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very cool right?

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Students help teachers teach climate change

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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

The 17 SDGs are integrated-they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.

Countries have committed to prioritize progress for those who're furthest behind. The SDGs are designed to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls.

The creativity, knowhow, technology and financial resources from all of society is necessary to achieve the SDGs in every context.

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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), otherwise known as the Global Goals, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.

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SDG 3 Good Health and Well Being - UN Sustainable Development Goals - DEEP DIVE

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IDLO - International Development Law Organization

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Prosecution “Open Days” raise public awareness of justice services in Uganda’s communities

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Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

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Learn more about SDG 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss: Terrestrial ecosystems provide a series of goods, raw materials for construction and energy, food and a series of ecosystem services including the capture of carbon, maintenance of soil quality, provision of habitat for biodiversity, maintenance of water quality, as well as regulation of water flow and erosion control, therefore contributing to reduce the risks of natural disasters such as floods and landslides, regulate climate and maintain the productivity of agricultural systems. Maintaining those ecosystems greatly support climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. Preserving diverse forms of life on land requires targeted efforts to protect, restore and promote the conservation and sustainable use of terrestrial and other ecosystems. Goal 15 focuses specifically on managing forests sustainably, halting and reversing land and natural habitat degradation, successfully combating desertification and stopping biodiversity loss. All these efforts combined aim to ensure that the benefits of land-based ecosystems, including sustainable livelihoods, will be enjoyed for generations to come. Indicators: 15.1.2 Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, by ecosystem type (Tier I) 15.4.1 Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity (Tier I) 15.9.1(a) Number of countries that have established national targets in accordance with or similar to Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 in their national biodiversity strategy and action plans and the progress reported towards these targets; and (b) integration of biodiversity into national accounting and reporting systems, defined as implementation of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (Tier II) Partners: World Conservation Monitoring Centre(UNEP-WCMC), International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) BirdLife Convention on Biological Diversity UNSD To learn more about UN Environment Programme’s contributions to SDG 15: SDG Issue Brief on Promoting the Sustainability of Terrestrial Ecosystems and Halting Desertification, Land Degradation and Biodiversity Loss SDG Policy Brief on Global Biodiversity Loss

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Girls and boys see gender inequality in their homes and communities every day - in textbooks, in the media and among the adults who care for them.

Parents may assume unequal responsibility for household work, with mothers bearing the brunt of caregiving and chores. The majority of low-skilled and underpaid community health workers who attend to children are also women, with limited opportunity for professional growth.

And in schools, many girls receive less support than boys to pursue the studies they choose. This happens for a variety of reasons: The safety, hygiene and sanitation needs of girls may be neglected, barring them from regularly attending class. Discriminatory teaching practices and education materials also produce gender gaps in learning and skills development. As a result, nearly 1 in 4 girls between the ages of 15 and 19 are neither employed nor in education or training - compared to 1 in 10 boys.

Worldwide, nearly 1 in 4 girls between the ages of 15 and 19 are neither employed nor in education or training - compared to 1 in 10 boys.

Yet, in early childhood, gender disparities start out small. Girls have higher survival rates at birth, are more likely to be developmentally on track, and are just as likely to participate in preschool. Among those who reach secondary school, girls tend to outperform boys in reading across every country where data are available.

But the onset of adolescence can bring significant barriers to girls' well-being. Gender norms and discrimination heighten their risk of unwanted pregnancy, HIV and AIDS, and malnutrition. Especially in emergency settings and in places where menstruation remains taboo, girls are cut off from the information and supplies they need to stay healthy and safe.

In its most insidious form, gender inequality turns violent. Some 1 in 20 girls between the ages of 15 and 19 - around 13 million - have experienced forced sex. In times of both peace and conflict, adolescent girls face the highest risk of gender-based violence. Hundreds of millions of girls worldwide are still subjected to child marriage and female genital mutilation - even though both have been internationally recognized as human rights violations. And violence can occur at birth, like in places where female infanticide is known to persist.

Some 1 in 20 girls between the ages of 15 and 19 - around 13 million globally - have experienced forced sex in their lifetimes.

Harmful gender norms are perpetuated at the highest levels. In some countries, they become entrenched in laws and policies that fail to uphold - or that even violate - girls' rights, like laws that restrict women from inheriting property. Boys also suffer from gender norms: Social conceptions of masculinity can fuel child labour, gang violence, disengagement from school, and recruitment into armed groups.

Despite major hurdles that still deny them equal rights, girls refuse to limit their ambitions. Since the signing of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action in 1995 - the most comprehensive policy agenda for gender equality - the world has seen uneven progress.

More and more girls are attending and completing school, and fewer are getting married or becoming mothers while still children themselves. But discrimination and limiting stereotypes remain rife. Technological change and humanitarian emergencies are also confronting girls with new challenges, while old ones - violence, institutionalized biases, poor learning and life opportunities - persist.

That's why girls from all walks of life are boldly raising their voices against inequality. Girl-led movements are stopping child marriage and female genital mutilation, demanding action on climate change, and trail-blazing in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) - asserting their power as global change-makers.

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Equal rights and opportunities for girls and boys help all children fulfil their potential.

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Thomas & Friends on Sustainable Cities - Goal #11

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International benchmarks for governance, ethics and transparency

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Iberdrola’s Governance and Sustainability System is founded on ethics, transparency and best international practice in matters of good management, with the aim of defending the public interest and creating sustainable value for all its Stakeholders. The company supports a culture of zero tolerance towards corruption and fraud and promotes the study and dissemination of the principles of business and professional ethics.

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世界では１分間に東京ドーム２個分の森林がなくなってる？

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Garfield phones have washed up onto French beach for 30 years

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Remnants of Garfield phones that have washed ashore in France for decades are stark reminders of how plastics have polluted our oceans.

