# data[].attributes.body
Alkaline hydrolysis using NaOH is nucleophilic substitution; it requires the reactants to be heated under reflux. Molecules with shorter bonds will be more difficult to break apart due to intermolecular forces.

Halogenalkanes can undergo elimination and hydrolysis and all hydrocarbons can undergo free radical substitution provided that UV light is present.

The two humps indicate the formation of a product, in this case, a carbocation, which has a positive charge. This is seen in SN1 reactions.

Markovnikov rule: "a carbon rich in substituents will gain more substituents and the carbon with more hydrogens attached will get more hydrogen molecules".

Using concentrated H2SO4 results in an elimination reaction. In this reaction, it will lead to dehydrogenation, resulting in propene.

[Repeated reflection of no. 1] Shorter bond lengths are stronger due to intermolecular forces. Having a larger atomic radius, iodine has a longer bond length.

For a halogenalkane to undergo nucleophilic substitution to form an intermediate nitrile, CN- is required, and since it is a halogenalkane, KCN is the appropriate choice (HCN - carbonyl compounds). To form the carboxylic acid from this nitrile, we can use concentrated sulphuric acid.

To form an alkohol from a halogenalkane, aqueous NaOH can be used.

[I have a lot of trouble understanding mechanisms for application; some questions that should only require the average student five minutes may take me an hour. I have to practice more problems efficiently and remember the mechanisms better, rather than pointless repetition...]

# data[].attributes.body
I relearnt the synthesis of coniine and the Sn1 and Sn2 mechanisms such as the intermediate product and carbocations.

# data[].attributes.body
I learned about
- SN1/SN2 reaction/products formed/path taken
- Different reactions of halogenoalkanes and the conditions needed (substitution, addition, elimination)

# data[].attributes.body
Wilson JC2T
In this worksheet, I revised about the reagents and conditions for each halogenoalkane reaction. I also revised about the 2 types of nucleophilic substitutions and how it differs from each other. I also learnt about how the halogens of a specific halogenoalkane affects the properties of it.

# data[].attributes.body
We revised about the conditions of certain reactions, more about reactions like elimination hydrolysis and free radical substitution. To add number of carbon, you need to react it with something that consists of CN, however, we should not use HCN as that is for carbonyl compound. Tertiary halogenoalkanes will follow Sn1 mechanism

# data[].attributes.body
1. Nucleophilic substitution (alkaline hydrolysis using NaOH) requires heating under reflux. C—Cl bond is shorter than C—I, hence the bond is stronger.

2. 1-bromobutane is a halogenoalkane, it can undergo elimination and hydrolysis. Free radica substitution is possible for anything that has C—H bond as long as UV light is present.

3. Two humps energy level diagram indicates a product is being formed in between. Two step reaction (SN1) is for tertiary halogenoalkane. Carbocation is formed.

4. Draw the intermediate under the arrow. Hydrolysis (NaOH solution, heated under reflux) ; Elimination rection (ethanolic NaOH, heated under reflux)

5. Markovnikov rule. Rich becomes richer, the hydrogen goes to carbon with more hydrogen. Intermediate is the carbocation.

6. The cyclic compound is formed from a straight chain compound. Two bromines are removed and the a nitrogen comes in instead which ends up "tying" the two carbon atoms together, hence the cyclic compound is formed.

7. Since bromine is at the centre carbon, the product formed by elimination reaction will still be propene only.

8. Iodine has the longest bond length, hence the bond is weakest. Therefore the compound to first produce a precipitate is the one with iodine.

9. The end product has an increased chain length. This means that step 1 must have involved CN. HCN is for carbonyl compounds only. KCN is the one for halogenoalkanes, hence that is the answer.

10. Adding warm aqueous NaOH to a halogenoalkane will yield an alcohol  (nucleophilic substitution), hence propene will not be produced so that is the answer.

11. Two step process required. Most probably elimination followed by electrophilic addition. Elimination (ethanolic NaOH, heated under reflux). Hydrogenation (Nickel catalyst, 140⁰C).

# data[].attributes.body
In this WS I was able to revise about halogenoalkanes and their reactions such as hydrolysis, elimination, free radical substitution, SN1 and its reaction pathway, the reagent and conditions when -CN is added to a halogenoalkane. I also revised how to draw the curly arrow diagram nucleophilic substitution and the bond energies of carbon and halogens.

