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New development in the late 1980's, that of black cockney, used by young black speakers in London

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Ethnicity is associated with culture, religion, language and nationality.

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Over 300 languages are spoken in London.

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Polish speakers in Manchester used an '-ink' pronunciation which was different from regional '-ing' found in Manchester. Discovered there was a link between speakers use of '-ink' and their plans for the future. If they were considering going back to Poland, they used polish '-ink' pronunciation to create solidarity with home country.

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Using Patois is seen as 'cool' and 'tough'. He also argued that Jamaican Patois is associated with assertive and verbal resourcefulness.
Used as an act of rebellion by youths as it gave them a sense of social cohesion and belonging.

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White varieties of English are categorised into a variety of dialects but non-white dialects are bundled into 'ethnolects' ignoring any regional identity they may show.

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Boys used a mix of Punjabi and English

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*Prepone - to move to an earlier time
*Indian oil companies may refer to petrol or gasoline as “motor spirits.”
*A plastic surgery clinic may refer to hair loss as “hairfall”– as though it were snowfall.

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Those using Jamaican creole were discriminated against or deemed stupid -thus were educationally disadvantaged.

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1980s development of 'black cockney'
Style rather than discrete variety
Used by young black speakers in london

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looks at language of white nerds who deliberately distanced themselves from white peers who are likely to adopt a 'cooler' lexis

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Anwar- used 100% Indian when talking to his Sri-Lanken maid, and 100% British when speaking to a cockney mechanic. He would code switch his identities depending on the conversation.

Sharma and Rampton
Anwar changed his identity within a single conversation depending on the context. He used Indian variance when the context surrounded his culture or political beliefs.

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investigation of ethnic groups and their place in society focuses on group boundaries and the processes by which ethnic groups are generated and maintained.

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"Even the beggars speak English" to show that English or Hinglish is adopted as a sign of Prestige.

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Shift in young English black speakers who felt that mainstream society was ignoring and constraining them
Moved towards resistant identity through language

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Languages may not be 'markers of identity' but also sites of resistance, empowerment, solidarity and discrimination.

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Stated that young black people who felt ignored by society might see their use of creole as an act of resistance.

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Set about defining American English as differs and thus created American dictionaries to define it as separate culture to England. Merriam more concerned with the standard form like Johnson in UK dictionaries.

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Identified a new form of English (predominantly among young people) from London's inner city and taking root far beyond- MLE.

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Though English is one of modern India's twenty-two official languages, only a few hundred thousand Indians have English as their first language.

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Primary verbs like 'is' is replaced with 'to be'. Verbs are in a base progressive form.

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Discussed essentialist and constructionist views with regard to society. Inheriting ethnicity helps with an individuals self-identification.

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Matched Guise; people have a different perception of someone based on how they speak.

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*Indian accents vary greatly from those leaning more towards a purist British to those leaning more towards a more 'vernacular' (Indian language)
*The progressive tense in stative verbs: I am understanding it. She is knowing the answer; an influence of traditional Hindi grammar, it is more common in northern states.
*Use of "off it" and "on it" instead of "switch it off" and "switch it on."

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Whites have become black' 'Nihilistic gangster culture' 'Literally a sense of a foreign country'.

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Teachers made judgements on a student's ability and personality based on their accent.

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Low income, black families speak in restricted code.

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Black boys subject to anti-educational peer groups.

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Black pupils fail due to racism, not their culture/self esteem.

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80% of employees judged on accent or dialect.

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Because of the spread of technology and outsourcing of labour in the late 80s and 90s, it brought English to India in a way that spread out uncontrollably.

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AAVE (African American Vernacular English)

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AAVE (African American Vernacular English)

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Broken English as it leaves out the copula verb 'is' when speaking among other things

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The Definitive Glossary of British India was published in 1886 to show the Anglo-Indian words used.

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The use of vulgarisms is largely used in MUBE perhaps playing into Gary Ives’ idea of ethnic linguistics being utilised as an ‘anti-language’ in order to rebel against the straight-white norm, and though his focus was on Punjabi code-switching, it could easily be applied to Ebonics as seen in John McWhorter’s article ‘The Case for Black English’. This therefore cements vulgarisms as a key aspect of Ebonics.

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Argues that ethnicity and nationalism have become so visible in many societies that it is now possible to ignore them. States how in early 20th century, many social theorists held that ethnicity and nationalism would decrease in importance and eventually vanish as a result of modernisation, industrialisation and individualisation.

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Black Americans and Black Britons are bilingual - they speak "street vernacular and speak job interview"

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Patois- Jamaican Creole originating from plantations in the 17th century.

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Simplified language derived from the most dominant invading countries. Simplified grammar and syntax originally used as a lingua franca.

