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can increase urine production to help maintain uric acid at a concentration less than its solubility product.

significantly alters urine composition over a period of time

includes decreased levels of potassium, magnesium, and calcium, as well as reduced urea and creatinine excretion.

urine may contain higher levels of ketone bodies due to fat breakdown for energy.

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Increased production of urine due to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in caffeine

Increased bladder activity

Increased urinary excretion of minerals (sodium, calcium, magnesium)

Excessive consumption of tea / coffee + insufficient water intake -> dehydration (more cloudy urine)

(not inclusive of non-caffeinated teas, e.g. most herbal teas)

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Diabetes mellitus is a disease of inadequate control of blood levels of glucose. People with diabetes are unable to store excess glucose in the form of glycogen due to the inability of pancreas to secrete insulin, leading to excess glucose in the blood, blood capillaries surrounding nephrons unable to reabsorb all the glucose fast enough, causing a lot of glucose to be passed out in the urine.

Effects: causes urine volume to increase, cloudy or sweet smelling urine and increased risk of UTI, which can cause bladder dysfunction

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More protein is consumed from the protein-rich food, hence more protein is broken down into amino acids, which are used by the body. However, this process also produces more excess amino acids, therefore more deamination of these excess amino acids occurs in the liver. This excess amino acids is converted into ammonia, which is then converted to urea in the liver. The urea is transported to the kidneys, and then excreted in urine, causing higher concentration of urea in urine.

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During extreme starvation,

less urea is produced due to less protein intake.

Sodium, chloride and potassium levels also decrease,

there will also be an increase in uric acid and ketone bodies during excretion. The increase of ketone bodies in urine will cause the pH of urine to decrease, making urine more acidic, which may damage the kidneys.

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More salt is absorbed into the bloodstream, so more salt enters the glomerular filtrate during ultrafiltration, and excess salt is excreted in the urine. As the body removes excess sodium, the person may have more frequent urination. There is also more calcium excreted in urine.

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short term impacts:

impaired kidney function

reduced urine production (oliguria)

complete cessation of urine production (anuria)

long term impacts

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

increased chance of developing kidney stones

dehydration -> concentrates waste products in urine -> increasing risk of kidney stone formation (leads to pain and chances of UTI)

explanation

drinking too little water can lead to a lower water potential in the blood, leading to more water reabsrobed into the bloodstream from the nephron. the urine tends to be more yellow (more concentrated) and it’s a smaller volume.

hot weather has similar impacts because the body perspires more and loses more water in sweat.

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Excretes higher amount of calcium in urine: more likely due to lifestyle during cold seasons rather than anything internal. We tend to be less active in winter, gain extra weight, and eat more salty, preserved and processed foods.

Increase in urine excretion: in winter, we're often indoors, around water sources, so we are more likely to be hydrated, less active, and to sweat less. As such, we tend to have more free fluid to excrete via our urine.

Rate of urine excretion increases(cold-induced diuresis): Blood is diverted away from the skin to avoid losing its heat to the outside air. This means more blood ends up flushing through your internal organs.

In particular, blood rushes to your kidneys in a greater volume and at a higher pressure. This increases the amount the kidneys need to filter.

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Blood loss leads to decreased blood volume in the body. Hence, blood pressure decreases and ultrafiltration in the glomerulus becomes less effective. Less small molecules are filtered into the glomerulus. More water is reabsorbed as more ADH is produced and secreted by the hypothalamus. Therefore there is decreased urine production, also known as anuria. As there is a decreased concentration of water in the urine, the concentration of urea in the urine increases.

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Diabetes insipidus is an uncommon problem that causes the fluids in the body to become out of balance. That prompts the body to make large amounts of urine. It also causes a feeling of being very thirsty even after having something to drink. Diabetes insipidus also is called arginine vasopressin deficiency and arginine vasopressin resistance.

Some symptoms in adults include being very thirsty, often with a preference for cold water, making large amounts of pale urine, and getting up to urinate and drink water often during the night.

There's no cure for diabetes insipidus. But treatment is available that can ease its symptoms. That includes relieving thirst, lowering the amount of urine the body makes and preventing dehydration.

Hypotonic:
The urine has a lower concentration of dissolved substances (like salts and other waste products) compared to blood plasma.

Dilute:
The urine has a high water content and a low concentration of solutes.