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Sustainability Goal #14: Life Below Water

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Sustainable Development Goal 10 - Reducing Inequalities - Jinki Trevillian

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SDGsジャーナル【SDGs支援機構】

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目標14「海の豊かさを守ろう」とは？

この目標14は、 「持続可能な開発のために海洋・海洋資源を保全し、持続可能な形で利用する」のテーマのもと、 10個のターゲット から構成されています。

目標14を構成する10個のターゲット

14.4

水産資源を、実現可能な最短期間で少なくとも各資源の生物学的特性によって定められる最大持続生産量のレベルまで回復させるため、 2020年までに、漁獲を効果的に規制し、 過剰漁業や違法・無報告・無規制(IUU)漁業及び破壊的な漁業慣行を終了し、 科学的な管理計画を実施する。

14.5

2020年までに、国内法及び国際法に則り、最大限入手可能な科学情報に基づいて、 少なくとも沿岸域及び海域の10パーセントを保全する。

14.6

開発途上国及び後発開発途上国に対する適切かつ効果的な、特別かつ異なる待遇が、世界貿易機関(WTO)漁業補助金交渉の不可分の要素であるべきことを認識した上で、 2020年までに、過剰漁獲能力や過剰漁獲につながる漁業補助金を禁止し、 違法・無報告・無規制(IUU)漁業につながる補助金を撤廃し、 同様の新たな補助金の導入を抑制する**。
**現在進行中の世界貿易機関(WTO)交渉およびWTOドーハ開発アジェンダ、ならびに香港閣僚宣言のマンデートを考慮。

14.7

2030年までに、漁業、水産養殖及び観光の持続可能な管理などを通じ、 小島嶼開発途上国及び後発開発途上国の海洋資源の持続的な利用による経済的便益を増大させる。

なぜ、目標14「海の豊かさを守ろう」が必要なのか？

目標14が必要な理由

（引用：アタウロ島（東ティモール）沖に浮かぶ地元漁民の船 Photo Martine Perret/UN）

それは、海の豊かさを守ることが、持続可能な地球環境保護や地域経済に大きな影響をもたらしてくれるからです。

水産資源が危ない

海の資源を持続的に維持できないほどに、 世界の魚の３３％が穫られ過ぎています。

(引用：MSC「持続可能(サステナブル)な漁業とは？」https://www.msc.org/jp/what-we-are-doing/ourapproachJP/whatissustainablefishery）

それによって、1970年代から海の魚の量は減少の一途を辿り、驚くことに、今は 1970年当時の49％の量しか海洋生物がいないのです。

そして、

私たちが 食べる魚が減る、海の生態系が破壊される という環境問題だけでなく、それと共に広がる問題があります。それは、小規模漁業に関する問題です。

水産資源現象による、小規模漁業の雇用問題

現在世界の人口７６億人中の ３０億人以上が魚を摂取していて、それを支えているのは世界にいる ３億人の漁業従事者ですが、その ９０％ （2億7,000万人）の 捕獲漁業と漁業従事者を小規模漁業が占めています。

これらの小規模漁業は地方経済を支えていると共に、その 約５０％を女性が担っている 為、乱獲による漁業の衰退は、

漁業従事者の雇用→ SDGs目標8 「働きがいも経済成長も」

「女性」漁業従事者の雇用→SDGs目標5 「ジェンダー平等を実現しよう」

この２つの目標達成にも影響があると言えます。

（参照：FAO駐日連絡事務所「各国は小規模漁業者の重要性を認識」http://www.fao.org/japan/news/detail/en/c/292146/）

プラスチックで溢れる海

「海のプラスチックの量は、2050年までには魚の量を 上回る」

2016年に開催された 世界経済フォーラム（通称　ダボス会議） で、世界中が驚く予測が発表されました。

環境省の資料によると、1964年～2014年の 50年間で、世界のプラスチック生産量はの 20倍以上に急増していて、毎年少なくとも 800万トンものプラスチックが海に流れ出てしまっているということです。
（参照：環境省「海洋ごみとマイクロプラスチックに 関する環境省の取組」）

大量のプラスチックによる被害想定

海の生態系変化

安全な船舶の確保

観光や漁業の衰退

沿岸地域に暮らす人たちの環境悪化

等の被害が想定されていて、中でも海洋中の マイクロプラスチック による人間を含めた生態系全体への悪影響が問題とされています。

マイクロプラスチックとは？

マイクロプラスチックとは、5mm以下の極微細なプラスチック片のことで、魚、鳥、微生物など様々な生物への被害が確認されています。

サンゴ礁絶滅の危機

サンゴ礁は ９万種類もの海の生き物の生活を支え、私たちに豊かな漁場を提供してくれていますが、 既に世界中の３分の１のサンゴ礁が絶滅寸前 と言われています。

つまり、サンゴ礁が絶滅するということは、増え続ける世界人口によって引き起こっている食料不足にも大きな影響を及ぼすだけでなく、漁業を糧とする人たちは働く場所を失うことにもなるのです。

また、私たち人間だけでなく、魚や貝といった海の生き物を食べる動物たちの生態系にも甚大な影響があると言われています。

（参照：国立環境研究所「サンゴ礁を守り、再生するために」https://www.nies.go.jp/kanko/kankyogi/53/04-09.html）
（参照：国立環境研究所「サンゴ礁の異変」https://www.nies.go.jp/kanko/kankyogi/53/12-13.html）

なぜ、サンゴ礁が絶滅寸前なのか？

サンゴ礁を滅ぼす２つの原因

原因その1「温暖化」によるサンゴの白化現象
白化現象とは？
1980年代頃より世界各地で水温上昇よるサンゴの「白化現象」が確認され始めました。

サンゴの白化現象は、サンゴ礁を衰退させる大きな原因の一つとなっています。サンゴの白化現象とは、造礁サンゴが共生藻を失って、透明なサンゴ組織を通して白い骨格が透けて見え、白くなる現象です。白化したすぐ後はサンゴは生きていますが、白化した状態が長く続くと、サンゴは共生藻からの光合成生産物を受け取ることができなくなり、死んでしまいます。白化を起こすのはサンゴに限らず、共生藻をもつイソギンチャクなど他の動物でも観察されることがあります。
（引用：日本サンゴ礁学会http://www.jcrs.jp/wp/?page_id=622#q9）