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People with white sounding names are twice as likely to get job call-backs than those with ethnic-sounding names

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Expansion of the pidgin language, grammatical and syntactic rules applied.

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Teenagers search for identity through:
-> clothes
-> forbidden behaviours
-> Rebellion
-> idols
-> cliquish exclusion

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"coconut" and "bounty" - called to those people who are a darker colour and possess white ideologies.

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Findings suggest an emergence of a commonly spoken language variety - Multi-Ethnic Youth Dialect (MEYD) which is a combination of several native sources

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Studied relations between 7- black and white adolescents in an urban environment. indicated that there was a strong link between language use and ethnic identity for the 2nd British born generation of Caribbean by descendant.

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Ethnicity is represented in 4 key ways:
-> Pitied
-> Humoured
-> Exotic
-> Dangerous

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Racism and xenophobia experienced by Polish migrants in the UK before and after Brexit vote

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Jamaican English in West Midlands
Creole spoken by some migrants disadvantaged children in school
Associated w low academic ability
Over generations hybrid dialects combined Jamaican creoles w British english

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Polish becomes England's second language. Data from 2011 census reveals 546,000 people in England and Wales speak Polish

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Polish is now the main language spoken in England after English, according to 2011 census data released by the Office for National Statistics on Wednesday.

Census 2011: languages spoken interactive map. Click image to explore it

The first ONS language figures, recorded from a survey of 56.1 million residents of England and Wales, show 546,000 speak Polish. There are still slightly more Welsh speakers in Wales at 562,000.

The statisticians recorded more than 600 different responses to the question "what is your main language", including different languages and dialects. They grouped these into more than 104 different languages or language groups and identified 49 main languages that have at least 15,000 speakers.

Of residents of England and Wales aged over three, 4.2 million, or 8% of the total, had a main language other than English.

After English, Welsh and Polish, the next biggest languages in England and Wales were the Indian and Pakistani languages of Punjabi, Urdu, Bengali (including Sylheti and Chatgaya) and Gujarati which taken together account for close to a million people.

They are followed by Arabic, French, Chinese and Portuguese. The majority of the 141,000 Chinese speakers in England and Wales do not count Mandarin or Cantonese as their main language but one of dozens of regional dialects such as Hakka and Hunanese.

The fine grain of the data makes it possible to find out who speaks what in your postcode and where language groups are gathered. The highest concentration of Gujarati can be heard in Leicester, Cantonese and Mandarin in Manchester, Lithuanian in Boston in Lincolnshire, Punjabi in Slough in Berkshire, and Somali in Brent, north-west London.

You are most likely to hear English spoken in Redcar and Cleveland in the north-east where it is the main language for 99.3% of people. Swedish was the smallest of the main languages, but speakers of the smaller languages can find themselves in a tiny minority.

There was only one person in Barnet and one in Bexley who said they spoke Caribbean creole. In England and Wales 629 people speak Romany, 58 speak Scottish Gaelic, while 33 said they speak Manx Gaelic - making it the smallest language grouping.

EMBED CODE FOR AUDIO BOO <div class="ab-player" data-boourl="http://audioboo.fm/boos/1183963-adrian-cain-manx-gaelic-speaker/embed"><a href="http://audioboo.fm/boos/1183963-adrian-cain-manx-gaelic-speaker">listen to &#x2018;Adrian Cain, Manx Gaelic speaker&#x2019; on Audioboo</a></div><script type="text/javascript">(function() { var po = document.createElement("script"); po.type = "text/javascript"; po.async = true; po.src = "http://d15mj6e6qmt1na.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();</script>

Academics believe the breadth of languages being spoken in England and Wales may start to change the English we speak, most rapidly in areas where people have the most contact with foreign language speakers.

"We are more likely to pick up words than change accents as we find foreign words that fit much better and work better," said Oliver Mason, lecturer in English linguistics at Birmingham University. "Vocabulary may be the main area of change."

Hindi words such as pundit, pukka and pyjamas have long been adopted into English but the relationship works the other way too with Poles, for example, noticing how friends returning from England are inflecting their conversation with English words in hybrid known as "Ponglish". People will go "szoping" for clothes and buy a "tiszert".

The growth of Polish may be slowing, however, judging by net immigration figures showing a decline in the rate of increase in long-term British residents from the eight eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004, of which Poland is the largest.

The language data was also taken as evidence that immigrants may have a greater sense of belonging than government ministers, keen to cut net migration, have suggested.

The census revealed that 13% of the population was born abroad, but only 138,000 people, less than 0.5% of the population, could speak no English at all and in total only 1.6% of residents could speak it not well or not at all.

This contradicts a statement by Eric Pickles, the communities secretary, who said in a recent speech that the UK was in an "incomprehensible situation where no one can speak English as their main language in 5% of our households" and this was "terrible for community relations".