# data[].attributes.body
I learned that the polarity of a bond does not determine the condition of the reaction. Going down group 17, size of atom decreases so Cl is smaller than I. When you have a shorter bond length, it is more difficult to break the bonds so C-Cl bond is stronger than C-I bond.
I also learned that all carbonyl compounds and alkanes can undergo free radical substitution as long as they have a C-H bond and there is UV light. I learned that the double activation energy in an energy diagram means that it is a Sn1 reaction which forms a carbocation. I learned that in an electrophilic addition reaction, the hydrogen will always go to the carbon that has the most hydrogen (rich becomes richer). I learned that the one with a longer bond length will have the lowest bond energy and can form a precipitate the fastest.

# data[].attributes.body
(based on question  5 and 6 mcq) 5 : I learnt that intermediate in the process of Electrophilic addition of alkene + HX is the carbocation and consider the carbocation formed based on major or minor product. 6 : I learnt on how a straight alkane or halogenoalkane can form a cyclic structure. I am able to revise the conditions for the reactions of nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkane.

# data[].attributes.body
- Halogenoalkanes = Nucleophilic substitution = Heated under reflux
- The higher an element is in the periodic table, the less electron shells, the greater forces of attraction, the more energy needed to break the bonds
- The different types of reactions that can occur with a halogenoalkane
- SN1 (Tertiary) has 2 activation energies
- SN2 (Intermediate) has 1 activation energy
- How to draw curly arrow diagram
- What can appear with hot & concentrated
- How to find out which compound is fastest in producing a precipitate
- Alkene can be produced using hot & concentrated, warm ethanolic, or heated in different situations
- Conditions for hydrogenation

# data[].attributes.body
Jordan Jc2G
1.Today I learnt about the effects of polarity and bond length. The more polar it is, the higher boiling point the substance has. For bond length, the longer it is, the smaller the bond energy.

2. I also revised about the reactions of halogenoalkanes such as elimination and hydroysis and I also learnt that any substance that has a C-H bond can undergo free radical substitution.

3. Lastly, I learnt that for tertiary conpounds, they undergo sn 1 and that their reaction pathway or enthalpy diagram shows that there  will be 2 peaks.

# data[].attributes.body
I need to remember the different conditions required of halogenalkanes with different reactants. I also need to remember the reactions of HCN and KCN, (carbonyl and halogenoalkanes). I was also reminded of bond length and polarity down group 7.

# data[].attributes.body
I was reminded of the importance and  differences between bond polarity, electronegativity and ion size when referring to intermolecular forces or the strength of a bond.

I got number 6 wrong, and although it was explained in class, I need to review and look for it's explanation further

In number 9, I confused HCN with KCN, of which I now know is responsible for the nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes

# data[].attributes.body
By doing the worksheet with my group, i was able to revise and learn something new about the topic. During the discussion, i learnt that the condition for dehydration had a specific temperature for the heating (170 degree celsius). In No 1 of the MCQ, I learnt that when talking about breaking/forming bonds (reaction) we use bond energy and length as our reasoning but when talking about boiling point we use polarity (stronger/weaker dipole-dipole bond, hydrogen bond) + VDW as our reasoning. In No 5 of the MCQ, i learnt what an intermediate ion is. In No 6 of the MCQ, I learnt how a straight chain halogenoalkane can turn into a “cycloalkane” (nucleophilic substitution with excess ammonia then elimination)

# data[].attributes.body
From this worksheet, I mainly revised on halogenoalkanes — reviewing the types of reactions including the conditions and how to draw the curly arrow. Furthermore, I feel like I need to revise on Markovnikov rule (major and minor products) as I found some questions challenging, revise on HCN and KCN and their reactions, how to draw Sn1 and Sn2 reactions and tell the effects between polar and bond length for halogenoalkanes. Lastly, my biggest takeaway from today's worksheet would probably be on number 6 — as I learnt that a long carbon chain can form a cyclic compound and number 3 — as I learnt that double curve in an energy diagram represents a Sn1 which is a two step reaction that forms carbocations. As usual, like every other discussions, I've relearnt a lot today so thank you sir :D ( and for the YT too :] )

# data[].attributes.body
1. i learnt that whether the bond is polar or not, it will not determine the conditions of the reaction.

2. shorter bond length is more difficult to break the bond

3. alkenes, alkanes, carbonyl compounds can undergo free radical substitution

4. sn1= formation of carbocation, sn2= intermediate

5. in electrophilic addition, the hydrogen will always go to the carbon that has the most hydrogen

6. in order to break the bond you need to always see the bond length

7. HCN reaction is only for carbonyl compound.

8. conditions for hydrogenation: nickel catalyst and 140 degrees celsius.