サンゴの白化現象が起こるのは、高水温、低水温等、強い光などの色んなストレスが原因とされていますが、中でも大きな原因となっているのが水温の上昇と言われています。
（参照：日本サンゴ礁学会http://www.jcrs.jp/wp/?page_id=622#q9）

原因その2「二酸化炭素」によるサンゴの死滅

地球温暖化の原因である、 温室効果ガスの76％ の割合を占める 「二酸化炭素 」。

（引用：地球環境研究センターhttp://www.cger.nies.go.jp/ja/news/2014/140516.html）

年々増える大気中の二酸化炭素は地球温暖化だけでなく、 「海の酸性化」 を引き起こしてサンゴ礁の絶滅にも関わっていたのです。

海の酸性化とは？

私たちが排出している二酸化炭素が海に溶け込み、サンゴや貝の体に必要な「炭酸イオン」というものを減らしてしまうこと。

この「海の酸性化」によって、サンゴや貝は成長に必要な炭酸カルシウムを作れなくなってしまうため、サンゴ死滅の原因となっています。

温室効果ガスについての詳細はこちら わかる!17の目標【目標7 エネルギーをみんなにそしてクリーンに】

取組事例

天然水産資源を守る!海のエコラベル「MSC」

通称 「海のエコラベル」と呼ばれる 「MSC」 という認証制度があります。

このラベルは、私たちが これからも持続的に水産物を食べられるように、 環境保護や 水質を守っている漁業 で捕られた水産物のみ与えられる認証ラベルです。

魚や貝といった水産物が獲られすぎによって絶滅することは、海の生き物全体の生態系にも影響を与えるので、しっかりと厳しい審査をうけて「MSC」のラベルが貼られている水産物を選ぶことは、日常の買い物からSDGsに取り組む入り口とも言えます。

パートナーシップと「海のエコラベル」から始まるSDGsの連鎖

途上国にとっては、環境の為に「MSC」に取り組もうと思っても、そのための費用がありません。
でも、ある国はその課題をSDGs 目標17のパートナーシップ で資金獲得の目標を達成しました。

また、ある国では 「MSC」の認証によって、SDGs 目標8「働きがいも経済成長も」 を実現し、SDGs目標9 のインフラ整備を実現しています。

これからご紹介するの動画では 「MSC」認証によって、 どんなふうにビジネスを成長させることとSDGsが結びついていったのかを詳しく見ることができます。

この動画を見る事で
あなたのビジネスでSDGsに取組むことで、何が得られるのか？
また、 ビジネスだからこそ持続可能な仕組みを作ることができるということのヒントを得られます。
ですので、「 MSC」の解説動画としてだけではなく、 「ビジネスとSDGs」 そういった視点でも是非ご覧になってみてください。

PS

そもそもSDGsってなんだっけ？という方は こちらをクリック

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SDGs｜目標14 海の豊かさを守ろう｜プラスチックの量が魚を超える？

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SDGs目標14がわかる！SDGsの17項目の目標の全てを網羅!【SDGsジャーナル】

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Newsela | Instructional Content Platform

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Newsela is an Instructional Content Platform that supercharges reading engagement and learning in every subject.

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Ending world hunger is one of the greatest challenges of our times. Across the globe, up to 783 million people do not have enough food and more than 40 million people in 51 countries are at ‘emergency’ or worse levels of hunger. Parts of Yemen, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Nigeria may be

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Davidzim👻 and creator of lilias friend slides

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Davidzim👻 and creator of lilias friend slides

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Goal 15: Life on land - The Global Goals

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Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

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Sustainable Cities and Communities: Development news, research, data | World Bank

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World Bank Focus Area page on building Sustainable Communities.

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Why are so Many People going Hungry? | World Hunger | FAO Explainer | United Nations

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Very serious

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Pulses, beans, lentils and cancer | World Cancer Research Fund

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Find out about pulses, beans, lentils and other legumes and explore the evidence about pulses and the risk of cancer

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UN Sustainable Development Goals | Life On Land (15)

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What is Global Goal 15? - Life on Land | Environmental learning for kids | Earth Cubs Show

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International cooperation under UN Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water)

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How We Can Keep Plastics Out of Our Ocean | National Geographic

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Understand Goal 4: Quality Education (Primary)

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Plastic Ocean | Environmental Sustainability Film | Life Below Water

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Goal 14: Life Below Water - United Nations Sustainable Development

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United Nations Sustainable Development Goals - Time for Global Action for People and Planet

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Progress towards achieving SDG8 has been challenging and the world is far from reaching most of the targets. The lingering effects of COVID-19, cost-of-living crises, trade tensions, uncertain monetary policy paths, rising debts in developing countries, and the war in Ukraine can each significantly set back global economic growth. Combined, these crises are placing the global economy under a serious threat. Global real GDP per capita is forecast to slow down in 2023, putting at risk not just employment and income but also advances in equitable pay for women and decent work for young people. Achieving SDG8 will require a wholesale reform of our morally bankrupt financial system in order to tackle rising debts, economic uncertainties and trade tensions, while promoting equitable pay and decent work for young people.

