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13th:
Ratified in 1865. It abolished slavery after the civil war. It stated: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

14th: It was adopted on July 9, 1868 and allowed former slaves to become citizens and were meant to have every right of a citizen.

15th: Created on February 3, 1870, it granted African American men the right to vote.

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A bureau established in 1865 to help freed slaves and poor whites transition from the war. They did things like built schools, built hospitals, and distributed food and clothing. It could not continue due to lack of funds and became a promise that could not be kept.

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Hiram Revels- He was the first African American republican U.S. Senator. minister, and administrator. He also helped organize two African American regiments. He was the first of many to help spread awareness of equality between whites and blacks.
Joseph Rainey- He was an American politician. He was the first African American to serve in the United States House of Representatives. He was also the second African American to become a Senator.

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Laws created in 1865 following the war to restrict the freedom of former slaves and to make sure that they would be used as cheap labor.

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During reconstruction groups like the K.K.K started to arise in hate for African Americans. Their goals were to destroy the reconstructive government by using violence to assassinate and threaten black and white republicans. They wanted to restore white supremacy and anyone who did not also agree with them was seen as their enemies.

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When things like Black codes were created, it basically gave a way for the southerners to take African American back for free labor. They also used violence to threaten African Americans with voting too. By the end, all the rights that they had been given had basically been taken away.

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Jim Crow Laws were a set of laws that legalized segregation. They denied African Americans the right to vote and many other freedoms that they were once promised. These became very scary for African Americans because it was the law and they could be punished if they did not follow it.

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African Americans had their rights to vote taken from them in the southern states. White democrats would use violence and fraud to disenfranchise them and to make the ballot go in their favor.

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Sharecropping was used mainly in the south to help support the plantations there. It consisted of a plantation owner giving land to other people who would then live, work, and eat off that land. Whatever they grew, they would have to give a certain percentage to the owner. It was a system that was very hard to get out of and was not good.

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He was a very popular activist and reformer. He believed that the way to further African Americans in America was through education. He founded the  Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute and was an international spokesperson during this time.

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He was a civil rights activist. He was the leading figure for the N.A.A.C.P., a leading protest organization, and used his place to help African Americans. He considered himself a socialist.

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Born into slavery, Ida B. Wells became a teacher. She also was a journalist who reported the problems with segregation and voiced her opinions to spread the word to others. She traveled and was very active in her beliefs.

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He was an American scientist and inventor who believed that the way African Americans should move up in the world is by hard work. He believed that they should strive to be the best of the best so that people would need to associate with them. He created many new techniques that helped prevent the soil from going bad.

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Tuskegee University is a black university in Alabama. This is considered one of the Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU). These places were created in response to segregation. The African Americans had to have schools too, so they created all black ones.

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African Americans started to migrate to the north because of many reasons. They felt less threatened in the north and could find more reliant jobs. They had no future or motivation in the south. Many African Americans moved during this time.

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These were a group of African Americans who traveled along the Mississippi river all the way to Kansas. This was considered one of the first black migrations after the civil war. Their name came from the term Exodus from biblical times.