9. the reaction between chloromethane and  sodium hydroxide solution heated under reflux is nucleophilic substitution

10. reaction between chloromethane and ethanolic sodium hydroxide heated under reflux is elimination.

# data[].attributes.body
This worksheet let me recall about the reactions of halogenoalkane and alkene. Also the carbocations. Number 6 let me know halogenoalkane will form closed ring with ammonia if have two halogen atom in it.

# data[].attributes.body
I revised about the different nucleophilic substitutions halogenoalkanes can undergo, and the differences.
Molecules that contain C-H can undergo free radical substitution in the presence of UV/ sunlight
How to draw SN1 and SN2 reactions (intermediate and carbocation)
Difference between polarity and bond strength for H-X bond
Reaction of NH3 with cyclic hydrocarbon

# data[].attributes.body
Through this worksheet, I am further reminded by the reagents conditions needed for a halogenoalkane to react. There are also other types of reactions that can occur such as, elimination, hydrolysis and free radical substitution.
The double curve in an energy diagram shows an Sn1 reaction, which forms a carbocation.
I also got to revise on major and minor products, following the Markovnikov rule. Moreover, I understand now that a straight chain can form a cyclic chain.
Lastly, I learnt that carboxylic acid can also be made from a halogenoalkane through a 2 step process using KCN and sulfuric acid.

I think I still have to fully memorise certain regents and conditions needed for an organic compound to react and its products formed.

# data[].attributes.body
This worksheet revised about the condition for some of the halogenoalkane test and reaction, and the conditions for some other reactions such as elimination reaction and nucleophilic substitution. I also revised on how to name a compound and learned about major and minor product. I also relearned about Sn1 and Sn2 reactions. Number 6 was a bit troubling to do, but after some explanation from my friends, I understood how to do that question.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I was reminded that hydrolysis was a nucleophilic substitution reaction using water. The formation of bonds with larger halogen atoms results in a longer and weaker bond.

2. Alkanes can undergo elimination (except methane) to form alkenes, hydrolysis to form alcohols and free radical substitution under UV to form halogenoalkanes.

3. The double bump reaction pathway involves a slow then fast step. This is Sn1 reaction. The slow step is the heterolytic fission of Cl to form a carbocation and the fast step is the attachment of OH to the carbocation.

4. I revisited the mechanism by drawing curly arrows and lone pairs during nucleophilic substitution using NaOH (aq) under reflux.

5. Electrophilic addition favours the Марковников rule where ‘the rich gets richer’. This refers to the richness in hydrogen atoms connected to a specific carbon atom.

6. I concluded (though I am unsure if it is valid) that reacting ammonia with a dibromo compound removes the Br atoms and binds the ‘loose ends’ to N in N-H. Therefore the cyclic options cannot be valid.

7. Ethanolic NaOH initiates an elimination reaction.

8. This question asks for the compound that produces a precipitate most quickly hence the compound with the longest and weakest bond must be picked. Though A produces the most precipitate, the C-I bond is weaker. I also discovered that AgF must not be put into consideration since F is extremely electronegative, making it polar. This polar substance will be able to dissolve in the also polar water.

9. Since there is an addition in C atoms, the reaction must somehow involve the CN- ion. The hydrolysis using weak acid turns CN to COOH.

10. Adding NaOH (aq) is a nucleophilic substitution reaction and will not result in elimination.

11. The transformation of halogenoalkane to form alkane can involve elimination of HCl, then the process of hydrogenation with Ni catalyst at room temperature and pressure.

# data[].attributes.body
Learnt about the double Ea diagram for carbication (no.  3)

4. Revised on the mechanism of jucleophilic substitution of Sn 2

6. Cycloalkane reaction

8. Iodine has the weakest bond and vbreaks fastest to form ions.

9. Sn revision and acid hydrolysis

10. Differentiate elimination and substitution

11. Revise conditions for elimination and hydrogenation

# data[].attributes.body
Today I learn :
*Boiling point - polarity -intermolecular forces
*Bond energy- Bond length - reactivity
*Any organic compound C-H bond + sunlight , H broken , free radical substituion
*Only show one lone pair for :CN-. And remember to always draw the intermediate regardless they ask for it or not (for Sn2)
*Sn1 have 2 step so the graph have 2 "bumps"
* Read the questions more carefully (ex. No5 mcq)
- Richer get rich not Sn2 reaction