* Target 8.1: Following a sharp decline of 4.1% in 2020, global real GDP per capita increased by 5.0% in 2021. However, growth in global real GDP per capita is forecast to slow down to 2.1% in 2022 and further to 1.0% in 2023, before recovering somewhat to a growth rate of 1.8% in 2024. The growth in real GDP of LDCs slowed down from 5% in 2019 to just 0.2% in 2020 before recovering to 2.6% in 2021. It is expected that the growth in real GDP of LDCs would strengthen to 4.3% in 2022 and to 4.4% and 5.4% in 2023 and 2024, respectively.
* Target 8.2: After a sharp decline in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, labour productivity rebounded in 2021 by 2.4%. Productivity growth slowed in 2022, increasing by only 0.5%. However, even before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, productivity growth had been slowing around the world. The latest estimates extend the downward growth trend, from an average annual rate of 1.8% between 2000-14 to 1.4% between 2015-22.
* Target 8.3: Globally, 58.0% of those employed were in informal employment in 2022, amounting to around 2 billion workers in precarious jobs, most lacking any form of social protection. Prior to the onset of the pandemic, the incidence of informal employment had been slowly declining and stood at 57.8% in 2019. The pandemic resulted in a disproportionate job loss for informal workers, particularly for women, in 2020. The subsequent recovery from COVID-19 has been driven by informal employment, which has caused a slight increase in the incidence of informality.
* Target 8.5: Equal treatment in employment, including fair and equitable earnings, is fundamental for achieving decent work for all. The median gender pay gap across 102 countries is approximately 14%. However, this calculation is only based on average hourly earnings, thus not controlling for characteristics such as the sector or occupation, educational level or amount of work experience.
* Target 8.5: The global unemployment rate declined significantly in 2022, falling to 5.8% from a peak of 6.9% in 2020 as economies began recovering from the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite an uncertain global economic outlook, unemployment is projected to increase only moderately, as a large part of the shock is being absorbed by falling real wages in an environment of accelerating inflation. Global unemployment is projected to edge up slightly in 2023, by around 3 million, to reach 208 million, corresponding to an unemployment rate of 5.8%.
* Target 8.6: Globally, nearly one in four (23.5%) young people were not in education, employment, or training (NEET) in 2022. Although this is a slight decrease since 2020, when the NEET rate was at an all-time high, it remains above the 2015 baseline of 22.2% and a long way from the 2030 target.
* Target 8.7: The latest estimates indicate that the number of children in child labour rose to 160 million worldwide at the beginning of 2020 - an increase of 8.4 million children in the last four years. This translates to almost 1 in 10 of all children in child labour worldwide.
* Target 8.9: The share of tourism in global GDP nearly halved in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 data shows a very modest 6% upturn, indicating that tourism's economic contribution is on the path to recovery.
* Target 8.10: Accelerated adoption of digital solutions is transforming access to finance. Globally, in 2021, 76% of adults had an account at a bank or regulated institution such as a credit union, microfinance institution, or a mobile money service provider, an increase from 62% in 2014.

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Goal 8 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs

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Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

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video of clean energy

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Renewable Energy 101 | National Geographic

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Quality Education 📚 SDG 4 👨‍👨‍👧‍👦 Sustainable Development Goals for Kids

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this is an clean energy site, come here to lern more!!

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A clean energy revolution is taking place across America, underscored by the steady expansion of the U.S. renewable energy sector.

The clean energy industry generates hundreds of billions in economic activity, and is expected to continue to grow rapidly in the coming years. There is tremendous economic opportunity for the countries that invent, manufacture and export clean energy technologies.

Responsible development of all of America's rich energy resources -- including solar, wind, water, geothermal, bioenergy & nuclear -- will help ensure America's continued leadership in clean energy. Moving forward, the Energy Department will continue to drive strategic investments in the transition to a cleaner, domestic and more secure energy future.

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Learn about the Energy Department's investments in clean, renewable energy technologies including wind, solar, hydro, geothermal, bioenergy & nuclear.

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What Causes Heart Attack? | How to Keep Your Heart Healthy? | Heart Attack Signs and Symptoms

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Understand Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being (Primary)

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Learn more about clean energy solutions at GWRCCC's Earth Day 5K Walk & Green Expo

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clean energy site

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Clean Energy – Energia limpa e renovável é a chave para um mundo sustentável.

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UN Sustainable Development Goals | Affordable and Clean Energy (7)

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Over the past 50 years, Earth has experienced a profound decline in wildlife populations, marking a staggering 70% reduction. This loss of biodiversity stands as a formidable threat to our planet, placing us on the precipice of an ecological disaster and potential climate catastrophe. Global awareness of the biodiversity crisis is on the rise, yet tangible change requires a fundamental shift in business practices.

Roland Berger´s study "Biodiversity valuation" underscores the imperative for companies to revamp their economic models by integrating biodiversity valuation into their financial considerations. By translating the value of biodiversity into economic terms, businesses gain a clearer understanding of the true costs and benefits of their projects, fostering more informed and responsible decision-making.

Biodiversity valuation is more than a tool; it represents a paradigm shift in policy-making and economic development. Acting as a universal language, it bridges the gap between conservationists, policymakers, and business leaders. The study outlines a new five-step approach to implementing biodiversity valuation in practice, not only advocating for sustainable development but also laying the groundwork for a unified effort against ecological collapse and climate change.

As public and regulatory pressures mount, businesses will inevitably need to integrate biodiversity valuation into their strategies. The time to take action is now; the future of our planet hinges on it. Read the full study that not only offers a practical approach but also serves as a rallying call for all stakeholders.

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How biodiversity valuation can prevent ecological collapse and combat climate change

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Over the past 50 years, Earth has experienced a profound decline in wildlife populations, marking a staggering 70% reduction. This loss of biodiversity stands as a formidable threat to our planet, placing us on the precipice of an ecological disaster and potential climate catastrophe.

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GOAL 11: Sustainable cities and communities

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Learn more about SDG 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable: There is a strong link between the quality of life in cities and how cities draw on and manage the natural resources available to them. To date, the trend towards urbanization has been accompanied by increased pressure on the environment and accelerated demand for basic services, infrastructure, jobs, land, and affordable housing, particularly for the nearly 1 billion urban poor who live in informal settlements. Due to their high concentration of people, infrastructures, housing and economic activities, cities are particularly vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters impacts. Building urban resilience is crucial to avoid human, social and economic losses while improving the sustainability of urbanization processes is needed to protect the environment and mitigate disaster risk and climate change. Resource efficient cities combine greater productivity and innovation with lower costs and reduced environmental impacts, while providing increased opportunities for consumer choices and sustainable lifestyles. Data and Statistics / Facts and Figures: The world’s cities occupy just 3 per cent of the Earth’s land, but account for 60-80 per cent of energy consumption and 75 per cent of carbon emissions. Targets linked to the environment: Target 11.2: By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons Target 11.3: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries Target 11.4: Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage Target 11.5: By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations Target 11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management Target 11.7: By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities Target 11.a: Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, per-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning Target 11.b: By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels To learn more about UN Environment Programme’s contributions to SDG 11: SDG Issue Brief on Make Cities and Human Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable

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UN Sustainable Development Goals | Life Below Water (14)

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UN Sustainable Development Goals | Life Below Water (14)

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We need to have partnership to help the world!

