, special efforts were made to evacuate children. Over 35,000 children were sent to European countries, Mexico, and the USSR.

While many nations were hesitant to take in the refugees, the USSR was quick to volunteer, accepting around 3,000 children. State officials saw this as an important humanitarian effort in line with its goals of international communism, but also as a tool in setting an example for western nations still distrustful of the Soviet Union and its validity as a state.

The Spanish children were welcomed into the Soviet Union with open arms, being met by a crowd of cheering Komsomol and Young Pioneer members. The children lived at various camps and children's houses where they were given a Spanish education that focused on the shared patriotism between the Soviet Union and Spain taught in their native languages. They were provided with after school programs and study groups that focused on traditional Spanish values, while also learning about Soviet culture.

This lifestyle dramatically shifted in 1939 when Franciso Franco and the Nationalists won the Spanish Civil War. Now refugee children were unable to return home or risk consequences from the newly established dictatorship. Their Soviet education now focused heavily on learning Russian and long-term cultural immersion.

The situation for these children continued to escalate in 1941 as the Nazi party began invading the USSR and the children were evacuated to the interior of the USSR. Again, they were forced to live through the hardships of war, some of the older teens even volunteered to be drafted into the Soviet military.

After WWII, the children moved back to Moscow to finish their education, pursue higher education, or enter the Soviet workforce. Some traveled to Cuba to aid in the establishment of Communism there, while others chose to return home to Spain. However, much had changed in the time since these children last saw their homeland. While some were able to blend their love for both homelands, some were unable to continue living in Spain and would return to the Soviet Union.

Additional Information:

For more information on the migration of Spanish children to the USSR, see Dr. Karl Qualls' webinar on his 2019 book Stalin's Niños: Educating Spanish Civil War Refugee Children in the Soviet Union, 1937-1951 https://scholar.dickinson.edu/faculty_publications/1360/

For a general history of the Soviet and Spanish relations during the Spanish CIvil War, see Daniel Kowalsky's Stalin and the Spanish Civil War http://www.gutenberg-e.org/kod01/kod01.html

Explore other migrations:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Overview: Our New Spanish Friends · Spanish Refuge in the Soviet Union · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Spanish Civil, officially beginning in 1936, was a multi-faceted conflict that put Spanish citizens of varying political, class, and religious affiliations in danger. While many adults fled the country because of these dangers, special efforts were made to evacuate children. Over 35,000 children were sent to European countries, Mexico, and the USSR.

# data[].attributes.body
Spanish Refugee Children to Soviet Russia

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Overview: Our New Spanish Friends

The Spanish Civil, officially beginning in 1936, was a multi-faceted conflict that put Spanish citizens of varying political, class, and religious affiliations in danger. While many adults fled the country because of these dangers, special efforts were made to evacuate children. Over 35,000 children were sent to European countries, Mexico, and the USSR.

While many nations were hesitant to take in the refugees, the USSR was quick to volunteer, accepting around 3,000 children. State officials saw this as an important humanitarian effort in line with its goals of international communism, but also as a tool in setting an example for western nations still distrustful of the Soviet Union and its validity as a state.

The Spanish children were welcomed into the Soviet Union with open arms, being met by a crowd of cheering Komsomol and Young Pioneer members. The children lived at various camps and children's houses where they were given a Spanish education that focused on the shared patriotism between the Soviet Union and Spain taught in their native languages. They were provided with after school programs and study groups that focused on traditional Spanish values, while also learning about Soviet culture.

This lifestyle dramatically shifted in 1939 when Franciso Franco and the Nationalists won the Spanish Civil War. Now refugee children were unable to return home or risk consequences from the newly established dictatorship. Their Soviet education now focused heavily on learning Russian and long-term cultural immersion.

The situation for these children continued to escalate in 1941 as the Nazi party began invading the USSR and the children were evacuated to the interior of the USSR. Again, they were forced to live through the hardships of war, some of the older teens even volunteered to be drafted into the Soviet military.

After WWII, the children moved back to Moscow to finish their education, pursue higher education, or enter the Soviet workforce. Some traveled to Cuba to aid in the establishment of Communism there, while others chose to return home to Spain. However, much had changed in the time since these children last saw their homeland. While some were able to blend their love for both homelands, some were unable to continue living in Spain and would return to the Soviet Union.

Additional Information:

For more information on the migration of Spanish children to the USSR, see Dr. Karl Qualls' webinar on his 2019 book Stalin's Niños: Educating Spanish Civil War Refugee Children in the Soviet Union, 1937-1951 https://scholar.dickinson.edu/faculty_publications/1360/

For a general history of the Soviet and Spanish relations during the Spanish CIvil War, see Daniel Kowalsky's Stalin and the Spanish Civil War http://www.gutenberg-e.org/kod01/kod01.html

Explore other migrations:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Overview: Our New Spanish Friends · Spanish Refuge in the Soviet Union · Migrations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Spanish Civil, officially beginning in 1936, was a multi-faceted conflict that put Spanish citizens of varying political, class, and religious affiliations in danger. While many adults fled the country because of these dangers, special efforts were made to evacuate children. Over 35,000 children were sent to European countries, Mexico, and the USSR.