Need more Practice :
1. Drawing curly arrow
2. Knowing what reaction (elimination/substitution/addition)
3. Reagent and condition for each reaction
4. Identifying What functional group by their name

# data[].attributes.body
Although i needed to go to take my vaccine today and missed the lesson, by doing this worksheet i was able to recall about the group 17 trends in both electronegativity and bond strength, Free radical subsitution, elimination, Hydrolysis, elimination, electrophilic additon and nuclophilic substitution. By doing this worksheet i was also able to recall about the conditons for the reactions, the sn1 and sn2 mechanisms and their diagrams and reactions

# data[].attributes.body
These questions help me revise on :

- Hydrolysis
- Group 17 Trends (Electronegativity, etc)

- Elimination

- Free Radical Substitution

- The reagents / Conditions For the reactions

- Electrophilic addition

- Nucleophilic Substitution

- SN1 mechanism

- That a ring compound can be formed from a straight chain.

# data[].attributes.body
I revised on halogenoalkanes reaction, its reagent, conditions and how to draw the curly arrow diagrams. I learnt that polarity is usually connected with melting and boiling point and free radical substitution can happen with any compound that has CH. I also learn how long chain can combine to form cyclic compound in question 6.

# data[].attributes.body
I reinforced my knowledge about the curly arrow diagram, and also the reactions of halogenoalkanes to form alkanes and alkenes. I also learnt that a ring compound can be formed from a straight chain compound.

# data[].attributes.body
This Worksheet helped me revise on :
- electronegativity down group 17
- bond strength down group 17
- elimination : process and conditions
- hydrolysis
- free radical substitution of halogenoalkanes
- SN1 and SN2 mechanisms : curly arrow diagrams, reaction pathway, charge
- nucleophilic substitution reagent and conditions
- electrophilic addition (rich gets richer analogy)
- cyclic compounds formation process
- oxidation of 1° alcohols to form carboxylic acid

Need to revise on the SN1 and SN2 mechanisms (especially curly arrow) and cyclic compounds formation

# data[].attributes.body
This worksheet helped me revise about halogenoalkanes and their reaction like elimination, substitution with ammonia, nucleophilic substitution with NaOH in aqueous form and substitution with KCN. No 6 is particularly confusing but at the end of the day, i understand the question but i still got it wrong the first time.

# data[].attributes.body
This worksheet let us revise on Sn1 and Sn2 mechanics as well as different structures of molecules. Number 6 was quite challenging but it was a good learning process to go through as now we understand on the difference between straight and cyclic chains. Revised on the difference between delta positive and positive as well.

# data[].attributes.body
I learnt about how to synthesize coniine by reacting with ammonia with a dibromo compound in question 6. I revised about halogenoalkanes, SN1 SN2 reactions, conditions and reagents for different reactions. I also learnt that after SN1 reaction, the carbon atom has a positive charge instead of delta positive. it will only have delta positive when the electron is not transferred yet.

# data[].attributes.body
In this lesson, i learnt about the fomation of cyclic compounds. In question 6, i learnt that two atoms from any chain in a long alkane chain can combine to create a cyclic compound. I also learnt about conditions for the addition of hydrogen to alkenes. I also learnt that in the Sn1 mechanism, after the first step, the carbon atom has a postivei charge rather than the delta positive charge. It only has the delta positive charge when the elctron has not transferred yet.

# data[].attributes.body
I revised the properties and reactions of halogenoalkanes, including the reagents and reaction conditions. I also revised the properties and reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols.

# data[].attributes.body
This worksheets revises on halogenoalkane tests, reactions and its conditions like elimination and nucleophillic substitution; this includes hydrolysis and the formation of nitrile and amine. It covers SN1 reaction pathway and the positive inductive effect. Question 6 was a bit confusing to do.

# data[].attributes.body
this worksheet helped me revise about
-- the reason why we need to use 'heated under reflux' during nucleophilic substitution
-- hydrolysis OH- (aq)
-- SN1 reaction (slow --> fast)
-- the reagent and conditions for all reactions of nucleophilic substitution
-- conditions for elimination of halogenoalkanes to alkenes
-- major products (rich become richer)
-- cyclic compounds
-- the 2 stages process (ex. halogenoalkanes --> alkane)