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Understand Goal 17: Partnership for the Goals (Secondary)

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2030- SDG 8- Decent Work and Economic Growth- Ted talks

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Learn more about SDG 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development: The oceans cover more than 70 per cent of the surface of our planet and play a key role in supporting life on earth. They are the most diverse and important ecosystem, contributing to global and regional elemental cycling, and regulating the climate. The ocean provides natural resources including food, materials, substances, and energy. Marine Protected Areas contribute to poverty reduction by increasing fish catches and income, creating new jobs, improving health, and empowering women. Increasing levels of debris in the world’s seas and oceans is having a major and growing economic impact. Oceans, seas and other marine resources are essential to human well-being and social and economic development worldwide. Their conservation and sustainable use are central to achieving the 2030 Agenda, especially for small island developing States. Marine resources are particularly important for people living in coastal communities, who represented 37 per cent of the world’s population in 2010. Oceans provide livelihoods, subsistence and benefits from fisheries, tourism and other sectors. They also help regulate the global ecosystem by absorbing heat and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. However, oceans and coastal areas are extremely vulnerable to environmental degradation, overfishing, climate change and pollution. UNEP is working to develop a coherent approach to measuring the ocean condition and the drivers, pressures, impacts and responses. This is through promoting the measurement of the ocean SDGs where UNEP is the custodian and through working to develop an approach for better ocean accounts. UNEP published a Global Manual on SDG 14.1.1, 14.2.1 and 14.5.1. This manual also provides details related to how the SDGs align with the Regional Seas. Indicators: 14.1.1(a) Index of coastal eutrophication; and (b) plastic debris density (Tier II) 14.2.1 Number of countries using ecosystem-based approaches to managing marine areas (Tier II) 14.5.1 Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas (Tier I) Partners: UNEP-GPA, International Nitrogen Management System (INMS) UNESCO GEO Blue Planet National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Esri GOOS GESAMP Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Regional Seas World Conservation Monitoring Centre(UNEP-WCMC) International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) BirdLife To learn more about UN Environment Programme’s contributions to SDG 14: SDG Policy Brief on Oceans: Marine Pollution SDG Policy Brief on Global Biodiversity Loss

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Global Warming - The End Game | The Dr. Binocs Show | Best Learning Videos For Kids | Peekaboo Kidz

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Reliable, comprehensive and timely data on the nature and extent of child labour provide a basis for determining priorities for national and global action to end child labour in all its forms.

Three principal international legal instruments - ILO Convention No. 138 (Minimum Age) (C138), United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), ILO Convention No. 182 (Worst Forms) (C182) - together set the legal boundaries for child labour and provide the legal basis for national and international actions against it. In accordance with these instruments, child labour is work that children should not be doing because (a) they are too young or (b) the work is likely to harm their health, safety or morals, due to its nature or the conditions in which it is carried out.

The resolutions adopted by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS), the world's acknowledged standard-setting body in the area of labour statistics, provide the basis for translating the legal standards governing the concept of child labour into statistical terms for the purpose of measurement.

In accordance with the ICLS resolutions,14 child labour can be measured on the basis of the production boundary set by the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA) or on the basis of the general production boundary. The former limits the frame of reference to economic activity, while the latter extends it to include both economic activity and unpaid household services, that is, the production of domestic and personal services by a household member for consumption within their own household, commonly called household chores.

Following from this, two indicators are used for measuring child labour for the purpose of SDG reporting, the first based on the SNA production boundary and the second on the general production boundary.

Indicator 1: Proportion and number of children aged 5 to 17 years engaged in economic activities at or above age-specific hourly thresholds (SNA production boundary basis):
Child labour for the 5 to 11 age range: children working one hour or more per week in economic activity; Child labour for the 12 to 14 age range: children working 14 hours or more per week in economic activity; Child labour for the 15 to 17 age range: children working 43 hours or more per week in economic activity.

Indicator 2: Proportion and number of children aged 5 to 17 years engaged in economic activities and household chores at or above age-specific hourly thresholds (general production boundary basis):
Child labour for the 5 to 11 age range: children working one hour or more per week in economic activity and/or involved in unpaid household services for 21 hours or more per week;
Child labour for the 12 to 14 age range: children working 14 hours or more per week in economic activity and/or involved in unpaid household services for 21 hours or more per week;
Child labour for the 15 to 17 age range: children working 43 hours or more per week in economic activity (no hourly threshold is set for household chores for ages 15-17).

The concept of child labour also includes the worst forms of child labour other than hazardous (18th ICLS paragraphs 33 to 34) as well as hazardous work (18th ICLS paragraphs 21 to 32). The worst forms of child labour include all forms of slavery or similar practices such as trafficking and the recruitment and use of child soldiers, the use or procurement of children for prostitution or other illicit activities, and other work that is likely to harm children's health, safety or well-being.

Economic activity includes all types of establishments or businesses in which persons are engaged in the production and/or distribution of goods and services.

Household chores refer to services rendered by and for household members without pay. These include activities such as cooking, ironing, housecleaning, shopping, looking after children and small repairs.

Numerator: Number of children aged 5 to 17 years reported to be in child labour during the reference period (usually the week prior to the survey)

Numerator: Number of children aged 5 to 17 years reported to be in child labour during the reference period (usually the week prior to the survey)

Denominator: Total number of children aged 5 to 17 years in the population

While the concept of child labour includes working in activities that are hazardous in nature, to ensure comparability of estimates over time and to minimize data quality issues, work beyond age-specific hourly thresholds is used as a proxy for hazardous work for the purpose of reporting on SDG indicator 8.7.1. Further methodological work is needed to validate questions specifically aimed at identifying children in hazardous working conditions.