One million households have no residents with English as a main language, although most had some proficiency in English, the ONS said.

Dr Stephen Jivraj, researcher at the University of Manchester's Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity, said: "In policy debates, immigration is a proxy not only for being born outside the UK but also for other concepts such as not belonging, with family origins outside the UK and requiring services to help integrate.

"These concepts are measured by combinations of language, citizenship, national identity and ethnicity better than by birthplace."

Chinese people alone listed 67 different languages or dialects, although a minority of those were different spellings of the same language.

All but three of the London boroughs, excluding the City, Richmond and Havering, have residents speaking more than 100 main languages, the ONS said. Hillingdon is the most linguistically diverse, with 107 languages listed, followed by Newham, with 103.

"The West Midlands is the region with the lowest percentage of people who can speak English very well or well, at 72%" said census director Roma Chappell. It is also the region that has the highest number of people who cannot speak English at all.

Spokes people

More than 762,000 people now cycle to work in the UK, with the number doing so in London having doubled to 161,000, up from 77,000 in 2001, according to the Office for National Statistics. The student cities of Oxford and Cambridge appear to be the most bike-friendly with 18% and 10% of residents cycling.

The capital's cycling hotspot is Hackney where 9% of residents cycle to work, more than the 7% who drive. But less than 2% use bikes in Newham, Barnet and Hillingdon.

Across England and Wales cars are by far the most popular way to commute, with 15.3 million people driving, 4.8 million using public transport and 1.4 million working at home. Norwich and Exeter have the most pedestrian commuters, with 15% walking to work.

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Polish becomes England's second language

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Polish is now the main language spoken in England after English, according to 2011 census data released by the Office for National Statistics on Wednesday. The first ONS language figures, recorded from a survey of 56.1 million residents of England and Wales, show 546,000 speak Polish.

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English words fail to take root in Polish vernacular. Polish has resisted the influx of English words brought back by migrant workers, but swearwords are proving resilient.

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he constant shuttling of hundreds of thousands of mostly young Polish workers between Poland and Britain has had a big and visible impact on demographics, economics and culture. But the influence on language is curiously hard to pin down.

That is partly because Polish, like Poland itself, has been subjected to successive waves of invasions. Americanisms have been here since before the end of communism, arriving principally through television and films. So dzinsy (jeans), keczup (ketchup), koktajl (cocktail) and hamburger were already part of the vernacular long before the great Polish migration of the past decade.

The other wide-open portals through which English words have poured into the everyday language are through western management jargon, computers and the internet.

This linguistic invasion would have happened without a single Pole moving to Britain looking for work. It started with the mass arrival of US business consultants in Warsaw in 1990 - the archetypal biznesmen and bizneswomen seeking to set up 'joint ventures'. It continues today with social media such as Facebook (fejsbuk). After meeting someone for the first time, you could wyguglowac (Google) them, and then perhaps rzucic posta na fejsa (add a post on Facebook).

Words picked up in the bars, restaurants and offices of Britain and then carried home to Poland are harder to find. Poles in Britain talk about being klinerzy w offisie (office cleaners [see footnote] or bilderzy (builders), but such transliterations have so far proved too alien to survive long on Polish soil.

What have survived are four-letter, Anglo-Saxon swearwords which are beginning to encroach on homegrown curses which seem almost quaint by comparison. However, there may yet be a backlash. Dropping the words fuck or shit into a conversation is widely seen as pretentious unless you have been in Britain for many years. Even then it can come across as trying too hard.

Here is a small glossary of the other corners of the Polish language which may now be "forever England". As a collection, they sound as damp and uninspiring as a February night out in a depressed market town. Is this really all we have to offer?

wan - van

fastfoody - fast food

paje - pies (the English spelling means dog in Polish)

chipsy - chips

drinki - drinks

buspasy - bus lanes

chuligan - hooligan

kemping - camping

This article was amended on 8 April 2011. Owing to an editing change to the original text, the article referred to "kelnerzy w offisie". This has been corrected to restore to the original.

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English words fail to take root in Polish vernacular

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he constant shuttling of hundreds of thousands of mostly young Polish workers between Poland and Britain has had a big and visible impact on demographics, economics and culture. But the influence on language is curiously hard to pin down. That is partly because Polish, like Poland itself, has been subjected to successive waves of invasions.

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Fluent English in India requires rich and consistent language exposure. Largely limited to the urban upper classes.

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The language Hinglish involves a hybrid mixing of Hindi and English within conversations, individual sentences and even words. An example: “She was bhunno-ing the masala-s_ jub_ phone ki ghuntee bugee.” Translation: “She was frying the spices when the phone rang”.

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“English has gone from being the language of status to being the language of opportunity"