Similarly, the worst forms of child labour are not currently captured in regular household surveys given difficulties in accurately and reliably measuring them. Therefore, this element of child labour is not captured by the indicators used for reporting on SDG 8.7.1.

In addition, 'own use production of goods', including activities such as fetching water and collecting firewood, falls within the production boundary set by the SNA. However, for the purpose of SDG reporting of indicator 8.7.1, and with the goal of facilitating international comparability, fetching water and collecting firewood have been classified as unpaid household services (i.e., household chores), a form of production that lies outside the SNA production boundary.

More broadly, child labour estimates based on the statistical standards set out in the ICLS resolutions represent useful benchmarks for international comparative purposes but are not necessarily consistent with estimates based on national child labour legislation. ILO Convention No. 138 contains a number of flexibility clauses left to the discretion of the competent national authority in consultation (where relevant) with workers' and employers' organizations (e.g., minimum ages, scope of application). This means that there is no single legal definition of child labour across countries, and thus, no single statistical measure of child labour consistent with national legislation across countries.

Click on the button below to explore the data behind this indicator.
Explore the data

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SDG Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth - UNICEF DATA

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Goal 8 aims to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all. As this relates to children, Target 8.7 of this goal aims to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, including the recruitment and use of child soldiers, as well as to end all forms of child [...]

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SDGs Explained: #3 Good Health and Well-being

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SDGs Explained: #16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions

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Understand Goal 2: Zero Hunger (Primary)

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Ocean Animals for Kids | Learn all about the Animals and Plants that Live in the Ocean

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Climate Action ☀️ SDG 13 🌡️ Sustainable Development Goals for Kids

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Life Below Watter 🐚🌊🐋🪸🥥

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Life Below Water: The Arrival of a New Species - Narrated by Morgan Freeman

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Peace and Justice and Strong Institutions

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Renewables, including solar, wind, hydropower, biofuels and others, are at the centre of the transition to less carbon-intensive and more sustainable energy systems. Generation capacity has grown rapidly in recent years, driven by policy support and sharp

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End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

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Zero Hunger 🍴🥗 SDG 2 👨‍👨‍👧‍👦 Sustainable Development Goals for Kids

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Health and population | Department of Economic and Social Affairs

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Sustainable Development Goal 3 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is to “ensure healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages”. TThe associated targets aim to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio; end preventable deaths of newborns and children; end the epidemics of AI…

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The importance of quality education in the world - Action Education

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Access to education for all is the basis for a better world, Action Education is committed to promoting access to quality education around the world.

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Sustainable Development Goal 14 - Wikipedia

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Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Goal 14 or SDG 14) is about “Life below water” and is one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations in 2015. The official wording is to “Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”.[1] The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress towards each target is being measured with one indicator each time by time.

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Life on Land 🌳 SDG 15 🐻 Sustainable Development Goals for Kids

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World Wildlife Day 2019 - Life below water: for people and planet

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What we are doing to reduce poverty in Canada

The Government of Canada released Opportunity for All - Canada's First Poverty Reduction Strategy in 2018. The Poverty Reduction Act, which received Royal Assent in June 2019, entrenches:

poverty reduction targets

Canada's Official Poverty Line

the National Advisory Council on Poverty into law

This strategy seeks to reduce and remove systemic barriers, including for those communities that face unique barriers that can make them more vulnerable to poverty. For example:

single parents (80% of whom are women)

single people aged 45 to 64

persons with disabilities

newcomers

Indigenous peoples

individuals from Black or other racialized communities, and

LGBTQ2+ individuals

The targets of the Strategy are aligned with SDG 1 and aim to reduce poverty by 50% by 2030. Canada's Official Poverty Line is based on the cost of a "basket" of goods and services that individuals and families require to meet their basic needs and achieve a modest standard of living in communities across the country. Finally, the National Advisory Council on Poverty counsels the Minister of Families, Children and Social Development on poverty reduction and publicly reports the progress of poverty reduction in Canada every year.

The Canada Child Benefit (CCB) provides support for low- to middle-income families with children aged 17 and under to help them with the high cost of raising children. Because it is based on income, the CCB provides more support to those who need help the most. The CCB is indexed annually and has played a key role in reducing the number of children living in poverty, which has declined by 435,000 between 2015 and 2019.

The Canada Workers Benefit (CWB) is a refundable tax credit that supplements the earnings of low-income workers, letting them take home more money while they work. Budget 2021 expanded the CWB, beginning in the 2021 tax year, to support about one million additional Canadians in low-wage jobs, and bring the total number of CWB recipients to three million per year, both employed and self-employed. It is estimated that this enhancement to the CWB will lift 100,000 people out of poverty.

The Canada Pension Plan enhancement (CPP) will increase the maximum CPP retirement benefit by 50% over time. It will also include an increase to the maximum disability pension and survivor's pension. Enhancing the CPP will significantly reduce the number of Canadian families at risk of not saving enough for retirement, particularly those who do not have a workplace pension plan.

The Old Age Security (OAS) pension is a monthly payment to seniors who are 65 or older. To give seniors greater financial security and put more money in their pockets as they advance in their retirement, the government is committed to increasing the OAS benefits for seniors age 75 and older.

The Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) provides an income tested monthly non-taxable benefit to low-income OAS pension recipients living in Canada. In 2016, to help seniors who are living in poverty or who are most at risk of living in poverty, the majority of whom are women, the Government of Canada increased the GIS for the lowest-income single seniors.

Canada is supporting eligible on-reserve residents across Canada and Status Indians in the Yukon to cover the costs of their daily living and is providing funding to access pre-employment supports through the On-reserve Income Assistance program.

The Goods and Services Tax/Harmonized Sales Tax (GST/HST) credit is a refundable tax credit that helps individuals and families with low and modest incomes offset all or part of the GST or the federal portion of the HST that they pay. About 10.5 million Canadians benefit from this credit each year.

The National Housing Strategy (NHS) is a 10-year, $72+ billion plan. The vision of the NHS is that all Canadians have housing that meets their needs and they can afford. Affordable housing is a cornerstone of sustainable, inclusive communities and a Canadian economy where we can prosper and thrive. The NHS focuses on priority populations including:

women and children fleeing domestic violence

seniors

Indigenous peoples

those experiencing homelessness

people with disabilities

those dealing with mental health and addiction issues

veterans

the LGBTQ+ community

young adults

racialized groups including Black Canadians, and

recent immigrants and refugees

Reaching Home: Canada's Homelessness Strategy was launched in April 2019 as a component of the NHS. With enhanced funding announced in response to COVID-19, federal homelessness programming now represents a $3.1 billion investment over 10 years to support the most vulnerable Canadians in:

maintaining safe, stable and affordable housing

reducing chronic homelessness nationally by 50% by 2027-28.

More recently, the Government of Canada has announced its goal to completely eliminate chronic homelessness across the country.

Under the NHS, the Canada Housing Benefit (CHB) aims to reduce housing need for some of Canada's most vulnerable, by providing funding directly to households in need to help them afford their housing costs. Canada and the provinces and territories (PTs) co-developed CHB programs that address the unique housing affordability challenges of each jurisdiction while also supporting federal priorities. PTs cost-match the federal CHB investment and are delivering the benefit in each of their jurisdictions.

The Government of Canada initially launched the Rapid Housing Initiative (RHI) in October 2020 as a $1-billion initiative to help address the urgent housing needs of Canadians who are vulnerable, especially in the context of COVID-19, through the rapid construction of affordable housing. The program has since been expanded with an additional $1.5 billion, to address urgent housing needs. As a result, at least 10,000 units of permanent affordable housing are expected to be created for the most vulnerable populations. Under the RHI, 33 percent of units will support women or women and their children, and over 41 percent of units will support Indigenous peoples.

The Government of Canada is working with provincial, territorial, and Indigenous partners to build a Canada-wide, community-based Early Learning and Child Care system, so all families have access to high-quality, affordable, flexible and inclusive early learning and child care no matter where they live. Investing in ELCC will:

enable parents, particularly mothers, to reach their full economic potential

improve graduation rates

promote lifelong well-being

boost lifetime earnings

increase social equity

With Canada's COVID-19 Economic Response Plan, the Government has invested in targeted income support to individuals, business, key sectors, and community organizations on the frontlines of serving Canadians to help reduce social inequalities and support vulnerable groups. This includes:

temporary income support for employed and self-employed workers directly affected by COVID-19 (Canada Emergency Response Benefit) and not eligible for Employment Insurance (Canada Recovery Benefit), are unable to work because they must care for a child under 12 or a family member who needs supervised care due to COVID-19 (Canada Recovery Caregiving Benefit), are sick or must self-isolate due to COVID-19 (Canada Recovery Sickness Benefit), and employed and self-employed people who cannot work or have experienced reduction of at least 50% of their income due to a designated COVID-19 lockdown (Canada Worker Lockdown Benefit)

financial support to post-secondary students, and recent post-secondary and high school graduates who were unable to find work due to COVID-19 between May 10 and August 29, 2020 (Canada Emergency Student Benefit)

a one-time increase to the Canada child benefit (CCB) of $300 per child provided in May 2020 for families entitled to receiving the benefit. In addition, the temporary CCB young child supplement provided additional temporary support of up to $1,200 in 2021 for each child under the age of six for families entitled to the CCB

a one-time tax-free payment of $300 for seniors eligible for the Old Age Security pension, with an additional $200 for seniors eligible for the Guaranteed Income Supplement

a one-time GST/HST credit top-up for eligible low- and modest-income individuals and families was made beginning April 2020. The top-up, which doubled the 2019 to 2020 maximum GST/HST Credit amounts, provided an average of $375 for individual seniors and $510 for senior couples

the Government of Canada also announced a one-time, non-taxable and non-reportable payment of up to $600 to support approximately 1.7 million Canadians with disabilities for extraordinary expenses incurred during the pandemic. Further, through the Canada Emergency Student Benefit, students received an additional $750 per month if they had a disability

The 2020 Speech from the Throne announced the Disability Inclusion Action Plan, which will include a new Canada Disability Benefit as a cornerstone of this plan. The proposed Canada Disability Benefit would help to reduce poverty amongst working age persons with disabilities.

What Canada is doing to help reduce poverty abroad

Canada's Official Development Assistance Accountability Act requires that Canadian international assistance has a central focus on poverty reduction and is consistent with aid effectiveness principles. To support local needs and ensure that the perspectives of the poor are considered and are consistent with human rights standards, Canada engages with partner governments, civil society organisations and project participants throughout the lifecycle of its international assistance projects and programs.

In June 2017, Canada launched its Feminist International Assistance Policy, which seeks to:

eradicate poverty

build a more peaceful, more inclusive and more prosperous world

Canada firmly believes that promoting gender equality and empowering women and girls is the most effective way to achieve this goal and drive progress on all SDGs, including SDG 1. In 2019 to 2020, Canada contributed to the goal of no poverty by providing $6.6 billion in international assistance, implemented through initiatives and commitments under the Policy's 6 action areas.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had immense socio-economic impacts around the world, particularly affecting the poorest and most vulnerable populations. In fact, the World Bank estimates that an additional 119-124 million people were pushed into extreme poverty in 2020 as a result of the pandemic, the first increase in global extreme poverty in more than 2 decades.

In response to the pandemic, the Government of Canada has committed over $2.6 billion in international assistance since February 2020. These funds have been directed, for example:

towards life-saving assistance and delivery of emergency health care

towards provision of water, sanitation and hygiene

to support continuity of education for children

Over half these funds - more than $1.3 billion - will help facilitate equitable access to COVID-19 medical countermeasures.

In addition, in April 2020, Canada extended a new $1 billion loan to the International Monetary Fund's Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT), which provides concessional financing support to low-income countries. Canada also announced a $107 million grant and an additional $877 million loan to the PRGT in October 2021. All of these investments aim to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of the pandemic, and support the achievement of SDG 1.

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Employment and Social Development Canada

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Sustainable Development Goal 1: No poverty

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SDG 1 aims to eradicate poverty in all its forms, one of humanity's greatest challenges.

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Find out why Earth’s climate is changing and what you can do about it.

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We answer some of your biggest questions!

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Sustainable Development Goal 15 - Life on Land - Tracey Rogers

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Hy Brazil Energia - Vídeo Institucional 2019

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Access to at least a basic level of social protection is a human right. The principle of universality of social protection demonstrates the importance of social protection systems in guaranteeing decent living conditions to the whole population, throughout their lives. The proportion of the population covered by social protection systems or floors provides an indication of the extent to which universality is accomplished, and thus, how secure are the population's living conditions - including improvements in child well-being and reduction of child poverty.

Measurements of effective coverage should reflect how, in reality, legal provisions are implemented. It refers to the percentage of people actually receiving benefits of contributory and non-contributory social protection programmes, plus the number of persons actively contributing to social insurance schemes.

There are two indicators listed to monitor this target. One is based on household surveys. The other one is based on an administrative survey. Both aim to capture effective coverage.

1. The one based on administrative surveys reflects the proportion of persons effectively covered by a social protection system, including social protection floors. It also reflects the main components of social protection: child and maternity benefits, support for persons without a job, persons with disabilities, victims of work injuries and older persons.
Effective coverage of social protection is measured by the number of people who are either actively contributing to a social insurance scheme or receiving benefits (contributory or non-contributory).

2. The one based on household surveys reflects coverage of social protection and labor programmes by measuring the percentage of population participating in social insurance, social safety nets, unemployment benefits, and active labor market programmes. Estimates include both direct and indirect beneficiaries.

Social protection systems include contributory and non-contributory schemes for children, pregnant women with newborns, people in active age, older persons, for victims of work injuries and persons with disabilities. Social protection floors provide at least a basic level in all main contingencies along the life cycle, as defined in the Social Protection Floors Recommendation 2012 (no. 202) referred to in SDG 1.3.

When assessing coverage and gaps in coverage based on administrative surveys, distinctions need to be made between coverage by:

1. Contributory social insurance;
2. Universal schemes covering all residents (or all residents in a given category) and
3. Means-tested schemes potentially covering all those who pass the required test of income and/or assets

The indicator based on household surveys is estimated by programme type, for the entire population and by quintiles of both the post- and pre-transfer welfare distribution. Programmes are aggregated into social assistance, social insurance and labor market. Indicators provide the totals summing up the social assistance, social insurance and labor market figures.

Calculations include separate indicators in order to distinguish between effective coverage for children, unemployed persons, older persons and persons with disabilities, mothers with newborns, workers protected in case of work injury, and the poor and marginalized, when using administrative surveys. For each case, coverage is expressed as a share of the respective population.

Data are collected through an administrative survey ongoing for decades, the ILO Social Security Inquiry. Whenever countries provide data, the indicator is disaggregated by sex. Indicators for effective coverage are obtained as follows:

1. Proportion of children covered by social protection benefits: ratio of children/households receiving child or family cash benefits to the total number of children/households with children

2. Proportion of women giving birth covered by maternity benefits: ratio of women receiving cash maternity benefits to women giving birth in the same year (estimated based on age-specific fertility rates published in the UN's World Population Prospects or on the number of live births corrected for the share of twin and triplet births)

3. Proportion of persons with disabilities receiving benefits: ratio of persons receiving disability cash benefits to persons with severe disabilities. The latter is calculated as the product of prevalence of disability ratios (published for each country group by the World Health Organization) and each country's population

4. Proportion of unemployed receiving benefits: ratio of recipients of unemployment cash benefits to the number of unemployed persons

5. Proportion of workers covered in case of employment injury: ratio of workers protected by injury insurance to total employment or the labour force

6. Proportion of older persons receiving a pension: ratio of persons above statutory retirement age receiving an old-age pension to persons above statutory retirement age (including contributory and non-contributory)

7. Proportion of persons who may need benefits receiving them: ratio of social assistance recipients to the total number of persons who might need them. The latter are calculated by subtracting from total population all people of working age who are contributing to a social insurance scheme or receiving contributory benefits, and all persons above retirement age receiving contributory benefits

The aggregate indicator is calculated as the proportion of the total population receiving cash benefits under at least one of the contingencies (contributory or non-contributory benefit) or actively contributing to at least one social security scheme.

Coverage based on data calculated from national representative household surveys are collected in The Atlas of Social Protection - Indicators of Resilience and Equity (ASPIRE) by the World Bank. These indicators refer to the 'effective' coverage definition, measuring the direct and indirect beneficiaries who are actually receiving social protection benefits at the time nationally representative household survey data are collected, as within a target group (total population, for different income quintiles, total population in urban and rural areas).

Generally, these indicators are based on a first level analysis of original household survey data (with no imputations) and on a unified methodology that does not necessarily reflect country-specific knowledge and in-depth country analysis relying on different data sources (administrative programme level data).

It is important to note that the extent to which information on specific transfers and programmes is captured in the household surveys can vary a lot across countries. Often household surveys do not capture the universe of social protection and labor programmes in the country, in best practice cases just the largest programmes. Many household surveys have limited information on these programmes, some surveys collect information only on participation without including the transfer amounts; and others include programme information mixed with private transfers, making it difficult to isolate individual SPL programmes.

Therefore, information based on household surveys is limited to what is captured by them and does not necessarily represent the universe of programmes existing in the country. In addition, the availability of these indicators depends on the type of questions included in the survey. If transfer amounts are available, for example, adequacy and impact on poverty indicators can be generated. If only programme participation questions are included in the survey, only non- monetary indicators can be generated such as coverage or beneficiary incidence. As a consequence, performance indicators are not fully comparable across harmonized programme categories and countries. Moreover, these indicators do not include (in the current edition) those who are protected by law, or those who have benefits guaranteed but are not necessarily receiving them at the time the survey is administered - for example people who actively contribute to old-age pensions and are entitled to the benefits on reaching retirement age.

However, household surveys have the unique advantages of allowing analysis of programme impact on household welfare. With such caveats in mind, indicators based on household surveys provide an approximate measure of social protection systems performance.

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